Women’s Issues in Transportation: Summary of the 4th International Conference, Volume 2: Technical Papers (2011)

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C o n f e r e n C e P r o C e e d i n g s 4 6 Women’s Issues in Transportation Summary of the 4th International Conference VOLUME 2: TECHNICAL PAPERS October 27–30, 2009 Irvine, California Sponsored by Transportation Research Board Federal Highway Administration United Kingdom Department for Transport University of California Transportation Center (Berkeley, Irvine, Los Angeles, Riverside, and Santa Barbara) Swedish Government Agency for Innovation Systems METRANS Transportation Center, University of Southern California and California State University, Long Beach New Mexico Department of Transportation University of California, Davis Federal Transit Administration Women’s Transportation Seminar Washington, D.C. 2011 www.TRB.org

Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings 46, Volume 2 ISSN 1073-1652 ISBN 978-0-309-16083-4 Subscriber Categories Planning and forecasting; policy; safety and human factors; society Transportation Research Board publications are available by ordering individual publications directly from the TRB Business Office, through the Internet at www.TRB.org or national-academies.org/trb, or by annual subscription through organizational or individual affiliation with TRB. Affiliates and library subscribers are eligible for substantial discounts. For further information, contact the Transportation Research Board Business Office, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001 (telephone 202-334-3213; fax 202-334- 2519; or e-mail TRBsales@nas.edu). Printed in the United States of America. NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the project were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to the procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. This project was sponsored by the Transportation Research Board; the Federal Highway Administration; the United Kingdom Department for Transport; the University of California Transportation Center (Berkeley, Irvine, Los Angeles, Riverside, and Santa Barbara); the Swedish Government Agency for Innovation Systems; METRANS Transportation Center, University of Southern California and California State University, Long Beach; the New Mexico Department of Transportation; the University of California, Davis; the Federal Transit Administration; and the Women’s Transportation Seminar. Planning Committee for 4th International Conference on Women’s Issues in Transportation Susan Hanson, Clark University, Chair Marsha Anderson Bomar, Street Smarts, Inc. Leanna Depue, Missouri Department of Transportation Konstadinos G. Goulias, University of California, Santa Barbara Jacqueline D. Grimshaw, Center for Neighborhood Technology Gloria Jeff, Consultant Lidia P. Kostyniuk, University of Michigan Jeanne Krieg, Eastern Contra Costa County Transit Authority Maryvonne Plessis-Fraissard, Consultant Sandra Rosenbloom, University of Arizona Martin Wachs, RAND Corporation Liaison Members Elaine Murakami, Federal Highway Administration Tonya Holland, Federal Transit Administration Miranda Carter, United Kingdom Department for Transport Consultants Susan Herbel and Danena Gaines, Cambridge Systematics, Inc. Transportation Reseach Board Staff Mark Norman, Director, Technical Activities Martine Micozzi, Senior Program Officer, Management, Policy, and International Relations Matthew A. Miller, Senior Program Associate TRB Publications Office Janet M. McNaughton, Senior Editor Cay Butler, Freelance Editor Elaine Eldridge, Freelance Editor Diane Solometo, Freelance Editor Jennifer J. Weeks, Manuscript Preparation Kristin C. Sawyer, Proofreader Juanita Green, Production Manager Cover design by Tony Olivis, Studio 2 Typesetting by Carol Levie, Grammarians

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self- perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also spon- sors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters per- taining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of further- ing knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation inno- vation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

