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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, and was conducted in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), which is administered by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies. COPYRIGHT PERMISSION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FTA, Transit Development Corporation, or AOC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. DISCLAIMER The opinion and conclusions expressed or implied in the report are those of the research agency. They are not necessarily those of the TRB, the National Research Council, AASHTO, or the U.S. Government. This report has not been edited by TRB.
B-1 CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... III LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................ IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..............................................................................................................V ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................VII SUMMARY.....................................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO NCHRP 06-17 .....................................................................2 1.1. Performance Measurement ...........................................................................................2 1.2. Measurement of Winter Maintenance Performance .....................................................3 1.3. Methods for Measuring Winter Maintenance Performance .........................................4 1.4. Putting Winter Maintenance Performance Measurement into Context ........................5 1.5. Summary of Synthesis Findings and Assessment of Performance Measures...............5 1.6. Conclusions...................................................................................................................7 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW .........................................................................................8 2.1. Summary of Key Points ................................................................................................8 2.2. Background...................................................................................................................9 2.3. Types of Performance Measures.................................................................................11 2.4. Performance-Based Levels of Service ........................................................................17 2.5. Performance-Based Pay Items in Contracts................................................................17 2.6. Innovative Use of Technology for Performance Measurement..................................18 2.7. Winter Weather Severity Indexes ...............................................................................18 CHAPTER 3. WINTER MAINTENANCE MEASURES USED BY HIGHWAY AGENCIES .24 3.1. Survey Results ............................................................................................................24 3.2. Summary and Conclusions .........................................................................................43 CHAPTER 4. SELECTED PRACTICES FOR PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT ...............44 4.1. State Transportation Agencies in the United States ...................................................44 4.2. Summary .....................................................................................................................63 CHAPTER 5. SYNTHESIS AND ASSESSMENT OF PERFORMANCE MEASURES............63 5.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................63 5.2. Performance Measures in Use ....................................................................................64 5.3. Screening of Approaches ............................................................................................70 5.4. Summary of Approaches.............................................................................................75 CHAPTER 6. CREATING PERFORMANCE MEASURES TOOLBOX FOR SNOW AND ICE CONTROL OPERATIONS...............................................................................................76
ii 6.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................76 6.2. Benefits of Using Performance Measurement ............................................................76 6.3. Conclusions.................................................................................................................86 CHAPTER 7. DEVELOPING A FIELD TEST PLAN.................................................................87 7.1. Measures of Input, Output, and Operational Efficiency.............................................88 7.2. Measures of Highway Safety ......................................................................................89 7.3. Measures of Highway Mobility ..................................................................................90 7.4. Measures of Public Satisfaction..................................................................................91 7.5. Measures of Environmental Impacts ..........................................................................91 7.6. Conclusions.................................................................................................................93 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................95 ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................................99 APPENDIX A. WINTER MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS PERSONNEL SURVEY INSTRUMENT................................................................................................................A-1 APPENDIX B. RESPONSES TO SURVEY...............................................................................B-1 APPENDIX C. AGENCIES USING PUBLIC SATISFACTION SURVEYS ..........................C-1
iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Relationship between inputs, outputs, and outcomes.......................................................5 Figure 2. Personnel used for snow and ice control ........................................................................26 Figure 3. Evaluation of performance .............................................................................................27 Figure 4. Performance and payment ..............................................................................................28 Figure 5. Performance measures used by various agencies...........................................................29 Figure 6. The frequency with which targets are set .......................................................................31 Figure 7. Data sources for performance measurement ..................................................................33 Figure 8. Agencies using public satisfaction surveys ....................................................................34 Figure 9. Performance measures and road characteristics .............................................................35 Figure 10. Performance objectives and storm characteristics........................................................36 Figure 11. Agencies using performance measurement used for non-storm events .......................37 Figure 12. Agencies using storm severity index used ...................................................................38 Figure 13. Methods to report road condition .................................................................................39 Figure 14. Agencies segmenting highway areas............................................................................40 Figure 15. Agencies identifying benefits .......................................................................................41 Figure 16. Map of Minnesota districts and regain time.................................................................89
