Annotated Literature Review for NCHRP Report 640 (2009)

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, and was conducted in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), which is administered by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies. COPYRIGHT PERMISSION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FTA, Transit Development Corporation, or AOC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. DISCLAIMER The opinion and conclusions expressed or implied in the report are those of the research agency. They are not necessarily those of the TRB, the National Research Council, AASHTO, or the U.S. Government. This report has not been edited by TRB.

i TABLE OF CONTENTS Task 1 - Conduct a Comprehensive Review of Worldwide Literature on PFC.................. 1 1.1 National Roads Authority (NRA). Porous Asphalt in Ireland ............................ 1 1.2 Decoene, Y. “Contribution of Cellulose Fibers to the Performance of Porous Asphalts.” Transportation Research Record No. 1265. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. pp 82-86. 1990...................................... 2 1.3 Isenring, T., H Köster and I. Scazziga. “Experiences with Porous Asphalt in Switzerland.” Transportation Research Record No. 1265. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. pp 41-53. 1990. ......................... 5 1.4 Ruiz, A., R. Alberola, F. Pérez, and B. Sánchez. “Porous Asphalt Mixtures in Spain.” Transportation Research Record No. 1265. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. pp. 87-94. 1990..................................... 9 1.5 Van Der Zwan, J.T., T. Goeman, H.J.A.J. Gruis, J.H. Swart, and R.H. Oldenburger. "Porous Asphalt Wearing Courses in the Netherlands: State of the Art Review.” Transportation Research Record No. 1265. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. pp 95-110. 1990.................................. 13 1.6 Van Heystraeten, G. and C. Moraux. “Ten Years’ Experience of Porous Asphalt in Belgium.” Transportation Research Record No. 1265. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. pp 34-40. 1990. ....................... 17 1.7 Lefebvre, G. “Porous Asphalt.” Permanent International Association of Road Congresses. 1993. .......................................................................................................... 19 1.8 Alderson, A., “The Design of Open Graded Asphalt.” Australian Asphalt Pavement Association. CR C5151. November 1996..................................................... 29 1.9 Ketcham, S.A., L.D. Minsk, R.B. Blackburn, and E.J. Fleege. “Manual of Practice for an Effective Anti-icing Program. A Guide for Highway Winter Maintenance Personnel.” FHWA-RD-95-202. U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. June 1996. .............................................................. 35 1.10 Kuennen, T. “Open – Graded Mixes: Better the second time around”. American City & County, August 1996......................................................................................... 47 1.11 Tolman, F. and F. van Gorkum, Mechanical Durability of Porous Asphalt, Eurobitume, 1996. ......................................................................................................... 48 1.12 Santha, L. “A Comparison of Modified Open-Graded Friction Courses to Standard Open-Graded Friction Course.” FHWA-GA-97-9110. Georgia Department of Transportation. Forest Park, Georgia. April 1997. ........................................................ 52 1.13 Tolman, F. and F. van Gorkum. “A Model for the Mechanical Durability of Porous Asphalt.” European Conference on Porous Asphalt. Madrid. 1997.................. 58 1.14 Kandhal, P.S. and R.B. Mallick. “Open Graded Asphalt Friction Course: State of Practice.” Transportation Research Circular E-C005. Transportation Research Board. Washington, D.C. 1998...................................................................................... 60