vPreface The Transportation Research Board (TRB) con-vened the 4th International Conference on Women’s Issues in Transportation on October 27 to 30, 2009, at the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center in Irvine, California. The contributions of the following organizations enabled this important conference to come to fruition: TRB and the Standing Committee on Women’s Issues in Transportation; the Federal Highway Administration; the United Kingdom Department for Transport; the University of California Transportation Center; the Swedish Government Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA); METRANS Transportation Center; the New Mexico Department of Transportation; the University of California, Davis; the Federal Transit Administration; and the Women’s Transportation Seminar. Some 140 international transportation researchers and practitioners from Africa, Asia, Europe, and the United States gathered to exchange information on a variety of factors and emerging issues affecting women’s access to mobility, safety, personal security, and travel needs and patterns. BaCkgrounD This event marks the fourth in a series of conferences on women’s issues in transportation, the first of which was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transporta- tion in 1978. Attendees of this groundbreaking confer- ence were predominantly researchers and scholars. The second conference, held in 1996, was sponsored by the Drachman Institute of the University of Arizona and by Morgan State University. The program addressed con- cerns beyond the research community and expanded into policy-making issues and planning and engineering processes. The third conference, held in 2004, aimed to advance the understanding of women’s issues in trans- portation and attracted a diverse audience of profession- als from the national, state, regional, and local levels and from the public and private sectors and academia. This fourth international conference included researchers, aca- demicians, practitioners, and students from more than a dozen countries. The program addressed longstanding issues relating to gender concerns in transportation that merit ongoing attention. It highlighted the latest research on changing demographics that affect transportation planning, programming, and policy making as well as the latest research on crash and injury prevention for differ- ent segments of the female population. Special attention was given to pregnant and elderly transportation users, efforts to better address and increase women’s personal security when using various modes of transportation, and the impacts of extreme events such as hurricanes and earthquakes on women’s mobility and that of those for whom they are responsible. ConferenCe Planning TRB assembled a conference planning committee appointed by the National Research Council to orga- nize and develop the conference program. Susan Han- son of Clark University served as the committee chair. The members of the committee, who are listed on page ii, brought expertise in a variety of areas, including data analysis, traffic engineering, demographics, travel behavior, and transportation and mobility planning. The conference’s primary objective was to stimulate new research on women’s issues in transportation to add to the existing body of literature and to increase awareness of safety, personal security, and mobility issues affecting female travelers as the population ages. The committee selected five conference tracks: changing demographics and women’s travel behavior, transportation policy considerations for female trav- elers, protecting the safety and personal security of female transportation users, and studying the impacts of extreme events on female travelers. These conference tracks were led by the following committee members: • Demographics and Travel Behavior, Sandra Rosenbloom; • Transportation Policy, Gloria Jeff;

WOMEN’S ISSUES IN TRANSPORTATION, VOLUME 2vi • Safety, Lidia Kostyniuk; • Personal Security, Jeanne Krieg; and • Extreme Events, Marsha Anderson Bomar. The conference program featured commissioned resource papers to address four of these topic areas. In addition, both keynote speakers in the conference’s opening session produced resource papers, for a total of six papers, which are included in this volume together with an overview of the conference proceedings. The committee issued a call for abstracts to attract additional research on these topic areas. Following a peer review of the abstracts submitted, the authors of approved abstracts were invited to submit papers for consideration for presentation at the conference. The submitted papers were then peer-reviewed, and those approved were included in the conference program. ConferenCe format The conference program was designed to showcase the latest international research to support the topic areas selected by the planning committee. The conference included a preconference workshop on the history of women in transportation followed by a poster session where 14 peer-reviewed papers were presented. The following day, the conference’s opening session included keynote presentations by Martin Wachs, the RAND Corporation, and Ananya Roy, University of California, Berkeley. The subsequent plenary sessions featured the remaining four commissioned resource papers. A choice of three breakout sessions was offered following each of the plenary sessions. The breakout sessions featured the presentation of 32 peer-reviewed research papers and were structured to allow more time for interaction and exchange of information between the presenters and participants. Plenary Sessions The plenary sessions featured presentations by the author of each resource paper. These commissioned resource papers were designed to frame the issues within the respective subject area, gauge the degree to which progress had been achieved since the previous TRB con- ference, introduce any new research findings or infor- mation, and identify topics for continued or further research. Breakout Sessions Following each plenary session, a choice of three break- out sessions was offered, each of which included the presentation of three or four research papers. These ses- sions were designed to encourage the authors to interact with the attendees and to discuss specific research and policy implications arising from the information pre- sented. The breakout sessions allowed for a comparison and contrast of issues affecting female travelers on dif- ferent continents. Poster Session The conference program included a poster session fea- turing 14 peer-reviewed papers. This format enabled authors and attendees to interface and exchange ideas and information in a more informal way. ConferenCe ProCeeDings format Volume 1: Conference Overview and Plenary Papers Volume 1 includes the conference overview prepared by Susan Herbel and Danena Gaines, Cambridge Systematics, and the six commissioned resource papers, including the two keynote presentations delivered by Wachs and Roy. Volume 2: Technical Papers This volume includes 27 full peer-reviewed papers that were presented in the breakout sessions of the conference or in the poster session and approved for publication.

Contents Preface ......................................................................................................................................................v Female Involvement in U.S. Fatal Crashes Under a Three-Level Hierarchical Crash Model: Mediating and Moderating Factors ..........................................................................................................1 Eduardo Romano, Tara Kelley-Baker, and Pedro Torres Spatial Variation in Motor Vehicle Crashes by Gender in the Houston, Texas, Metropolitan Area .......12 Ned Levine Investigation of Differences in Crash Characteristics Between Males and Females Involved in Fatigue-Related Crashes or Close-Call Events .....................................................................................26 Kerry Armstrong, Patricia Obst, Kerrie Livingstone, and Narelle Haworth Postpartum Fatigue and Driving: Relating Experiences, Thoughts, and Opinions 12 Weeks After Birth ..............................................................................................................................................34 Kerrie Livingstone, Kerry Armstrong, Patricia Obst, and Simon Smith Older Women’s Travel Patterns and Road Accident Involvement in Britain...........................................44 Christopher G. B. Mitchell Traffic Violations Versus Driving Errors: Implications for Older Female Drivers ...................................55 Sherrilene Classen, Orit Shechtman, Yongsung Joo, Kezia D. Awadzi, and Desiree Lanford Gender Differences in Attitudes to and Mobility Impacts of Driving Cessation ..................................... 64 Jennifer Oxley and Judith Charlton Abandon All Hope, Ye Who Enter Here: Understanding the Problem of “Eve Teasing” in Chennai, India ....................................................................................................................................74 Sheila Mitra-Sarkar and P. Partheeban How Does Fear of Sexual Harassment on Transit Affect Women’s Use of Transit? ...............................85 Hsin-Ping Hsu Women’s Safety and Security Issues with Bicycling and Walking: Examination of Potential Planning, Design, and Technology Solutions ..................................................95 Stephen T. Vaughn

Youth Transport, Mobility, and Security in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Gendered Journey to School .....105 Gina Porter, Kate Hampshire, Albert Abane, Alister Munthali, Elsbeth Robson, Mac Mashiri, and Augustine Tanle Privacy and Gender: Reviewing Women’s Attitudes Toward Privacy in the Context of Intelligent Transportation Systems and Location-Based Services ..........................................................117 Caitlin D. Cottrill and Piyushimita (Vonu) Thakuriah Gender Differences in Self-Reported Evacuation Experiences: Analysis of the City Assisted Evacuation Program During Hurricane Gustav .....................................................................................127 Pamela Jenkins, John L. Renne, and John Kiefer Driving Miss Daisy: Older Women as Passengers .................................................................................134 Nancy McGuckin, Heather Contrino, Hikari (Yuki) Nakamoto, and Adella Santos Effects of Gender on Commuter Behavior Changes in the Context of a Major Freeway Reconstruction ........................................................................................................................143 Patricia L. Mokhtarian, Liang Ye, and Meiping Yun A Commitment to Continue? Comparing Women and Men Commuters Who Choose Transit over Driving Alone ................................................................................................................................154 Jane Gould and Jiangping Zhou What Is the Role of Mothers in Transit-Oriented Development? The Case of Osaka–Kyoto–Kobe, Japan ...............................................................................................163 E. Owen D. Waygood Changing Travel Patterns of Women in the Netherlands ......................................................................179 Marie-José Olde Kalter, Lucas Harms, and Peter Jorritsma Travel Time and Distance Regarding Gender Patterns in the Paris Region: Past Trends and Forecasts to 2030 .................................................................................................................................191 Ariane Dupont and Zoran Krakutovski Gender Differences in Adolescent Travel to School: Exploring the Links with Physical Activity and Health ............................................................................................................................................203 Kelly J. Clifton, Gulsah Akar, Andrea Livi Smith, and Carolyn C. Voorhees What Do Existing Household Surveys Tell Us About Gender and Transportation in Developing Countries? ..........................................................................................................................213 Julie Babinard and Kinnon Scott Gender Equality as a Subsidiary Objective of Swedish Transport Policy: What Has Happened Since 2004? .........................................................................................................225 Åsa Vagland Women and Men in Public Consultations of Road-Building Projects ...................................................236 Lena Levin and Charlotta Faith-Ell Appreciation of Gender Differences in Development of Qualitative Level of Service for Sidewalks ......246 Purnima Parida and M. Parida Gender Considerations in Performance Measures for Bicycle Infrastructure .........................................254 Catherine R. Emond Gender Mainstreaming in Transportation: Impact of Management Control........................................ 264 Eva Wittbom Young Women’s Transportation and Labor Market Experiences .........................................................276 Piyushimita (Vonu) Thakuriah, Lei Tang, and Shashi Menchu