Women’s Issues in Transportation: Summary of the 4th International Conference, Volume 1: Conference Overview and Plenary Papers (2011)

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C o n f e r e n C e P r o C e e d i n g s 4 6 Women’s Issues in Transportation Summary of the 4th International Conference VOLUME 1: CONFERENCE OVERVIEW AND PLENARY PAPERS SUSAN HERbEL and DANENA GAINES, Cambridge Systematics, Inc. Rapporteurs September 27–30, 2009 Irvine, California Sponsored by Transportation Research board Federal Highway Administration United Kingdom Department for Transport University of California Transportation Center (berkeley, Irvine, Los Angeles, Riverside, and Santa barbara) Swedish Government Agency for Innovation Systems METRANS Transportation Center, University of Southern California and California State University, Long beach New Mexico Department of Transportation University of California, Davis Federal Transit Administration Women’s Transportation Seminar Washington, D.C. 2010 www.TRB.org

Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings 46 ISSN 1073-1652 ISbN 978-0-309-16076-6 Subscriber Categories Planning and forecasting; policy; safety and human factors; society Transportation Research board publications are available by ordering individual publications directly from the TRb business Office, through the Internet at www.TRb.org or national-academies.org/trb, or by annual subscription through organizational or individual affiliation with TRb. Affiliates and library subscribers are eligible for substantial discounts. For further information, contact the Transportation Research board business Office, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001 (telephone 202-334-3213; fax 202-334- 2519; or e-mail TRbsales@nas.edu). Printed in the United States of America. NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the project were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to the procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. This project was sponsored by the Transportation Research board; the Federal Highway Administration; the United Kingdom Department for Transport; the University of California Transportation Center (berkeley, Irvine, Los Angeles, Riverside, and Santa barbara); the Swedish Government Agency for Innovation Systems; METRANS Transportation Center, University of Southern California and California State University, Long beach; the New Mexico Department of Transportation; the University of California, Davis; the Federal Transit Administration; and the Women’s Transportation Seminar. Planning Committee for 4th International Conference on Women’s Issues in Transportation Susan Hanson, Clark University, Chair Marsha Anderson bomar, Street Smarts, Inc. Leanna Depue, Missouri Department of Transportation Konstadinos G. Goulias, University of California, Santa barbara Jacqueline D. Grimshaw, Center for Neighborhood Technology Gloria Jeff, Consultant Lidia P. Kostyniuk, University of Michigan Jeanne Krieg, Eastern Contra Costa County Transit Authority Maryvonne Plessis-Fraissard, Consultant Sandra Rosenbloom, University of Arizona Martin Wachs, RAND Corporation Liaison Members Elaine Murakami, Federal Highway Administration Tonya Holland, Federal Transit Administration Miranda Carter, United Kingdom Department for Transport Consultants Susan Herbel and Danena Gaines, Cambridge Systematics, Inc. Transportation Reseach Board Staff Mark Norman, Director, Technical Activities Martine Micozzi, Senior Program Officer, Management, Policy, and International Relations Matthew A. Miller, Senior Program Associate TRB Publications Office Janet M. McNaughton, Senior Editor Jennifer J. Weeks, Manuscript Preparation Jennifer Merrill Thompson, Proofreader Juanita Green, Production Manager Cover design by Tony Olivis, Studio 2 Typesetting by Carol Levie, Grammarians

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self- perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also spon- sors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters per- taining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of further- ing knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both the Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transportation Research board is to provide leadership in transportation inno- vation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

