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Committee Activities
In order to cover the variety of topics of its charge, the committee undertook many activities in addition to full committee meetings—including site visits to relevant field settings and laboratories, detailed briefings by experts, and reviews of relevant literature.
The committee met four times during 1991-1993, twice at the National Research Council facilities in Washington, D.C., once at the Beckman Center in Irvine, California, and once at the Army's National Training Center (NTC) at Fort Irwin, California. The NTC meeting included briefings, discussions, and demonstrations of training procedures used to prepare soldiers for combat missions. The meetings and site visits included presentations by the following experts:
James Banks, research psychologist, Army Research Institute, Presidio of Monterey Field Unit
Barbara Black, chief, Army Research Institute Field Unit, Fort Knox, Kentucky
John Seely Brown, Vice President for Advanced Research, Xerox, Palo Alto Research Center
Brigadier General William G. Carter, II, Commanding Officer, National Training Center
Neil Cosby, manager, Institute for Defense Analysis Simulation Center Gerald C. Davison, professor of psychology, University of Southern California
Michael Drillings, research psychologist, Army Research Institute James Greeno, research scientist, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center Captain Grimsley, National Training Center
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Jack Hiller, director, Training Systems Research Division, Army Research Institute
Nels Klyver, Los Angeles Police Academy
Major Milton Koger, research psychologist, Army Research Institute
George Lawton, research psychologist, Army Research Institute
Major Robert D. Leitzel, National Training Center
Staff Sergeant Marconi, Fort Knox, Kentucky
Colonel Pat O'Neal, National Training Center
Zita Simutos, director, Manpower and Personnel Research Division,
Army Research Institute
Robert Sulzen, research psychologist, Army Research Institute
Most of the rest of the committee's work was carried out through subcommittees on specific topics. Our subcommittee organization tracks almost directly to the chapter organization of this report, and members wrote the drafts of chapters. In one case, the work of a subcommittee (team building and team training) resulted in two chapters.
The Effect of Context on Training
Lynne M. Reder and Roberta Klatzky constituted this subcommittee, and Gen. Paul F. Gorman (ret.) of Cardinal Point, Inc. provided advice. It carried out site visits to the Federal Aviation Administration Academy in Oklahoma (April 1992) and to Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in California (November 1992), where John Seely Brown and James Greeno briefed the subcommittee. Site visits were also made to the Los Angeles Police Academy (December 1992) and to the Institute for Defense Analysis, Alexandria, Virginia (April 1993).
Illusions of Comprehension
Larry L. Jacoby and Robert A. Bjork constituted this subcommittee, which was advised by Colleen M. Kelley, of Macalester College. The subcommittee visited the Institute of Defense Analysis in Alexandria, Virginia, in April, 1993.
Cooperative Learning
Donald F. Dansereau and David W. Johnson constituted this subcommittee. It carried out a site visit to the Federal Aviation Administration Academy in Oklahoma (April 1992).
Team Building and Team Training
David W. Johnson and Daniel Druckman constituted this subcommittee. It carried out site visits to the Federal Aviation Administration Academy in
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Oklahoma (April 1992) and to the Sillin Nuclear Energy Center in Connecticut (October 1992). The subcommittee was briefed by Gary Shirts, president of Simulation Training Systems and David Crookall, editor of Simulation & Gaming. It also benefited from discussions with Nancy Dixon of George Washington University.
Self-Confidence and Performance
Deborah L. Feltz constituted this subcommittee. Research assistance was provided by Brenda A. Riemer of Michigan State University, and Bernard Weiner, professor of psychology at the University of California at Los Angeles provided advice.
Altered States of Consciousness
John F. Kihlstrom and Eric Eich constituted this subcommittee. It carried out site visits to Illusions Engineering in Westlake, California (June 1992 and October 1992), and to Fort Knox, Kentucky (April 1992). The subcommittee was briefed by Peter Suedfeld, professor of psychology at the University of British Columbia. Its review of the transcendental meditation literature was aided by material supplied by David Orme-Johnson and his colleagues at the Maharishi International University in Fairfield, Iowa.
Socially Induced Affect
Daniel Druckman and Robert B. Zajonc constituted this subcommittee, which benefited from consultant Daniel McIntosh of the University of Denver. Daniel McIntosh prepared a review paper for the subcommittee, ''Enhancement of Performance Through Socially Induced Affect."
Mental-Control Strategies
Daniel M. Wegner, Eric Eich, and Robert A. Bjork constituted this subcommittee.
Organizational Cultures and Performance
Robert A. Bjork chaired this subcommittee with the collaboration of Daniel Druckman and David W. Johnson. It made a site visit to the Sillin Nuclear Energy Center in Connecticut (October 1992), where it was briefed by Michael Brown, Director of Nuclear Training, and a site visit to the Los Angeles Police Academy in California (December 1992) where it was briefed by Nels Klyver.
