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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012. Guidelines for Analysis Methods and Construction Engineering of Curved and Skewed Steel Girder Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22729.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012. Guidelines for Analysis Methods and Construction Engineering of Curved and Skewed Steel Girder Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22729.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012. Guidelines for Analysis Methods and Construction Engineering of Curved and Skewed Steel Girder Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22729.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012. Guidelines for Analysis Methods and Construction Engineering of Curved and Skewed Steel Girder Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22729.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012. Guidelines for Analysis Methods and Construction Engineering of Curved and Skewed Steel Girder Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22729.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012. Guidelines for Analysis Methods and Construction Engineering of Curved and Skewed Steel Girder Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22729.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012. Guidelines for Analysis Methods and Construction Engineering of Curved and Skewed Steel Girder Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22729.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012. Guidelines for Analysis Methods and Construction Engineering of Curved and Skewed Steel Girder Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22729.
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N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M NCHRP REPORT 725 Guidelines for Analysis Methods and Construction Engineering of Curved and Skewed Steel Girder Bridges Donald W. White GeorGia institute of technoloGy Atlanta, GA Domenic Coletti hDr enGineerinG, inc. Raleigh, NC Brandon W. Chavel hDr enGineerinG, inc. Chicago, IL Andres Sanchez hDr enGineerinG, inc. Pittsburgh, PA Cagri Ozgur and Juan Manuel Jimenez Chong Paul c. rizzo associates, inc. Pittsburgh, PA Roberto T. Leon VirGinia Polytechnic institute anD state uniVersity Blacksburg, VA Ronald D. Medlock and Robert A. Cisneros hiGh steel structures, inc. Lancaster, PA Theodore V. Galambos uniVersity of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN John M. Yadlosky hDr enGineerinG, inc. Pittsburgh, PA Walter J. Gatti tensor enGineerinG Indian Harbor Beach, FL Gary T. Kowatch the Markosky enGineerinG GrouP Youngwood, PA Subscriber Categories Bridges and Other Structures • Highways TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2012 www.TRB.org Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration

NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective approach to the solution of many problems facing highway administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was requested by the Association to administer the research program because of the Board’s recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those who are in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Research Council and the Transportation Research Board. The needs for highway research are many, and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other highway research programs. Published reports of the NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at: http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America NCHRP REPORT 725 Project 12-79 ISSN 0077-5614 ISBN 978-0-309-25839-5 Library of Congress Control Number 2012942265 © 2012 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transporta- tion Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individu- als interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 725 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Waseem Dekelbab, Senior Program Officer Danna Powell, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Hilary Freer, Senior Editor NCHRP PROJECT 12-79 PANEL Field of Design—Area of Bridges Edward P. Wasserman, Modjeski and Masters, Nashville, TN (Chair) David J. Kiekbusch, Wisconsin DOT, Madison, WI Paul V. Liles, Jr., Georgia DOT, Atlanta, GA Thomas P. Macioce, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg, PA Gichuru Muchane, North Carolina DOT, Raleigh, NC Hormoz Seradj, Oregon DOT, Salem, OR Yuan Zhao, Texas DOT, Austin, TX Fassil Beshah, FHWA Liaison Frederick Hejl, TRB Liaison

F O R E W O R D By Waseem Dekelbab Staff Officer Transportation Research Board This report contains guidelines on the appropriate level of analysis needed to determine the constructability and constructed geometry of curved and skewed steel girder bridges. Required plan details and submittals are included in the guidelines. When appropriate in lieu of a 3D analysis, the guidelines also introduce improvements to 1D and 2D analyses that require little additional computational costs. The report will be of immediate interest to bridge and construction engineers. Curved and skewed steel girder bridges can experience significant three-dimensional deflections and rotations. These deformations should be considered in design and in the detailing of cross-frames and the fit-up of cross-frames during erection. The consequences of ignoring these deformations include potential fit-up problems during girder erection, over-run or under-run of deck thicknesses, misalignment of deck joints, mismatched stages in staged construction projects, deviations from intended deck cross-slopes and profiles, and unintended dead load stresses in the structural components. Depending on the severity of the bridge geometric conditions, a simple analysis solution may be adequate, or a more refined analysis may be required. In addition, curved and skewed steel deck-girder bridges may be unstable during erec- tion. The behavior of these structures at various stages of construction can be quite com- plex. Depending on the specific configuration of the structure, different levels of analysis techniques may be required to adequately assess the stability of the structure and the pos- sible need for temporary shoring, bracing, or other means to ensure stability during erec- tion. Longer spans, more severe curvature, and more severe skew exacerbate the magnitude of the above effects and may lead to construction problems, claims, and accidents. There- fore, greater attention to erection engineering analysis, preparation of erection plans, and review of erection plans is needed as a function of the span length, horizontal curvature, and magnitude of the skew. Research was performed under NCHRP Project 12-79 by Dr. Donald W. White, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA. The objectives of NCHRP Project 12-79 were to develop (1) guidance on selecting analytical methods for design and (2) recommendations on the level of erection analysis, erection plan detail, and submittals for skewed and/or horizontally curved steel deck-girder bridges. A number of deliverables are provided as appendices. Only Appendix A—Glossary of Key Terms Pertaining to Cross-Frame Detailing and Appendix B—Recommendations for Construction Plan Details and Level of Construction Analysis are published herein. Other

appendices are not published but are available on the TRB website by searching on NCHRP Report 725. These appendices are titled as follows: • APPENDIX C—Evaluation of Analytical Methods for Construction Engineering of Curved and Skewed Steel Girder Bridges • APPENDIX D—Benchmark Problems • APPENDIX E—Executive Summaries of Study Bridges • APPENDIX F—Early Correspondence with Owners and Agencies • APPENDIX G—Owner/Agency Policies and Procedures • APPENDIX H—Design Criteria for New Bridge Designs • APPENDIX I—Extended Summaries of Study Bridges • APPENDIX J—Bridge Drawings • APPENDIX K—Organization of Electronic Data