v Preface The Transportation Research board (TRb) con-vened the 4th International Conference on Women’s Issues in Transportation on October 27 to 30, 2009, at the Arnold and Mabel beckman Center in Irvine, California. The contributions of the following organizations enabled this important conference to come to fruition: TRb and the Standing Committee on Women’s Issues in Transportation; the Federal Highway Administration; the United Kingdom Department for Transport; the University of California Transportation Center; the Swedish Government Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA); METRANS Transportation Center; the New Mexico Department of Transportation; the University of California, Davis; the Federal Transit Administration; and the Women’s Transportation Seminar. Some 140 international transportation researchers and practitioners from Africa, Asia, Europe, and the United States gathered to exchange information on a variety of factors and emerging issues affecting women’s access to mobility, safety, personal security, and travel needs and patterns. BaCkgrounD This event marks the fourth in a series of conferences on women’s issues in transportation, the first of which was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transporta- tion in 1978. Attendees of this groundbreaking confer- ence were predominantly researchers and scholars. The second conference, held in 1996, was sponsored by the Drachman Institute of the University of Arizona and by Morgan State University. The program addressed con- cerns beyond the research community and expanded into policy-making issues and planning and engineering processes. The third conference, held in 2004, aimed to advance the understanding of women’s issues in trans- portation and attracted a diverse audience of profession- als from the national, state, regional, and local levels and from the public and private sectors and academia. This fourth international conference included researchers, aca- demicians, practitioners, and students from more than a dozen countries. The program addressed longstanding issues relating to gender concerns in transportation that merit ongoing attention. It highlighted the latest research on changing demographics that affect transportation planning, programming, and policy making as well as the latest research on crash and injury prevention for differ- ent segments of the female population. Special attention was given to pregnant and elderly transportation users, efforts to better address and increase women’s personal security when using various modes of transportation, and the impacts of extreme events such as hurricanes and earthquakes on women’s mobility and that of those for whom they are responsible. ConferenCe Planning TRb assembled a conference planning committee appointed by the National Research Council to orga- nize and develop the conference program. Susan Han- son of Clark University served as the committee chair. The members of the committee, who are listed on page ii, brought expertise in a variety of areas, including data analysis, traffic engineering, demographics, travel behavior, and transportation and mobility planning. The conference’s primary objective was to stimulate new research on women’s issues in transportation to add to the existing body of literature and to increase awareness of safety, personal security, and mobility issues affecting female travelers as the population ages. The committee selected five conference tracks: changing demographics and women’s travel behavior, transportation policy considerations for female trav- elers, protecting the safety and personal security of female transportation users, and studying the impacts of extreme events on female travelers. These conference tracks were led by the following committee members: • Demographics and Travel Behavior, Sandra Rosenbloom; • Transportation Policy, Gloria Jeff;

v i WOMEN’S ISSUES IN TRANSPORTATION, VOLUME 1 • Safety, Lidia Kostyniuk; • Personal Security, Jeanne Krieg; and • Extreme Events, Marsha Anderson Bomar. The conference program featured commissioned resource papers to address four of these topic areas. In addition, both keynote speakers in the conference’s opening session produced resource papers, for a total of six papers, which are included in this volume together with an overview of the conference proceedings. The committee issued a call for abstracts to attract additional research on these topic areas. Following a peer review of the abstracts submitted, the authors of approved abstracts were invited to submit papers for consideration for presentation at the conference. The submitted papers were then peer-reviewed, and those approved were included in the conference program. ConferenCe format The conference program was designed to showcase the latest international research to support the topic areas selected by the planning committee. The conference included a preconference workshop on the history of women in transportation followed by a poster session where 14 peer-reviewed papers were presented. The following day, the conference’s opening session included keynote presentations by Martin Wachs, the RAND Corporation, and Ananya Roy, University of California, berkeley. The subsequent plenary sessions featured the remaining four commissioned resource papers. A choice of three breakout sessions was offered following each of the plenary sessions. The breakout sessions featured the presentation of 32 peer-reviewed research papers and were structured to allow more time for interaction and exchange of information between the presenters and participants. Plenary Sessions The plenary sessions featured presentations by the author of each resource paper. These commissioned resource papers were designed to frame the issues within the respective subject area, gauge the degree to which prog- ress had been achieved since the previous TRb conference, introduce any new research findings or information, and identify topics for continued or further research. Breakout Sessions Following each plenary session, a choice of three break- out sessions was offered, each of which included the presentation of three or four research papers. These ses- sions were designed to encourage the authors to interact with the attendees and to discuss specific research and policy implications arising from the information pre- sented. The breakout sessions allowed for a comparison and contrast of issues affecting female travelers on dif- ferent continents. Poster Session The conference program included a poster session fea- turing 14 peer-reviewed papers. This format enabled authors and attendees to interface and exchange ideas and information in a more informal way. ConferenCe ProCeeDings format Volume 1: Conference Overview and Plenary Papers This volume includes the conference overview prepared by Susan Herbel and Danena Gaines, Cambridge System- atics, and the six commissioned resource papers, includ- ing the two keynote presentations delivered by Wachs and Roy. The views presented reflect the opinions of the individual participants and not those of a TRb commit- tee or the conference participants as a group. This volume has been reviewed in draft form by indi- viduals chosen for their technical expertise and diverse perspectives, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purposes of this independent review are to provide candid and critical comments to assist the institution in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the project charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. TRb thanks the following individuals for their review of this report: Kelly J. Clifton, Portland State University; Susan Hanson, Clark University; Michael D. Meyer, Georgia Institute of Technology; and Joann K. Wells, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Although these reviewers provided many construc- tive comments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by C. Michael Walton, University of Texas at Austin. Appointed by the National Research Council, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institu-