ii 1.15 Watson, D., A. Johnson and D. Jared. “Georgia Department of Transportation’s Progress in Open-Graded Friction Course Development.” Transportation Research Record No: 1616. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. 1998. ................................................................................................ 70 1.16 Choubane, B., J. A. Musselman, G. C. Page. “Forensic Investigation of Bleeding in Open-Graded Asphalt-Rubber Surface Mixes.” TRB 1999 Annual Meeting CD-ROM, Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. 1999....................................................................................................................... 74 1.17 Rogge, D. and E.A. Hunt. “Development of Maintenance Practices for Oregon F-Mix – Interim Report SPR371.” Oregon Department of Transportation. Salem, OR. August 1999................................................................................................................... 78 1.18 “Noise-Reducing Pavements for Urban Roads.” Danish Road Directorate (DRD). Nordic Road & Transport Research. Volume No. 3. 1999. ............................. 80 1.19 Backstrom, M. “Ground Temperature in Porous Pavement During Freezing and Thawing.” Journal of Transportation Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers. Reston, VA. Volume 126, Issue 5, September 2000, pp.375-381.............. 82 1.20 Cooley, L. Allen, Jr., E. R. Brown, and D. E. Watson. “Evaluation of OGFC Mixtures Containing Cellulose Fibers.” Transportation Research Record No: 1723. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. 2000. 83 1.21 Huber, G., “Performance Survey on Open-Graded Friction Course Mixes.” Synthesis of Highway Practice 284. National Cooperative Highway Research Program. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. 2000. 87 1.22 Khalid, H. A. and C. M. Walsh. “Relating Mix and Binder Fundamental Properties of Aged Porous Asphalt Materials.” 2nd Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress. Barcelona, Spain. Book 1. pp 398-405. 2000............................................................... 96 1.23 Mallick, R. B., P.S. Kandhal, L. A. Cooley, Jr., and D. E. Watson. “Design, Construction, and Performance of New Generation Open-Graded Friction Courses.” NCAT report No. 2000-01. National Center for Asphalt Technology. Auburn University. 2000. .......................................................................................................... 97 1.24 Molenaar, J.M.M. and A.A.A. Molenaar. “An Investigation into the Contribution of the Bituminous Binder to the Resistance to Raveling of Porous Asphalt.” 2nd Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress. Barcelona, Spain. pp 500-508. 2000. ……………………………………………………………………………….109 1.25 Pasetto, M. “Porous Asphalt Concretes with Added Microfibres.” 2nd Eurasphalt & Eurobitumen Congress. Barcelona, Spain. pp. 438-447. 2000................................ 111 1.26 Spillemaeker, P.E., and P. Bauer. “Development of 0/6 Porous Asphalt.” 2nd Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress. Barcelona, Spain. Pp. 553-557. 2000 ............ 113 1.27 Bishop, M. C. and M. F. Oliver. “Open Graded Friction Course Pavements In British Columbia.” Proceedings of the 46th Annual Conference of the Canadian Technological Asphalt Association. Toronto, Canada. 2001. ..................................... 114

iii 1.28 Bolzan, P. E., J. C. Nicholls, G. A. Huber. “Searching for Superior Performing Porous Asphalt Wearing Courses.” TRB 2001 Annual Meeting CD-ROM. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. 2001. ……………………………………………………………………………….120 1.29 Corrigan, S., K. W. Lee and S. A. Cardi. “Implementation and Evaluation of Traffic Marking Recesses for Application of Thermoplastic Pavement Markings on Modified Open Graded Friction Course.” TRB 2001 Annual Meeting CD-ROM. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. 2001. ………………………………………………………………………………132 1.30 “Performance Characteristics of Open-Graded Friction Courses.” Massachusetts Highway Department, Pavement Management Section. Boston, MA. February 15, 2001. 136 1.31 Milne, R. “Open-Graded Comes Clean.” Asphalt Review. Australian Asphalt Pavement Association. Volume 20, Number 3. pp. 11-12. December 2001........... 138 1.32 Momm, L. and E. M. Filho. “Study of the Aggregate for the Pervious Asphalt Concrete.” 2nd International Symposium on Maintenance and Rehabilitations of Pavements and Technological Control. Auburn, Alabama. July 29-August 1, 2001.139 1.33 Moore, L. M. and R. G Hicks. “Design, Construction, and Maintenance Guidelines for Porous Asphalt Pavements.” Transportation Research Record No: 1778. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. 2001. ………………………………………………………………………………141 1.34 Abe, T. and Y. Kishi. “Development of Low-Noise Pavement Function Recovery Machine.” Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Asphalt Pavements. Copenhagen, Denmark. August 2002. ..................................................... 150 1.35 Bendtsen, H., C. B. Nielsen, J.Raaberg, and R.A. Macdonald. “Clogging of Porous Bituminous Surfacings – an Investigation in Copenhagen.” Danish Road Institute Report 120. Road Directorate, Danish Road Institute. Denmark. June 2002.154 1.36 Faghri, M. and M. H. Sadd. “Performance Improvement of Open Graded Asphalt Mixes.” Report on URI_TC Project No. 536144. October 2002. .................. 156 1.37 Giuliani, F. “Winter Maintenance of Porous Asphalt Pavements.” XIth International Winter Road Conference. World Road Association (PIARC). Sapporo, Japan. 2002. ................................................................................................................. 159 1.38 Greibe, A. P. “Porous Asphalt and Safety.” Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Asphalt Pavements. Copenhagen, Denmark. August 2002. ……………………………………………………………………………….160 1.39 Iwata, H., T. Watanabe, and T. Saito. “Study on the Performance of Porous Asphalt Pavement on Winter Road Surface Conditions.” XIth International Winter Road Conference. World Road Association (PIARC). Sapporo, Japan. 2002. .................... 162 1.40 Kandhal, P.S. “Design, Construction and Maintenance of Open-Graded Asphalt Friction Courses.” National Asphalt Pavement Association Information Series 115. May 2002..................................................................................................................... 165

