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ALTERNATIVE AIRCRAFT AND AIRFIELD DEICING AND ANTI-ICING FORMULATIONS VIII 5-5 Contact angle measurement results for DEG/water and surfactants. ......................... 5-12 5-6 Contact angle measurement results for glycerol/water and surfactants. .................... 5-13 5-7 Comparison of Viscosity of DEG/ and glycerol/water/thickener (Carbopol EZ-4/ 5-8 Effect of thickener on contact angle for FPD/water/surfactant mixtures ................... 5-16 TEA formulations with and without the addition of surfactant. .................................. 5-15 5-9 Photographs of foaming tests. ............................................................................................ 5-17 5-10 Freezing point curves for final candidates. ...................................................................... 5-19 5-11 Glycerol-water vapor liquid equilibrium. ........................................................................ 5-19 5-12 Sieve analysis of sodium formate. ..................................................................................... 5-26
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The ACRP 02-01 Project Team consists of University of South Carolina, U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Molecular Knowledge Systems Inc., Infoscitex Corporation, CH2M HILL, and Western Washington University. The project team would like to thank the members of the Project Panel for providing the opportunity to work on this project. Special appreciation is extended to Bhavita Patel of the University of Massachusetts Lowell for carrying out the freezing point and contact angle measurements of Tier 1 and Tier 2. We would also like to thank all those who provided valuable information for this report. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Authors Harris Gold, Ph.D. Infoscitex Corporation Kevin Joback, Ph.D. Molecular Knowledge Systems Inc. Steven W. Geis Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene George Bowman Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene Dean Mericas, Ph.D. CH2M HILL, Inc. Lee Ferguson, Ph.D. Duke University (previously University of South Carolina) Steven R. Corsi U.S. Geological Survey Technical Analysts Amy Mager Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene Mike Manix Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene Graham Anderson Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene Anthony Plourde Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene