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145 REFERENCES Ali, K. H. M., and Karim, R. (2002), “Simulation of flow around piers,” Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 40, No. 2, 161-174. Ahmad, M. (1951), “Spacing and projection of spurs for bank protection,” Civil Engineering and Public Work Review, London, U.K., March, 172-174, April, 256-258. Ansari, S. A.,U. C. Kothyari, U. C. Ranga Raju, K. J. (2002), “Influence of cohesion on scour around bridge piers,” Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 40, Issue 6, 717 – 729. Ansari, S. A. and Qadar, A. (1994), “Ultimate depth of scour around bridge piers.” ASCE, National Hydraulics Conference, Buffalo, New York, 51-55. Arneson, L. A. (1997), “The effect of pressure-flow on local scour in bridge opening,” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Arneson, L. and Abt, S. (1998), “Vertical contraction scour at bridges with water Flowing under pressure conditions,” Transportation Research Record 1647, 1-17. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. ASCE (1975), “Sedimentation engineering,” ASCE, New York, NY. ASCE (2000), “Hydraulic modeling: Concepts and Practice,” Manual 97, ASCE, Reston, VA. Baker, R. E. (1986), “Local scour at bridge piers in non-uniform sediment,” Report No. 402, School of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Best, J. L and Leeder, M. R. (2006), “Drag reduction in turbulent muddy seawater flows and some sedimentary consequences,” Sedimentology, Vol. 40, No. 6, 1129–1137. Bertoldi, D. A. and Jones, J. S. (1998), "Time to scour experiments as an indirect measure of stream power around bridge piers," International Water Resources Engineering Conference, Memphis, TN. Blench, T. (1969), “Mobile-bed fluviology,” University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, Canada. Breusers, H. N. C. (1965), “Scour around drilling platforms,” Bulletin, Hydraulic Research 1964 and 1965, IAHR, Vol.19. Breusers, H. N. C., Nicollet, G. and Shen, H. W. (1977), “Local scour around cylindrical piers,” Journal of Hydraulic Research, IAHR, 15 (3), 211-252. Breusers, H. N. C. and Raudkivi, A. J. (1991), “Scouring,” Hydraulic Structures Design Manual, No. 2, I.A.H.R., Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands.

146 Briaud, J, Chen, H.Cl. (2004a), Pier and contraction scour in cohesive soils,” NCHRP Report 516, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Briaud J.-L., Chen H.-C., Li Y., Nurtjahyo, P., Wang J., (2004b), “The SRICOS-EFA method for complex piers in fine grained soils,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol 130, No. 11, p1180-1191. Cantero M. I., Balachandar S. and Parker, G. (2008), “Direct numerical simulation of sediment-laden turbulent channel flow,” 2nd International Symposium on Shallow Flows, December, Hong Kong, China. Chabert, J. and Engeldinger, P. (1956), “Etude des affouillements autour des piles des ponts,” Laboratoire d'Hydraulique, Chatou, France. Chee, R. K. W. (1982), “Live-bed scour at bridge piers,” Report No. 290, School of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Chen, H. C. (2002), "Numerical simulation of scour around complex piers in cohesive soil," First International Conference on Scour of Foundations, Texas A&M University, TX. Chiew, Y. M. (1984), “Local scour at bridge piers,” Report No. 355, School of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Chiew, Y. M. and Melville, B. W. (1996), “Temporal development of local scour depth at bridge piers,” North American Water and Environment Congress, ASCE, Anaheim, CA. Chitale, S. V. (1962), “Scour at bridge crossings,” Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 127 (1), 191-196. Chitale, W. S. (1988) “Estimation of scour at bridge piers,” Journal of Irrigation and Power, India, January, 57-68 Choi, S. U., and Yang, W. (2002), “Numerical simulation of 3-D flows around bridge piers.” First International Conference on Scour of Foundations, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 206-213. Chreties, C., Somarro, G., and Teixera, L. (2008), “New experimental method to find equilibrium scour at bridge piers,” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. ASCE, Vol. 134, No. 10, 1491-1495. Clunie, D. (2002), “The effects of suspended sediments on bridge pier scour,” Project Report No. 2002-CE15, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