iv 1.41 Larsen, L.E. and H. Bendtsen. “Noise Reduction with Porous Asphalt – Costs and Perceived Effect.” Ninth International Conference on Asphalt Pavements. International Society of Asphalt Pavements. Copenhagen, Denmark. 2002............... 172 1.42 Litzka, J. “Austrian Experiences with Winter Maintenance on Porous Asphalt.” Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Asphalt Pavements. Copenhagen, Denmark. August 2002................................................................................................ 175 1.43 Padmos, C. “Over Ten Years Experience with Porous Road Surfaces.” Ninth International Conference on Asphalt Pavements. International Society of Asphalt Pavements. Copenhagen, Denmark. 2002. .................................................................. 178 1.44 Ranieri, Vittorio, Runoff control in porous pavements, Transportation Research Record No: 1789, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. 2002. .............................................................................................. 179 1.45 Rogge, D. “Development of Maintenance Practices for Oregon F-Mix.” Oregon Department of Transportation. FHWA-OR-RD-02-09. Corvallis, Oregon. 2002....... 185 1.46 Flintsch, G. W., E. de León, K. K. McGhee, I. L. Al-Qadi. “Pavement Surface Macrotexture Measurement and Application.” Transportation Research Record No: 1860. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. 2003. ……………………………………………………………………………….190 1.47 Kaloush, K. E., M. W. Witczak, A. C. Sotil and G. B. Way. “Laboratory Evaluation of Asphalt Rubber Mixtures Using the Dynamic Modulus (E*) Test.” TRB 2003 Annual Meeting CD-ROM. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. 2003................................................................................. 193 1.48 Poulikakos, L.D., Takahashi, S. and Partl, M.N. “A Comparison of Swiss and Japanese Porous Asphalt through Various Mechanical Tests.” 3rd Swiss Transport Research Conference. Monte Verita/Ascona. March 19-21, 2003............................. 197 1.49 Tan, S.A., T.F. Fwa and C.T. Han. “Clogging Evaluation of Permeable Base.” Journal of Transportation Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers. Reston, VA. Volume 129. Issue 3. May 2003. pp. 309-315..................................................... 199 1.50 Watson, D. E., K. A. Moore, K. Williams and L. A. Cooley, Jr. “Refinement of New Generation Open-Graded Friction Course Mix Design.” Transportation Research Record No: 1832. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. 2003. .............................................................................................. 201 1.51 Wimsatt, A. J. and T. Scullion. “Selecting Rehabilitation Strategies for Flexible Pavements in Texas.” TRB 2003 Annual Meeting CD-ROM. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. 2003. ..................................... 206 1.52 Cooper S. B., C. Abadie, and L. N. Mohammad. “Evaluation of Open-Graded Friction Course Mixture.” Louisiana Transportation Research Center Technical Assistance Report Number 04-1TA. October 2004.................................................... 208 1.53 Flintsch, G.W. “Assessment of the Performance of Several Roadway Mixes Under Rain, Snow, and Winter Maintenance Activities.” Final Contract Report.

