Metabolic Modifiers: Effects on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals (1994)

A

β-Adrenergic agonists, 1, 19

in adipose tissue, 18

catecholamines and, 13

classification of, 14

dose-dependent effects, 15

evaluation methodology, 38, 49

fat accumulation and, 15

feed efficiency and, 15, 35

in growing ruminants, 35-36

growth effects, 14-16, 49

mechanisms of action, 16

metabolic function, 14

in muscle development, 14, 15, 16-18

pharmacokinetics, 16

in poultry, 53-54

in protein metabolism, 17, 18-19, 30, 35-36, 49-50

receptor distribution, 14

receptor mechanics, 13-14

research needs, 35, 36

structure, 13

in swine, 42, 49-51

β-Adrenergic receptors, 13, 14

Anabolic steroids

age-related response, 20

in cattle, 30

development of, 19

in growing ruminants, 36-37

growth effects, 19-21, 22

mechanism of action, 21-22

structure, 19

Animal food products

efficient production of, 3

fat content, 3

human consumption of, 3

role of metabolic modifiers in, 3-4

B

Beef cattle

anabolic steroids for, 19, 20, 21, 22

growth hormone-releasing factor and, 34

Biotin, in milk, 25

Bovine somatotropin

administration, 23

body condition of animal and response to, 29

breed-related responses, 23

calving intervals and, 29

in carbohydrate metabolism, 11

cardiac effects, 12

in chickens, 52

consumer safety, 4

in dairy cattle, 8-9, 23

development of, 5

dietary fiber and, 27-28

in energy metabolism, 25-26, 32

environmental factors in response to, 24

feed digestibility and, 26, 27, 29

feed efficiency and, 3, 25, 26, 29

feeding recommendations with, 1, 23

forage-concentrate ratio in diet and, 28

genotype-related responses, 24

in growing cattle, 31-33

in growing lambs, 33-34

insulin-like growth factor-I and, 12

in lactating goats, 12

in lipid metabolism, 10-11

long-term administration, 5, 6, 23, 25

in mammary gland metabolism, 12

management factors in response to, 24, 25

milk composition and, 24-25, 29

mineral requirements and, 27, 29

nutrient partitioning, 3, 9

nutrient requirements, 4, 23, 25-29, 27

parity-related responses, 23-24

in protein metabolism, 11-12, 26-27, 31-32

structure, 6

supplemental dietary fat and, 29

vitamin requirements and, 27

BRL 35135, 18

bST. See Bovine somatotropin

C

Carbohydrate metabolism

catecholamines in, 13

somatotropin and, 11

Cardiac function

adrenergic receptors in, 13, 14, 15

bovine somatotropin and, 12

catecholamines in, 13

Catecholamines

receptor mechanics, 13

role of, 13

Cimaterol, 14, 15, 35, 54

in muscle development, 16, 17, 18

Clenbuterol, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 53-54

Corn silage, 28

D

Dairy cattle

body composition, 3

body condition assessment, 29

carbohydrate metabolism, 11

energy metabolism, 9, 10, 25-26, 28

fiber needs, 28

forage feeds, 28

grain feeds, 1, 28

insulin metabolism, 10

lipid metabolism, 10-11

mammary gland metabolism, 12

milk synthesis, 1, 3, 4

protein metabolism, 26-27

supplemental dietary fat for, 28-29

See also Bovine somatotropin

Dietary fiber

bovine somatotropin and, 27-28

sources for cattle, 28

Diethylstilbestrol, 36

DNA, 6

muscle, 12

Dopamine, 13

Ducks, 16

See also Poultry

E

Embryonic interventions, 54-55

Energy metabolism

β-adrenergic agonists in, 18-19

anabolic steroids in ruminants and, 36-37