147 Coleman, N. L. (1971), “Analyzing laboratory measurements of scour at cylindrical piers in sand beds,” 14th Congress, IAHR, Vol. 3, 307-313. Croad, R. N. (1989), “Investigation of the pre-excavation of the abutment scour hole at bridge abutments,” Report 89-A9303, Central Laboratories, Works and Development Services Corporation (NZ) Ltd., Lower Hutt, New Zealand. Dargahi, B. (1989), “The turbulent flow field around a circular cylinder,” Experiments in Fluids, 8, 1-12. Dargahi, B. (1990), “Controlling mechanism of local scouring,” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 116(10), 1197-1214. Debnath, K. and Chaudhuri, S. (2010), ”Bridge Pier Scour in Clay-Sand Mixed Sediments at near Threshold Velocity for Sand,” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000221. Dey, S. (1997), “Local scour at piers, part 1: A review of development of research,” International Journal of Sediment Research, 12 (2), 23-44. Dey, S., and Raikar, R. V. (2007), “Characteristics of horseshoe vortex in developing scour holes at piers,” Journal of Hydraulic Eng., ASCE, Vol. 133, No. 4, 399–413. Raikar, R. V. and Dey, S. (2005), “Clear-water scour at bridge piers in fine and medium gravel beds,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 32, No. 4, 775-781. 2005. Raikar R. V. and Dey S. (2009), “Maximum scour depth at piers in armor-beds,” Journal of Civil Engineering, Korean Society of Civil Engineers, Springer, Vol. 13, No. 2, 137- 142 Dey, S. and Raikar, R. V. (2007), “Characteristics of horseshoe vortex in developing scour holes at piers.” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 133 (4), 399-413. Diehl, T. H. (1997), “Potential drift accumulations at bridges,” Report RD-97-28, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Dept of Transportation, McLean, VA. Diehl, T. and Bryan, B. A. (1993), “Supply of large woody debris in a stream,” A.S.C.E. National Hydraulics Conference, San Francisco, California, U.S.A., 1061-1066. Dongol, D. M. S. (1994), “Local scour at bridge abutments,” Report No. 544, School of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Freeman, J. R. (1929), “Hydraulic Laboratory Practice,” ASCE, New York, USA. Ettema, R. (1976), “Influence of bed material gradation on local scour,” Report No. 124, School of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

148 Ettema, R. (1980), “Scour at bridge piers,” Report No. 216, School of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Ettema, R., Mostafa, E. A., Melville, B. W. and Yassin, A. A. (1998), “On local scour at skewed piers,” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 124 (7), 756-760. Ettema, R., Kirkil, G. and Muste, M. (2006), “Similitude of large-scale turbulence in experiments on local scour at cylinders.” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 132 (1), 33-40. Fargue, M. and Nago, H. (2003), “Design method of time-dependent local scour at circular bridge pier.” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 129 (6), 420-427. FDOT (2010), “Bridge scour manual,” Florida Dept of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL. FHWA (2001), “Evaluating scour at bridges,” Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18, 4th Ed., Federal Highway Administration publication, Washington, D.C. Fortier, S. and Scobey, F. C. (1926), “Permissible canal velocities,” Trans, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 89, New York, NY. Fotherby, L. M. and Jones, J. S. (1993), “The influence of exposed footings on pier scour depths,” National Hydraulics Conference, ASCE, San Francisco, CA, 922-927. Froehlich, D. C. (1988), "Analysis of Onsite Measurements of Scour at Piers," ASCE National Hydraulics Conference, Colorado Springs, CO, 534-539. Gao, D., Posada, G. L. and Nordin, C. F. (1993), “Pier scour equations used in the Peoples Republic of China - Review and Summary.” National Hydraulics Conference, ASCE, San Francisco, CA, 1031-1036. Garcia, M. H. (2008), “Sediment transport,” Chapter 3, ASCE Sedimentation Manual 110, ASCE, Reston, VA. Garde, R.J., Subramanka, K., and Nambudripad, K.D., (1961), “Study of scour around spur-dikes,” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 87, No. 6, 23-37. Ge, L., Lee, S. O., Sotiropoulos, F. and Sturm, T. (2005), “3D Unsteady RANS modeling of complex hydraulic engineering flows. II: Model validation and flow physics.” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 131(9), 809-820. Gill, M. A. (1972), “Erosion of sand beds around spur dikes,” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 98(9), 1587-1602.

149 Guo, J. Kerenyi, K. And Pagan-Ortiz, J. (2009), “Bridge Pressure Flow Scour for Clear Water Conditions,” Report FHWA-HRT-09-041, Federal Highway Administration, McClean, VA. Hains, D. B. (2004), “An experimental study of ice effects on scour at bridge piers,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA Hains, D. B., Zabilansky, L, and Weisman, R. N. (2004), “An experimental study of ice effects on scour at bridge piers,” Cold Regions Engineering and Construction Conference and Expo 2004, May, Edmonton, Alberta. Hamill, L. (1998), “Bridge hydraulics.” E. & F. N. Spon, London, Britain. Hancu, S. (1971), “Sur le calcul des affouillements locaux dams la zone des piles des ponts,” 14th IAHR Congress, Paris, France, 299-313. Hannah, C. R. (1978), “Scour at pile groups.” Report No. 78-3, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. Hjorth, P. (1975), “Studies on the nature of local scour,” Bulletin, Series A, No. 46, Institutionen for teknisk vattenresurslara, Lund, Sweden. Hjorth, P. (1977), "A stochastic model of progressive scour," Hydraulic Problems Solved by Stochastic Methods, Ed. P. Hjorth, L. Jonsson, and P. Larsen, Water Resources Publications, Fort Collins, CO., 365-383. Hoffmans, G. J. C. M. and Verheij, H. J. (1997), “Scour manual,” A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands. Hong, S. (2005), “Interaction of bridge contraction scour and pier scour in a laboratory river model,” M.S. Thesis, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA. Hopkins, T. C. and Beckham, T. L. (1999), “Correlation of rock quality degradation and rock scour around bridge piers and abutments,” Research Report KTC-99-57, Kentucky Transportation Center, University of Kentucky, KY. Hosny, M. (1995), “Experimental study of scour around circular piers in cohesive soils,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Civil Engineering Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Hughes S. A. (1999), “Equilibrium scour depth at tidal inlets.” USACE Coastal Eng Tech Note IV-18:1–11, Vicksburg, MS. Imamoto, H. and Ohtoshi, K. (1987), “Local scour around a non-uniform circular cylinder.” I.A.H.R. Congress, Lausanne, Switzerland, 304-309.

150 Inglis, S. C. (1949), “Maximum depth of scour at heads of guide banks and groynes, pier noses, and downstream of bridges—The behaviour and control of rivers and canals.” Indian Waterways Experimental Station: Poona, India, 327–348. Jain, S. C. (1981), “Maximum clear-water scour around cylindrical piers.” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 107 (5), 611-625. Jain, S. C. and Fischer, E. E. (1979), “Scour around bridge piers at high Froude numbers.” Report No. FH-WA-RD-79-104, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Jain, S. C. and Fischer, E. E. (1980), “Scour around bridge piers at high flow velocities,” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 106(HY11). Johnson, P. A. (1999), “Scour at wide piers relative to flow depth.” Stream Stability and Scour at Highway Bridges, Compendium of ASCE conference papers edited by E. V. Richardson and P. F. Lagasse, ASCE, Reston VA, 280-287. Johnson. P.A., (1995), “Comparison of pier-scour equations using field data,” ASCE. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 121, No. 8, 626 629. Johnson, P.A., (1994), “Quantification of bridge pier scour uncertainty,” in Uncertainty Modeling and Analysis: Theory and Applications, ed. Ayyub and Gupta, North-Holland, Chapter 25, 407-420. Johnson, P. A. and McCuen, R H. (1991), “A temporal, spatial pier scour model,” Transportation Research Record No. 1319, Bridge and Hydrology Research, 143-149. Jones, J. S. (1989), “Laboratory studies of the effects of footings and pile groups on bridge pier scour,” U.S. Interagency Sedimentation Committee Bridge Scour Symposium, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Jones, J. S., Kilgore, R. T. and Mistichelli, M. P. (1992), “Effects of footing location on bridge pier scour,” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 118(2), 280-290. Jones, J. S. and Sheppard, D. M., (2000), “Scour at wide bridge piers,” ASCE World Water Conference, Minneapolis, MN. Kattell, J. and Eriksson, M. (1998), “Bridge scour evaluation: screening, analysis, and countermeasures,” Gen. Tech. Rep. 9877 1207-SDTDC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, San Dimas, CA. Keaton, J. R., Mishra, S. K. and Clopper, P. E. (2009), “Evaluating scour at bridge foundations on rock: status of NCHRP project,” in Proc. Contemporary Topics in In Situ Testing, Analysis, and Reliability of Foundations (GSP 186), ASCE,498-505.

