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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This w ork w as s ponsored b y t he A merican A ssociation of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), in cooperation with the Federal Highway A dministration, an d w as co nducted i n t he National Cooperative Highway Research P rogram (NCHRP), which is administered b y t he T ransportation R esearch B oard ( TRB) o f t he National Academies. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in th is publication f or classroom and not-for-profit pu rposes. Permission is g iven w ith the und erstanding t hat no ne o f t he m aterial will b e u sed to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FTA, Transit Development Corporation, or AOC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. I t i s expected that those reproducing the material in t his document f or e ducational a nd no t-for-profit u ses w ill give appropriate ack nowledgment of the s ource o f an y r eprinted o r reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. DISCLAIMER The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research. They are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The information contained in this document was taken directly from the submission of the author(s). This material has not been edited by TRB. 2