bovine somatotropin in, 9, 10, 25-26, 32, 33

in growing cattle, 32

in growing ruminants, GRF and, 34

porcine somatotropin in, 9, 38, 40, 41-42, 46-48

swine maintenance energy, 42-43

Epinephrine

growth effects, 14-15

role of, 13

structure, 13

Estradiol, 19, 20, 21, 22, 36

Estrogen, 19, 20

F

Factorial estimation, 39

Fat content

anabolic steroids and, 21, 22

compensatory growth in poultry and, 54

in dairy cattle feed, 28-29

energy/protein intake in swine and, 39-41, 46

of food products from animals, 3

in growing cattle, 31

in growing lambs, 33, 34

of milk, 24-25, 28

in poultry, 52, 53, 54

somatotropin and, 5, 10-11

swine accretion rates, 3, 6, 10

Feed efficiency, 3

β-adrenergic agonists and, 15, 35, 54

anabolic steroids and, 20-21

bovine somatotropin and, 3, 8, 23, 25, 26, 31-32, 33

chicken somatotropin and, 52-53

dairy cattle, 28

energy/protein intake in swine, 40-41, 46-48

in growing cattle, 31-32, 33

in growing lambs, 32, 33

porcine somatotropin and, 3, 6, 7, 39, 44

poultry, 54

somatotropin and, 5

swine, 38

Fishmeal protein, in ruminants, 33, 35, 36

G

Goats, 12

Growing ruminants

β-adrenergic agonists in, 15, 19, 35-36

amino acid metabolism in, 1-2, 30, 35, 36

anabolic steroids and, 22, 36-37

bovine somatotropin, 31-33

energy metabolism, 1, 36-37

estimating nutritional needs of, 30

growth hormone-releasing factor in, 30-31, 34-35

metabolic modifiers and, 1-2

mineral requirements, 36

nutrient requirements, 1-2, 34-35

protein metabolism, 1-2, 12, 37

protein requirements, 30

research needs, 35, 36

skeletal muscle growth, 19

somatotropin effects in, 8, 30-31

Growth hormone-releasing factor

in growing ruminants, 30-31, 34-35

in poultry, 53

in somatotropin regulation, 6

Growth response

β-adrenergic agonists, 14-16, 35, 36, 49

anabolic steroids, 19-21, 22, 36, 37

bST in growing cattle, 31-33

chicken somatotropin, 8, 52-53

compensatory growth in poultry, 54

in growing vs. lactating animals, 4

in ovo manipulations and, 54-55

porcine somatotropin, 38, 39-41

somatotropin and, 12

in swine, nutritional constraints to, 39-41

See also Growing ruminants

H

Human somatotropin, 6

Hypothalamic peptide-releasing factors, 53

I

Insulin-like growth factor-I, 9, 12, 22

chicken somatotropin and, 52, 53

Insulin metabolism

β-adrenergic agonists and, 17-18

somatotropin and, 10, 11

Isoproterenol, 14, 18

L

L-644,969, 17, 54

L-665,871, 17

Lactation

bovine somatotropin and, 8-9, 23

energy metabolism in, 25-26

fiber needs in cows, 28

forage component in diet and, 28

in goats, 12

mammary gland metabolism in, 12

nutrient requirements in, 4

protein metabolism in, 26, 27

somatropin and, 5, 8

See also Dairy cattle

Lambs

β-adrenergic agonists in, 35

anabolic steroids in, 19, 20, 21, 22, 36

growth hormone-releasing factor in, 34-35

somatotropin effects in, 33-34

See also Growing ruminants

Leucine oxidation, somatotropin and, 12, 31

Lipid metabolism

β-adrenergic agonists in, 14, 15, 16, 18

anabolic steroids in, 22

catecholamines in, 13

in growing lambs, 33

porcine somatotropin in, 38

somatotropin and, 10-11

M

Mammary gland metabolism, 12

Melangestrol acetate, 19

Metabolic modifiers, anabolic steroids, 19-22, 30, 36-37

agent-specific differences, 30

amino acid availability in ruminants, 1-2