151 Kholi, A. and Hager, W. H. (2001), “Building scour in floodplains,” Maritime Engineering, 148 (2), 61-80. Kirkil, G., Constantinescu, S. G. and Ettema, R. (2006), “Investigation of the velocity and pressure fluctuation distributions inside the turbulent horseshoe vortex system around a circular bridge pier,” International Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics, River Flow 2006, Lisbon, Portugal. Kirkil, G., Constantinescu, S. G. and Ettema, R. (2008), “Coherent structures in the flow field around a circular cylinder with scour hole.” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 134 (5), 572-587. Kirkil, G., Constantinescu, G. and Ettema, R. (2009), “DES investigation of turbulence and sediment transport at a circular pier with scour hole,” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 135(11), 888-901 Koken, M. and Constantinescu, G. (2008a), “An investigation of the flow and scour mechanisms around isolated spur dikes in a shallow open channel. Part I. Conditions corresponding to the initiation of the erosion and deposition process,” Water Resources Research, Vol. 44, W08406, doi:10.1029/2007WR006489. Koken, M. and Constantinescu, G. (2008b), “An investigation of the flow and scour mechanisms around isolated spur dikes in a shallow open channel. Part II. Conditions corresponding to the final stages of the erosion and deposition process” Water Resources Research, Vol. 44, doi:10.1029/2007WR006491. Koken, M. and Constantinescu, G. (2009), “An investigation of the dynamics of coherent structures in a turbulent channel flow with a vertical sidewall obstruction,” Physics of Fluids, Vol. 21, 8, (on line) 085104. Kothyari, U. C., Garde, R. C. J., and Raju, K. G. R. (1992), “Temporal variation of scour around circular bridge piers,” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 118 (8), 1091- 1106. Kothyari, U. C., Hager W. H., and Oliveto, G. (2007), “Generalized approach for clear- water scour at bridge foundation elements,” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 133 (11), 1229-1240. Lagasse, P. F., Schall, J. D., Johnson, F. M., Richardson, E. V. and Chang, F. (1995), “Stream stability at highway structures,” Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 20 (HEC- 20), Report No. FHWA-IP-90-014, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.

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 Evaluation of Bridge Scour Research: Pier Scour Processes and Predictions
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TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 175: Evaluation of Bridge Scour Research: Pier Scour Processes and Predictions explores the current state of knowledge regarding bridge-pier scour, assesses several methods for design estimates of scour depth, examines a structured methodology for scour-depth estimation for design purposes, and highlights aspects of pier-scour in need of potential further research.

In September 2012 TRB released NCHRP Research Results Digest 378: Evaluation of Bridge Scour Research, which summarizes key finding of NCHRP Web-Only Document 175 along with two other NCHRP projects that explored processes and predictions related to pier scour, abutment and contraction scour, and geomorphic scour.

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