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A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP REPORT 62 TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2012 www.TRB.org Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation Airport Apron Management and Control Programs Ricondo & AssociAtes, inc. Chicago, IL i n a s s o c i at i o n w i t h : PlAnPoRt GmbH Illnau, Switzerland two HundRed, inc. Denver, CO unique (ZuRicH AiRPoRt, ltd.) Zurich, Switzerland
AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter national commerce. They are where the nationâs aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative nearÂterm solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, main tenance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport operators can cooperatively address common operational problems. The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100ÂCentury of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary participants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport operating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council InternationalÂNorth America (ACIÂNA), the American Associa tion of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), Airlines for America (A4A), and the Airport Consultants Council (ACC) as vital links to the airport community; (2) the TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program. The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel, appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended endÂusers of the research: airport operating agencies, service providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other inter ested parties, and industry associations may arrange for workshops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airportÂindustry practitioners. ACRP REPORT 62 Project 04Â07 ISSN 1935Â9802 ISBN 978Â0Â309Â21404Â9 Library of Congress Control Number 2012936865 © 2012 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and notÂforÂprofit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and notÂforÂprofit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturersâ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at http://www.nationalÂacademies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academyâs purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transporta- tion Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Boardâs varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individu- als interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org
C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 62 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Joseph J. Brown-Snell, Program Associate Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Doug English, Editor ACRP PROJECT 04-07 PANEL Field of Safety Allen D. Parra, Applied Research Associates, Inc., Plano, TX (Chair) Vincent J. Cardillo, Massachusetts Port Authority, East Boston, MA Richard P. âDickâ DeiTos, Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, Dulles, VA Paul Herrera, Los Angeles World Airports, Los Angeles, CA Joanne Landry, Landry Consultants, Seattle, WA William Lonergan, City of Chicago Department of Aviation, Chicago, IL Richard A. McAdoo, Crown Consulting, Inc., Fayetteville, GA Gerald P. McGill, Continental Airlines, Kirtland, OH Steve Sogg, Boeing Company, Auburn, WA Paul L. Friedman, FAA Liaison Freddie James, FAA Liaison Ed Jarvis, FAA Liaison John Lott, FAA Liaison David Lotterer, Regional Airline Association Liaison Paul McGraw, Airlines for America Liaison
F O R E W O R D ACRP Report 62: Airport Apron Management and Control Programs presents a compila tion of apron safety statistics from U.S. and nonÂU.S. airports to draw conclusions as to the apparent effectiveness of apron management programs around the world. Through a com mon set of data and consistent definitions, the report is able to compare and contrast apron management programs around the world to U.S. airports, while considering the common operational and ownership differences between U.S. and nonÂU.S. airports. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) universal safety audit of the United States recommended that FAA regulate operations on airport aprons by establish ing an apron management service that meets the provisions of ICAO Annex 14, Paragraph 9.5.1. In simple terms, an âapron management serviceâ would require ramp control and the establishment of practices and procedures that could improve safety by reducing the risk of aircraft and vehicle collisions and injury or death to persons on the apron. However, in the United States, the airport operator does not typically control or manage air carrier apron operations. These operations usually occur on leased apron areas where the car rier or its ground handler has exclusive access and responsibility for operations. Because this area is leased, the responsibility for the safety of operations rests with the leaseholder. Through ACRP Project 04Â07, Ricondo & Associates conducted a comprehensive exami nation of apron management and control programs around the world to collect and analyze data on ramp accidents and evaluate the safety benefits of apron management and control programs in countries that regulate airport apron operations under ICAO Annex 14, Para graph 9.5.1, with those programs and services at similar types of airports in the United States. The report effectively presents the differences among these programs and identi fies their qualitative and quantitative benefits. The report describes how perceived benefits (namely, the awareness and prioritization of safety in the apron environment) are already apparent at U.S. airports given the highÂpriority airline and airport focus on safety in the airside areas. By Michael R. Salamone Staff Officer Transportation Research Board
C O N T E N T S 1 Section 1 Introduction 2 Section 2 Literature Review and Review of Accident/Incident Data Systems 2 2.1 ICAO Annex 14 â Section 9.5 on Apron Management Service 2 2.2 ICAO Airport Services Manual, Part 8, Airport Operational Services 2 2.3 ICAO Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control Systems (A-SMGCS) Manual 3 2.4 NTSB Definition of Aircraft Accidents and Incidents 3 2.5 GAO Report on Runway and Ramp Safety 3 2.6 ACI Survey on Apron Incidents and Accidents 4 2.7 ISAGO Standards Manual 4 2.8 ICAO Common Taxonomy Team 4 2.9 Occupational Safety and Health Administration Data 4 2.10 FAA Daily Regional Alert Bulletin 5 2.11 NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System 5 2.12 Other Accident and Incident Databases 5 2.13 Factors Relevant to Apron Management and Control 6 Section 3 Apron Management Characteristics Survey for U.S. Airports 6 3.1 Survey Administration 6 3.2 Response Rate 6 3.3 Survey Results 10 Section 4 Apron Control Characteristics for Airports Outside the United States 10 4.1 Findings from Civil Aviation Authorities 10 4.1.1 Apron Management Regulation at the National Level 11 4.1.2 Safety Management System Regulations 12 4.1.3 Other Regulations Related to Apron Management 12 4.2 Findings from Airports 13 4.2.1 Apron Control Units 14 4.2.2 Airport Safety Management Systems 15 4.2.3 Airport Apron Regulations 15 4.2.4 EU Liberalization of Ground Handling Services 16 4.2.5 Eurocontrol Collaborative DecisionÂMaking Process 18 Section 5 Research Plan for Selected Airports 18 5.1 Airports Selected for Further Analysis 18 5.2 Site Visit Process 22 Section 6 Limitations on Data Availability from the Site Visits
24 Section 7 U.S. Airport Site Visits 24 7.1 Baltimore/Washington Thurgood Marshall International Airport 26 7.2 Chicago OâHare International Airport 28 7.3 Jacksonville International Airport 28 7.4 LambertâSt. Louis International Airport 31 7.5 Los Angeles International Airport 33 7.6 Oakland International Airport 35 7.7 Port Columbus International Airport 37 Section 8 Site Visits at Airports Outside the United States 37 8.1 Beijing Capital International Airport 39 8.2 Toronto Pearson International Airport 40 8.3 Zurich International Airport 42 8.4 London Gatwick International Airport 44 Section 9 Comparison of Apron Management and Control 45 9.1 NonÂU.S. Airport Apron Management and Control 46 9.2 U.S. Airport Apron Management and Control 48 Section 10 Applicability of Apron Management Programs to U.S. Airports 48 10.1 Overview 48 10.2 SMS Applicability 49 10.3 Airport Certification Manual 49 10.4 Applicability of Apron Management Programs 51 Appendix A Online Screening Survey 55 Appendix B Sample Questions to Guide On-Site Visit Discussions