v Virginia Transportation Research Council. VTRC-04-CR18. Charlottesville, Virginia. 2004. ………………………………………………………………………………..212 1.54 Fortes, R.M. and J.V. Merighi. “Open-graded HMAC Considering the Stone- on-Stone Contact.” Proceedings of the International Conference on Design and Construction of Long Lasting Asphalt Pavements. Auburn, Alabama. June 2004. .... 214 1.55 Pucher, E., J. Litzka, J. Haberl, and J. Girard. “Silvia Project Report: Report on Recycling of Porous Asphalt in Comparison with Dense Asphalt.” SILVIA-036-01- WP3-260204. Sustainable Road Surfaces for Traffic Noise Control. European Commission. February 2004....................................................................................... 218 1.56 Punith, V. S., S. N. Suresha, A. Veeraragavan, S. Raju and S. Bose. “Characterization of Polymer and Fiber-Modified Porous Asphalt Mixtures.” TRB 2004 Annual Meeting CD-ROM. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. 2004................................................................................. 219 1.57 Tan, S.A., T.F. Fwa and K.C. Chai. “Drainage Considerations for Porous Asphalt Surface Course Design.” Transportation Research Record 1868, TRB. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. 2004. pp. 142-149............................................ 224 1.58 Watson, D. E., J. Zhang, R. B. Powell. “Analysis of Temperature Data for the NCAT Test Track.” Transportation Research Record No: 189. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. 2004. ..................................... 225 1.59 Watson, D. E., L. A. Cooley, Jr., K. A. Moore, K. Williams. “Laboratory Performance Testing of OGFC Mixtures.” Transportation Research Record No: 1891. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. 2004. ……………………………………………………………………………….228 1.60 Watson, D. E., E. Masad, K. A. Moore, K. Williams, L. A. Cooley, Jr. “Verification of VCA Testing To Determine Stone-On-Stone Contact of HMA Mixtures.” Transportation Research Record No: 1891. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. 2004. ................................................. 233 1.61 Bennert, T., F. Fee, E. Sheehy, A. Jumikis and R. Sauber. “Comparison of Thin- Lift HMA Surface Course Mixes in New Jersey” TRB 2005 Annual Meeting CD- ROM. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. 2005. ……………………………………………………………………………….237 1.62 Brousseaud, Y. and F. Anfosso-Lédée. “Silvia Project Report: Review of Existing Low Noise Pavement Solutions in France.” SILVIA-LCPC-011-01-WP4- 310505. Sustainable Road Surfaces for Traffic Noise Control. European Commission. May 2005..................................................................................................................... 244 1.63 “Quiet Pavements: Lessons Learned from Europe”. Focus. U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Washington, DC. April 2005. .... 246 1.64 Frick, K. “Evaluation of New Patching Material for Open-Graded Asphalt Concrete (OGAC) Wearing Courses.” Technical Memorandum TM-UCB-PRC-2—5-9. California Department of Transportation. June 2005.................................................. 247

vi 1.65 Graf, B., Simond, E. “The Experience with Porous Asphalt in Canton Vaud.” VSS Publication Strasse and Verkehr. Route et Trafic. April 2005............................ 248 1.66 Hardiman, C. “The Improvement of Water Drainage Function and Abrasion Loss of Conventional Porous Asphalt.” Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies. Volume 5. pp. 671-678. 2005.............................................. 251 1.67 Lane, R. “Cleaning Open-Grade Asphalt To Improve Safety.” International Conference on Surface Friction/ 2005 Papers. www.surfacefriction.org.nz. Christchurch, New Zealand. 2005. .............................................................................. 253 1.68 McDaniel, R. “Case Study: A Porous Friction Course for Noise Control”. North Central Superpave Center News. North Central Superpave Center. West Lafayette, Indiana. Volume 4, Number 3. Spring 2005................................................................ 255 1.69 McDaniel, R. S. and W. Thornton. “Field Evaluation of a Porous Friction Course for Noise Control.” TRB 2005 Annual Meeting CD-ROM. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. 2005....................... 256 1.70 Scofield, L. and P. Donavan. “The Road To Quiet Neighborhoods In Arizona.” TRB 2005 Annual Meeting CD-ROM. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D.C. 2005. ................................................................ 260 1.71 Sholar, G. A., G. C. Page, J. A. Musselman, P. B. Upshaw and H. L. Moseley. “Development of the Florida Department of Transportation’s Percent Within Limits Hot-Mix Asphalt Specification.” TRB 2005 Annual Meeting CD-ROM. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council, Washington, D.C. 2005....................... 264 1.72 Van Doorn, R. “Winter Maintenance in the Netherlands.” Ministry of Transportation. Public Works and Water Management. Compiled from COST344 Snow and Ice Control on European Roads and Bridges Task Group 3. Best Practices. March 2002.................................................................................................................. 269 1.73 Wagner, C. and Y.S. Kim. “Construction of a Safe Pavement Edge: Minimizing the Effects of Shoulder Dropoff.” TRB 2005 Annual Meeting CD-ROM. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington, D. C. 2005 ... 270 1.74 Martinez, F. C. and R. A. Poecker. “Evaluation of Deicer Applications on Open-Graded Pavements.” FHWA-OR-RD-06-12. Oregon Department of Transportation. Salem, Oregon. April 2006. ............................................................. 271 1.75 “Open Graded Friction Course Usage Guide.” California Department of Transportation. Division of Engineering Services. Materials Engineering and Testing Services-MS #5. Sacramento, California. February 2006. .......................................... 273 1.76 Alvarez, A.E., A. Epps Martin, C.K. Estakhri, J.W. Button, G.J. Glover and S.H. Jung. “Synthesis of Current Practice on the Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Porous Friction Courses.” FHWA TX-06/0-5262-1. Texas Transportation Institute. College Station, Texas. July 2006........................................ 279 1.77 Poulikakos, L.D., S. Takahashi and M.N. Partl. “Evaluation of Improved Asphalt by Various Test Methods.” Report Nr. 113/13 (EMPA No. FE 860076). EMPA. October 2006. ................................................................................................. 293

vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Use of Cantabro Abrasion and Air Voids to Select Minimum Binder Content 21 Figure 2: Air Void Classifications .................................................................................... 22 Figure 3: Examples of Daylighting Porous Asphalt Mixtures.......................................... 24 Figure 4: Steps in Mix Design .......................................................................................... 32 Figure 5: Outline of the Components of an Anti-icing Program in the Context of a Winter Maintenance Program ....................................................................................................... 37 Figure 6: Methods of Developing Job Mix Formulas for OGFCs.................................... 62 Figure 7: Methods for Determining Mixing Temperatures .............................................. 62 Figure 8: Tack Coat Materials Used for OGFC................................................................ 68 Figure 9: Tack Coat Application Rates............................................................................. 69 Figure 10: Reported Service Lives for OGFC .................................................................. 70 Figure 11: Principle of Two Layer Porous Asphalt Pavements........................................ 81 Figure 12: Benefits of Open-Graded Mixes Cited by Agencies ....................................... 88 Figure 13: Comparison of Air Void Contents................................................................. 113 Figure 14: Truck-Mounted Function-Recovery Machine............................................... 152 Figure 15: High-Pressure Ejection and Vacuum Systems .............................................. 153 Figure 16: Voids in Coarse Aggregate Concept for Ensuring Stone-On-Stone Contact169

viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Results of Basket Drainage Tests ......................................................................... 3 Table 2: Results of Schellenberger Drainage Tests ............................................................ 4 Table 3: General Data on Materials and Mix...................................................................... 6 Table 4: Gradation Bands for Porous Asphalt Mixtures in Spain .................................... 10 Table 5: Typical Requirements for Porous Asphalt Mixes in the Netherlands ................ 14 Table 6: Belgian Specification for the Composition of Porous Asphalt........................... 18 Table 7: Influence of Air Void Classification on Permeability and Noise ....................... 22 Table 8: Forms in Which Salts Are Used in Europe......................................................... 27 Table 9: Average Spreading Rates For Solid NaCl (g/m2) ............................................... 28 Table 10: Average Spreading Rates for CaCl2 Flakes (g/m2)........................................... 28 Table 11: Average Spreading Rates for Wet Salt (g/m2) .................................................. 28 Table 12: Open-Graded Asphalt Used In Australia.......................................................... 30 Table 13: Mix Design of Open-Graded Asphalts in Australia ......................................... 31 Table 14: Production and Laydown of Open-Graded Asphalt Mixes .............................. 33 Table 15: Performance Related Properties ....................................................................... 34 Table 16: Weather Event: Light Snow Storm................................................................... 41 Table 17: Weather Event: Light Snow with Period(s) of Moderate or Heavy Snow ....... 42 Table 18: Weather Event: Moderate or Heavy Snow Storm ............................................ 43 Table 19: Weather Event: Frost or Black Ice.................................................................... 44 Table 20: Weather Event: Freezing Rain Storm............................................................... 45 Table 21: Weather Event: Sleet Storm.............................................................................. 46 Table 22: Standard and Proposed New Porous Mix ......................................................... 48 Table 23: Problems with Porous Mixes ............................................................................ 49 Table 24: Mixes used in the Test Sections around Amsterdam........................................ 50 Table 25: Problems with Tests.......................................................................................... 50 Table 26: Observations from Condition Survey ............................................................... 51 Table 27: Details of Cyclic Tensile Test........................................................................... 51 Table 28: GDOT OFGC Gradation Requirements ........................................................... 53 Table 29: Summary of Mix Design Information of Research Mixes ............................... 54 Table 30: Average Friction Test Results for Test Sections .............................................. 56 Table 31: Average Smoothness Values in Test Sections.................................................. 56