PREFACE tional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. The contributions of the chair and members of the conference planning committee were innumerable and led to the success of the conference. The hard work of the chair and topic leaders ensured the quality of the conference program and research papers presented. The keynote speakers provided inspiration and motivation for continuing work on women’s issues in transporta- tion to improve the safety, security, and accessibility of all female travelers. Additional support was provided by Susan Herbel and Danena Gaines (Cambridge Systematics, Inc.), who served as consultants to the committee, and graduate student facilitators Kristin Lovejoy, Jamie Kang, and Iris So Young. Of course, the most important contributors to the success of the conference were the authors, the present- ers, and the participants themselves. Volume 2: Technical Papers Volume 2 includes 27 full peer-reviewed papers that were presented in the breakout sessions of the conference or in the poster session and approved for publication. v i i

Contents PREfACE .................................................................................................................................................v PART 1—CONfERENCE OVERVIEW INTROduCTION .................................................................................................................................. 3 Susan Herbel and Danena Gaines fRAMINg ThE ISSuES ......................................................................................................................... 5 Women’s Travel Issues: Creating Knowledge, Improving Policy, and Making Change .............................5 Martin Wachs gender, Poverty, and Transportation in the developing World ...............................................................6 Ananya Roy ChANgINg dEMOgRAPhICS, WOMEN’S TRAVEl PATTERNS, ANd TRANSPORTATION POlICy ............................................................................................................... 7 Women’s Travel in developed and developing Countries: Two Versions of the Same Story? ..................7 Sandra Rosenbloom and Maryvonne Plessis-Fraissard her Money or her Time? A gendered View of Contemporary Transportation Policy.............................7 Genevieve Giuliano and Lisa Schweitzer Topics for further Research .....................................................................................................................8 WOMEN’S TRAVEl PATTERNS ANd BEhAVIOR ............................................................................ 9 A Commitment to Continue? Comparing Women and Men Commuters Who Choose Transit over driving Alone .......................................................................................................................9 Jane Gould and Jiangping Zhou Changing Travel Patterns of Women in the Netherlands ..........................................................................9 Marie-José Olde Kalter, Peter Jorritsma, and Lucas Harms Topics for further Research ...................................................................................................................10

MOBIlITy ANd SAfETy ISSuES fOR yOuTh ANd yOuNg AdulTS ...................................... 11 young Women’s Transportation and labor Market Experiences ...........................................................11 Piyushimita (Vonu) Thakuriah, Lei Tang, and Shashi Menchu What Is the Role of Mothers in Transit-Oriented development? The Case of Osaka–Kyoto–Kobe, Japan .................................................................................................11 E. Owen D. Waygood Topics for further Research ...................................................................................................................12 MOBIlITy ISSuES IN AfRICA ANd ASIA ........................................................................................ 13 What do Existing household Surveys Tell us about gender and Transportation in developing Countries? ............................................................................................................................13 Julie Babinard and Kinnon Scott understood, Misunderstood, or Ignored: Poverty, Place, gender, and Intracity Transportation in the Philippines .....................................................................................................................................14 Roselle Leah Kolipano Rivera Appreciation of gender difference in development of Qualitative level of Service for Sidewalks .........14 Purnima Parida and Manoranjan Parida Topics for further Research ...................................................................................................................14 ATTITudES ANd PREfERENCES ..................................................................................................... 15 Creatively Committed or Burdened with Worry? Talking About Travel and Environmental Issues as a Way of “doing gender” ...............................................................................15 Emmy Dahl gender differences in the Value of Commuting Time: Evidence from a household Model of Subjective life Satisfaction in Sweden ................................................................................................15 Kandice Kreamer Fults, Gunnar Isacsson, and Anders Karlstrom Topics for further Research ...................................................................................................................16 gENdER EQuAlITy ANd EQuITy ISSuES ..................................................................................... 17 gender-Equal Transportation System: legal Study for Implementation of gender Equality Responsibility in the Transportation Sector .................................................................17 Wanna Svedberg gender Equality: A Key Tool for Reaching Sustainable development in the Transport Sector ..............18 Merritt Polk Topics for further Research ...................................................................................................................18 gENdER EQuAlITy IN TRANSPORTATION IN SWEdEN ........................................................... 19 gender Equality as Subsidiary Objective of Swedish Transport Policy: What has happened Since 2004? ...........................................................................................................19 Åsa Vagland Vision Meets Practice: Planning for a gender-Equal Transportation System in Sweden .........................20 Malin Henriksson gender Mainstreaming in Transportation: The Impact of Management Control ...................................20 Eva Wittbom

Topics for further Research ...................................................................................................................20 INTERNATIONAl INduSTRy lEAdERS PANEl ............................................................................ 21 Martin Wachs, Therese McMillan, Gina-Marie Lindsey, Bonnie Nelson, and Maria Mehranian WOMEN’S TRANSPORTATION SAfETy ANd PERSONAl SECuRITy ........................................ 23 Road user Safety: Women’s Issues ..........................................................................................................23 Lidia P. Kostyniuk What Is Blocking her Path? Women, Mobility, and Security .................................................................23 Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris Topics for further Research ...................................................................................................................24 OldER WOMEN’S SAfE MOBIlITy ..................................................................................................25 driving Miss daisy: Older Women as Passengers ...................................................................................25 Nancy McGuckin, Heather Contrino, Hikari (Yuki) Nakamoto, and Adella Santos Traffic Violations Versus driving Errors: Implications for Older female drivers ...................................26 Sherrilene Classen, Orit Shechtman, Yongsung Joo, Kezia D. Awadzi, and Desiree Lanford Older Women’s Safe Mobility: Extending the Amount Women drive ....................................................26 Christopher Mitchell, presenting on behalf of John W. Eberhard discussant ...............................................................................................................................................26 Heather Rothenberg Topics for further Research ...................................................................................................................27 PERSONAl SECuRITy ISSuES ........................................................................................................... 28 Abandon All hope, ye Who Enter here: understanding the Problem of “Eve Teasing” in Chennai, India ....................................................................................................................................28 Sheila Mitra-Sarkar and P. Partheeban Women-Only Passenger Rail Cars in Japan ............................................................................................28 Etsuko Tsunozaki Crime Travel of female Offenders in Manchester, England ...................................................................29 Ned Levine and Patsy Lee Topics for further Research ...................................................................................................................29 dRIVER BEhAVIOR ANd CRAShES ................................................................................................. 30 Investigation of differences in Crash Characteristics Between Males and females Involved in a fatigue-Related Crash or Close-Call Event .............................................................................................30 Kerry Armstrong, Patricia Obst, Kerrie Livingstone, and Narelle Haworth Spatial Variation in Motor Vehicle Crashes by gender in the houston, Texas, Metropolitan Area .......31 Ned Levine female Involvement in u.S. fatal Crashes under a Three-level hierarchical Crash Model: Mediating and Moderating factors .........................................................................................................31 Eduardo Romano, Tara Kelley-Baker, and Pedro Torres

