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N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M NCHRP REPORT 726 A Guidebook for Nighttime Construction: Impacts on Safety, Quality, and Productivity Jennifer S. Shane Iowa State UnIverSIty/InStItUte for tranSportatIon Ames, IA Amr Kandil pUrdUe UnIverSIty West Lafayette, IN Clifford J. Schexnayder arIzona State UnIverSIty Tempe, AZ Subscriber Categories Highwaysâ â¢â Materialsâ â¢â Design TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON,âD.C. 2012 www.TRB.orgâ Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective approach to the solution of many problems facing highway administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was requested by the Association to administer the research program because of the Boardâs recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those who are in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Research Council and the Transportation Research Board. The needs for highway research are many, and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other highway research programs. Published reports of the NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at: http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America NCHRP REPORT 726 Project 10-78 ISSN 0077-5614 ISBN 978-0-309-25847-0 Library of Congress Control Number 2012944315 © 2012 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturersâ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academyâs purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transporta- tion Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Boardâs varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individu- als interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org
C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to thank personnel with the following agencies who responded to our calls for informa- tion. This Guidebook would not have been possible without the input and assistance of these individuals: Alabama Department of Transportation, Alberta Transportation, Arizona Department of Transportation, Colorado Department of Transportation, Connecticut Department of Transportation, Delaware Depart- ment of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Georgia Department of Transportation, Illi- nois Department of Transportation, Iowa Department of Transportation - Office of Construction, Kansas Department of Transportation, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Louisiana Department of Transporta- tion, Maine Department of Transportation, Manitoba Infrastructure and Transportation, Maryland State Highway Administration, Massachusetts Highway Department, Michigan Department of Transportation, Minnesota Department of Transportation, Missouri Department of Transportation, Nebraska Depart- ment of Roads, Nevada Department of Transportation, New Jersey Department of Transportation, New York State Department of Transportation, North Carolina Department of Transportation, Oklahoma Department of Transportation, Oregon Department of Transportation, Pennsylvania Turnpike Commis- sion, Saskatchewan Ministry of Highways and Infrastructure, South Carolina Department of Transporta- tion, Texas Department of Transportation, Utah Department of Transportation, Vermont Department of Transportation, Virginia Department of Transportation, Washington State Department of Transporta- tion, Wisconsin Department of Transportation, and Wyoming Department of Transportation. CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 726 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs David Reynaud, Senior Program Officer Megan Chamberlain, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Scott E. Hitchcock, Editor NCHRP PROJECT 10-78 PANEL Field of Materials and ConstructionâArea of Specifications, Procedures, and Practices Linea K. Laird, Washington State DOT, Seattle, WA (Chair) Mark R. Bortle, Iowa DOT, Ames, IA Stuart Bourne, North Carolina DOT, Raleigh, NC Jeff Grossklaus, Michigan DOT, Southfield, MI Yi Jiang, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Richard Moeur, Arizona DOT, Phoenix, AZ Michael L. Paylor, Maryland State Highway Administration, Hanover, MD Jeffrey S. Lewis, FHWA Liaison Frederick Hejl, TRB Liaison
NCHRP Report 726 provides a Guidebook of nighttime construction best practices con- cerning 1) implementation of new or innovative ideas to convert necessary work activities to effective nighttime production; 2) proven safety processes; 3) development of commu- nication strategies (both external and internal); and 4) work-zone illumination methods, including a list of new and innovative lighting equipment with associated advantages and disadvantages. Also listed are activities that may increase or decrease productivity when performed during the nighttime period, as well as methods for conducting work-zone risk analysis planning and implementation for different types of work. This information is pre- sented as a hands-on, user-friendly resource with hard-to-miss color icons that indicate key (not-to-forget) information, tips for proper use of the information, and additional sources of useful information. This Guidebook will be of interest to contractor and transportation agency personnel involved in night work, both in planning and in on-site activities. Increasing daytime traffic volumes, rush-hour restrictions on necessary lane and road closures, and increased cost due to abbreviated daytime construction worker shifts are caus- ing transportation agencies to increasingly rely on night work. Nightshift road construction has always evoked the perception of poor quality product, low production rates and longer project duration, increased safety issues for both workers and travelers, and negative envi- ronmental impacts on nearby residences and businesses. Under NCHRP Project 10-78, a research team led by Iowa State University has devel- oped comprehensive guidelines for the conduct of nighttime highway construction and maintenance operations. These guidelines are based on best practices and strategies for nighttime operations that address the safety of both contractorâs and ownerâs personnel, the safety of the traveling public, the quality of the as-built facility, productivity, risk, and construction nuisances to both neighbors and workers. To achieve project objectives, the researchers conducted a literature search of the latest studies on the impact of nighttime construction operations on safety, quality, environmen- tal factors, and productivity. In addition, the researchers have collected information by polling 37 highway agencies and other knowledgeable stakeholders to identify the project circumstances and types of work that are potentially appropriate for nighttime conduct, to identify the advantages and disadvantages of nightshift work, to point out the appropriate measures used to mitigate construction nuisances associated with nighttime work activities, and to evaluate the successes and failures of past nighttime operations for lessons learned. F O R E W O R D ByâDavidâReynaud StaffâOfficer TransportationâResearchâBoard
1â Summary 2 Chapter 1 IntroductionâandâFramework 2 The Problem 4 The Decision 4 The Research Project 5 Guidebook Framework 7 How to Use the Guidebook 7 Summary 9 Chapter 2 Risk 9 Risk Management Process 13 Types of Risks 13 Summary 15 Chapter 3 Illumination 15 Lighting Inspection Tools and Methods 18 Recommended Lighting Levels 19 Lighting Specifications 22 Types of Lighting Equipment 29 Chapter 4 Nuisances 30 FHWA Noise Guidance Documents 31 Sound 32 Community Involvement 42 Vibration 47 Dust 47 Summary 48 Chapter 5 Productivity 48 Productivity Study Findings 49 Factors Impacting Nighttime Productivity 54 Productivity and Production Rates 55 Summary 57 Chapter 6 Quality 58 Factors Affecting Nighttime Construction Quality 59 The Quality of Construction Work at Night 60 Nighttime Paving Quality 61 Quality Management Programs 61 Conclusions 63 Chapter 7 Cost 64 Factors Influencing Nighttime Costs 66 Considerations in Estimating Nighttime Costs C O N T E N T S
68 Analysis of Cost Variations for Daytime versus Nighttime Work 69 Best Practices on Minimizing Cost 70 Conclusions 72 Chapter 8 Safety 72 Introduction 73 Safety Precautions 73 Lighting to Enhance Safety 75 Nighttime Visibility and Retroreflectivity 75 High-Visibility Personal Protective Equipment 78 Safety Management for Nighttime Construction 85 Best Practices for Nighttime Work-Zone Operations 87 Conclusions 88 Chapter 9 Communications 88 The Difference Between Daytime and Nighttime Communications 89 Communications Plan 90 Types of Information Dissemination to the Public 91 Process and Procedures in Disseminating Information 95 Tools for Disseminating Information 100 Conclusions 105 Chapter 10 Interactions 105 Illumination Interactions 105 Nuisances Interactions 106 Productivity Interactions 106 Quality Interactions 106 Cost Interactions 107 Safety Interactions 107 Communications Interactions 107 Summary 108 Chapter 11 SummaryâforâImplementationâandâKeysâtoâSuccessâ 108 Disadvantages and Advantages 110 Key Points for Success 111â Referencesâ 117â AcronymsâandâAbbreviationsâ 119 Appendixâ SampleâSafetyâQuiz Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.