ix Table 32: Results of Visual Distress Survey on Test Sections ......................................... 57 Table 33: Average Rut Depths in Test Sections (inches) ................................................. 57 Table 34: Average Permeability Results Over Time ........................................................ 58 Table 35: Stresses and Strains in Binder Films in Porous Asphalt................................... 59 Table 36: Gradation of OGFC Mixes in Different States ................................................. 63 Table 37: Asphalt Binders used for OGFCs ..................................................................... 64 Table 38: Problems with OGFC ....................................................................................... 66 Table 39: Mix Design Practices of States with Good and Bad Experiences .................... 67 Table 40: Materials and Mix Design ................................................................................ 72 Table 41: Construction Practices ...................................................................................... 73 Table 42: Materials and Mix Design Criteria for OGFC Mixes Used in Florida ............. 75 Table 43: Projects with Bleeding Problems...................................................................... 76 Table 44: Investigation and Follow-Up Work .................................................................. 77 Table 45: Materials and Mix Design for Laboratory Mixes ............................................. 84 Table 46: Tests and Results .............................................................................................. 85 Table 47: In-Place Mixes .................................................................................................. 86 Table 48: Results of Visual Survey .................................................................................. 86 Table 49: FHWA Design Gradation Band........................................................................ 88 Table 50: Summary of 9.5mm OGFC Mixture Designs used in United States............... 90 Table 51: Summary of 12.5mm and 19.0mm OGFC Mixture Designs used in the United States ................................................................................................................................. 91 Table 52: Summary of Non-North American Porous Asphalt Mixtures .......................... 92 Table 53: Gradations Used................................................................................................ 98 Table 54: Summary of Mix Volumetric Properties .......................................................... 99 Table 55: Volumetric Properties of mixes with Difference Binders (Average Values) . 100 Table 56: Results of Draindown Tests from Mixes with Different Binders................... 100 Table 57: Abrasion Loss (Aged Samples) for Mixes with Different Types of Binder... 101 Table 58: Laboratory Test Results for the Six OGFC Mixes (6).................................... 106 Table 59: Laboratory Test Results for Field Produced OGFC Mixes (6)....................... 106 Table 60: Laboratory Test Results for Roadway Core Samples from OGFC Test ........ 107 Table 61: Severity and Percentage of Transverse Reflective Cracks ............................. 108 Table 62: Average Permeability and In-Place Air Void Contents for the Six Test Sections ......................................................................................................................................... 109

x Table 63: Gradation Requirements and Design Gradation ............................................. 111 Table 64: Properties of Fibers......................................................................................... 112 Table 65: Materials and Mix Design Used in Projects in BC......................................... 116 Table 66: Suggested Gradation....................................................................................... 118 Table 67: Results of Performance Evaluations of Different Projects ............................. 119 Table 68: Performance Life Equations from UK Trials ................................................. 122 Table 69: Use of Different Materials in the UK Road Trials ......................................... 123 Table 70: Summary of results from a Survey on the Use of Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC), as Presented by Bolzan et al (based on response from forty-two states)......... 125 Table 71: Comparison of US Mixtures to European Mixtures ....................................... 127 Table 72: Description of Full Scale Field Trials of Porous Asphalt Mixes in Argentina128 Table 73: Details of Test Sections with Different Markings .......................................... 133 Table 74: Testing of Durability and Retro Reflectivity for Recessed and Non-Recessed Pavement Markings ........................................................................................................ 134 Table 75: Results of Durability and Retroreflectivity Evaluations................................. 135 Table 76: Inferences from Statistical Analysis of Retro Reflectivity Results from Different Sections, for Different Conditions .................................................................. 136 Table 77: Use and Characteristic of Open-Graded Asphalt Concrete ............................ 143 Table 78: ODOT Specifications for Open-Graded Asphalt Mix .................................... 144 Table 79: Construction Concerns and Special Considerations for Open-Graded Asphalt Mixes............................................................................................................................... 145 Table 80: Special Considerations.................................................................................... 146 Table 81: Maintenance Issues and Recommendations ................................................... 147 Table 82: Evaluation of Performance of Open-Graded Asphalt Mixes.......................... 149 Table 83: Results of Permeability Testing after Functional Recovery ........................... 152 Table 84: Results of Permeability Testing after Use of Truck-Mounted Function Recovery Machine .......................................................................................................... 153 Table 85: Classification of Degree of Clogging ............................................................. 155 Table 86: Study Gradations ............................................................................................ 157 Table 87: Tests Conducted on Samples .......................................................................... 157 Table 88: Road Surface Conditions during a Snowfall (Rutted Sections)...................... 163 Table 89: Road Surface Conditions during a Snowfall (Non-Rutted Sections) ............. 164 Table 90: Frictional Data (Pennsylvania) ....................................................................... 166 Table 91: Coarse Aggregate Requirements for OGFC................................................... 168