understanding the Role of gender and the Built Environment in Teen Motor Vehicle Crashes: Analysis of 16- to 19-year-Olds in North Carolina ................................................................................31 Noreen McDonald and Amanda Dwelley Topics for further Research ...................................................................................................................32 ExTREME EVENTS: MOBIlITy ANd SAfETy ISSuES fOR WOMEN ANd ChIldREN IN TIMES Of CRISIS ........................................................................................................................... 33 Impacts of family Responsibilities and Car Availability on households’ No-Notice Evacuation Time .....................................................................................................................................33 Pamela Murray-Tuite, Lisa A. Schweitzer, and Sirui Liu Inequality of Impacts: Women’s Experiences in Extreme Events .............................................................33 Beverly G. Ward and Margarethe Kusenbach Women’s Concerns in Extreme Events: A Call for Examination of Emergency Planning, Response, Recovery, and Mitigation ........................................................................................................................34 Evangeline Franklin Topics for further Research ...................................................................................................................34 EffECTS Of gENdER ON MOBIlITy ............................................................................................. 35 Sources of the Narrowing and Widening of Travel differences by gender .............................................35 Randall Crane and Lois Takahashi Effects of gender on Commuter Behavior Changes in the Context of Major freeway Reconstruction ..........................................................................................................................35 Patricia L. Mokhtarian, Liang Ye, and Meiping Yun discussant ...............................................................................................................................................36 Sandra Rosenbloom Topics for further Research ...................................................................................................................36 WhERE dO WE gO fROM hERE? CONSTRuCTINg A RESEARCh AgENdA .......................... 37 developing a Research Needs Statement .................................................................................................37 Susan Herbel lOOKINg TO ThE fuTuRE ............................................................................................................. 38 PART 2—PlENARy PAPERS WOMEN’S TRAVEl ISSuES: CREATINg KNOWlEdgE, IMPROVINg POlICy, ANd MAKINg ChANgE .................................................................................................................... 41 Martin Wachs Exploring gender and Mobility ..........................................................................................................42 Insights from history ..........................................................................................................................43 Taking Stock: Research Accomplishments and Needs .........................................................................44 Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................................48

gENdER, POVERTy, ANd TRANSPORTATION IN ThE dEVElOPINg WORld ...................... 50 Ananya Roy Millennium development goals: Integrating gender ..........................................................................50 Whither Transportation? ....................................................................................................................52 from “Women” to “gender” .............................................................................................................53 Case Study 1: Commute Against hunger ............................................................................................54 Case Study 2: Making Peace with the World-Class City .....................................................................56 Conclusion: Transportation Justice, Transnational Analysis ...............................................................58 WOMEN’S TRAVEl IN dEVElOPEd ANd dEVElOPINg COuNTRIES: TWO VERSIONS Of ThE SAME STORy? ........................................................................................ 63 Sandra Rosenbloom and Maryvonne Plessis-Fraissard Societal Trends....................................................................................................................................64 The global South: Women’s Travel Patterns, Attitudes, and Preferences ...........................................66 developing Countries: Women’s Travel Patterns, Attitudes, and Preferences .....................................69 Investigating Women’s Travel and Translating It into Policies and Programs .....................................72 Summary and Conclusions ..................................................................................................................73 hER MONEy OR hER TIME: A gENdEREd VIEW Of CONTEMPORARy TRANSPORT POlICy ......................................................................................................................... 78 Genevieve Giuliano and Lisa Schweitzer gendered Time: Working and Caring .................................................................................................79 New finance Schemes and Women’s Travel .......................................................................................81 Public Transit Trends and Women’s Travel ........................................................................................84 Summary .............................................................................................................................................89 Ideas for Transportation Planning and Policy .....................................................................................90 ROAd uSER SAfETy: WOMEN’S ISSuES ......................................................................................... 94 Lidia P. Kostyniuk Motor Vehicle fatalities ......................................................................................................................94 Exposure .............................................................................................................................................94 Risky driving Behaviors .....................................................................................................................97 Survivability in Crashes .......................................................................................................................99 Summary and Research Needs ..........................................................................................................100 WhAT IS BlOCKINg hER PATh? WOMEN, MOBIlITy, ANd SECuRITy ............................... 103 Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris Women’s Restricted Mobility ............................................................................................................104 Women’s fear of Public Spaces: facts and fallacies ..........................................................................105

fear of Transportation Environments ...............................................................................................107 Women’s distinct Safety and Security Needs ....................................................................................108 (lack of) Response of u.S. Transit Operators ..................................................................................110 Initiatives Tackling Women’s Transportation Needs ........................................................................111 Taking Stock: What Is Promising; What Needs to happen ..............................................................116 APPENdICES APPENdIx A: Technical Papers in Volume 2 ......................................................................................125 APPENdIx B: Special Workshop on the history of Women in Transportation: how Can We Plan for the future if We don’t understand the Past? ...................................................127 APPENdIx C: Poster Session ...............................................................................................................128