1 Summary 3 Chapter 1 Background 3 1.1 Problem Statement 6 1.2 Current Knowledge 7 1.3 Objectives and Scope of This Research 8 1.4 Organization of This Report 10 Chapter 2 Research Approach 10 2.1 Review and Evaluation of Pertinent Research 10 2.2 Synthesis of Owner/Agency Policies and Practices 11 2.3 Identification of Existing Bridges 12 2.4 Identification of Geometric Factors 13 2.5 Selection of Range and Levels of Geometric Factors 15 2.6 Selection of Existing and Parametric Design Bridges 18 2.7 Analytical Studies 20 2.8 Data Reduction and Assessment of Analysis Procedures 21 2.9 Development of Improvements to Simplified Methods 23 2.10 Development of Guidelines for the Level of Construction Analysis, Plan Detail, and Submittals 24 Chapter 3 Findings and Applications 24 3.1 Evaluation of Conventional Simplified Analysis Methods 37 3.2 Improvements to Conventional Analysis Methods 75 3.3 Influence of Locked-In Forces Due to SDLF or TDLF Detailing of Cross-Frames 121 3.4 Pros and Cons of Different Cross-Frame Detailing Methods 133 3.5 Selection of Cross-Frame Detailing Methods for I-Girder Bridges 137 3.6 Construction Engineering Recommendations 140 Chapter 4 Conclusions and Recommendations 140 4.1 Summary 141 4.2 Recommendations for Implementation 144 4.3 Further Research Needs 155 References and Bibliography A-1 Appendix A Glossary of Key Terms Pertaining to Cross-Frame Detailing B-1 Appendix B Recommendations for Construction Plan Details and Level of Construction Analysis C O N T E N T S Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.

AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research reported herein was performed under NCHRP Project 12-79 by the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. The Georgia Insti- tute of Technology was the contractor for this study, with the Georgia Tech Research Foundation serving as the Fiscal Administrator. Dr. Donald W. White, professor, Georgia Institute of Technology, was the project director and principal investigator. Mr. Domenic Coletti, PE, senior professional associate, HDR Engineering, Inc., was the co- principal investigator. The research involved a substantial collaborative effort among Georgia Tech; HDR Engineering; Markosky Engineering Group, Inc.; High Steel Structures, Inc.; Tensor Engineering; and Dr. Theodore V. Galambos. The authors of this report were Dr. White, Mr. Coletti, Dr. Brandon W. Chavel, PE, professional associate, HDR Engineering; Dr. Andres Sanchez, bridge designer, HDR Engineering (formerly graduate research assistant, Georgia Tech); Dr. Cagri Ozgur, engineering associate II, Paul C. Rizzo Associates, Inc. (formerly graduate research assistant, Georgia Tech); Dr. Juan Manuel Jimenez Chong, project engineering associate, Paul C. Rizzo Associates (formerly graduate research assistant, Georgia Tech); Dr. Roberto T. Leon, PE, professor, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (formerly professor, Georgia Tech); Mr. Ronald D. Medlock, PE, director-technical services, High Steel Structures; Mr. Robert A. Cisneros, PE, chief engineer, High Steel Structures; Dr. Galambos, professor emeritus, University of Minnesota; Mr. John M. Yadlosky, PE, senior professional associate and vice presi- dent, HDR Engineering; Mr. Walter J. Gatti, president, Tensor Engineering; and Mr. Gary T. Kowatch, PE, project manager, Markosky Engineering Group. The Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) provided substantial supplementary funding for field instrumentation of Bridge EICCR22a by the Georgia Institute of Technology research team for the purpose of verifying the veracity of the 3D FEA models as a standard for comparison of 1D and 2D methods. TDOT, Bell and Associates Construction L.P., and Powell Construction Co., Inc., provided sub- stantial assistance to the field study. The supplementary funding from TDOT and the cheerful assistance from all of the above parties are gratefully acknowledged.

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TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 725: Guidelines for Analysis Methods and Construction Engineering of Curved and Skewed Steel Girder Bridges offers guidance on the appropriate level of analysis needed to determine the constructability and constructed geometry of curved and skewed steel girder bridges.

When appropriate in lieu of a 3D analysis, the guidelines also introduce improvements to 1D and 2D analyses that require little additional computational costs.

Appendixes C to K for NCHRP Report 725 are availble only in electronic format. A listing of those Appendixes and links to them are below:

APPENDIX C—Evaluation of Analytical Methods for Construction Engineering of Curved and Skewed Steel Girder Bridges

APPENDIX D—Benchmark Problems

APPENDIX E—Executive Summaries of Study Bridges

APPENDIX F—Early Correspondence with Owners and Agencies

APPENDIX G—Owner/Agency Policies and Procedures

APPENDIX H—Design Criteria for New Bridge Designs

APPENDIX I—Extended Summaries of Study Bridges

APPENDIX J—Bridge Drawings

APPENDIX K—Organization of Electronic Data

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