evaluation methodology, 38, 41, 55

growth hormone-releasing factor, 6, 30-31, 34-35, 53

nutrient requirements and, 1, 4

for poultry, 58

in poultry, 2

production management context of, 4, 9

in protein metabolism, 30

research needs, 2

role of, 3-4

safety of, 4

in swine, 38, 39, 41-43, 46, 50-51

See also β-Adrenergic agonists; Somatotropin

Milk composition, bST and, 24-25, 27

Mineral requirements

bovine somatotropin and, 27

in growing cattle, 33

in growing ruminants, 36

milk content, 25

swine, metabolic modifiers and, 39, 50-51

Muscle development

β-adrenergic agonists in, 14, 15, 16-18, 19, 35, 49

anabolic steroids in, 21

bovine somatotropin in, 31

in growing cattle, 31

in growing lambs, 33

in lambs, 35

somatotropin and, 12

N

Nitrogen retention

β-adrenergic agonists in, 17, 18

anabolic steroids in, 21, 22, 36

bovine somatotropin and, 31, 32, 33

in growing lambs, 33

in growing ruminants, 36

growth hormone-releasing factor and, 34

somatotropin and, 11-12

Norepinephrine

growth effects, 14-15

receptor mechanics, 13-14

role of, 13

structure, 13

Nutrient requirements

β-adrenergic agonists and, 18-19, 49

anabolic steroids and, 36, 37

bovine somatotropin and, 1, 23, 25-29, 27

evaluation methodology, 30, 38, 39, 41, 48-49

growing cattle, 32-33

growing lambs, 33-34

growing ruminants, 30, 36, 37

for lysine in swine, 45-46, 47-48

metabolic modifiers and, 2, 4

poultry, 52, 55-57, 58

research needs, 35, 36

swine, 2, 41-43

P

Phenethanolamine derivatives, 53-54

Pituitary gland, 5, 6

Porcine somatotropin

in carbohydrate metabolism, 11

development of, 5

dose-response relationships, 6-7, 39, 42

in energy metabolism, 38, 40, 41-42

energy/protein intake and, 41-42, 46-48

evaluation methodology, 38, 41, 48-49

in feed digestibility, 42

feed efficiency and, 3, 6

in finishing phase of growth, 38, 39, 42, 45-46

gender-related response, 47

growth effects, 6-8

mineral requirements and, 50-51

nutrient partitioning effects, 3, 6-7, 9

organ weights in, 43

in protein metabolism, 2, 12, 38-39, 40-41, 43, 44-48

structure, 6

sustained-release formulation, 7-8

transcriptional regulation, 11

vitamin requirements and, 51

Poultry

β-adrenergic agonists in, 16, 19, 53-54

bST in, 52

compensatory growth strategy, 54

empirical predictions of nutrient requirements, 56-57

endogenous stimulation of somatotropin in, 53

exogenous somatotropin administration for, 52-53

fat accumulation in, 16, 52, 53, 54

growth periods, 55

hypothalamic peptide-releasing factors in, 53

immunomodulation strategies for, 54

insulin-like growth factor-I in, 53

management strategies, 52

metabolic modifiers for, 2, 58

nutrient intake recommendations, 55-57

nutrient requirements, 52

nutritional measurement in, 55

nutritional modeling, 55-56

in ovo manipulation, 54-55

phenethanolamine derivatives in, 53-54

somatostatin structure in, 6

somatotropin in, 8

Progesterone, 19, 21

Propranolol, 14

Protein metabolism

β-adrenergic agonists in, 17, 18-19, 30, 35-36, 49-50

anabolic steroids in, 21-22

bovine somatotropin in, 26-27, 31-33

chicken somatotropin in, 8

factorial estimation of amino acid requirement, 39

in growing cattle, 31-33

in growing lambs, 33

in growing ruminants, 1-2, 34-35

milk composition and, 24-25

porcine somatotropin in, 6, 7, 38-39, 40-41, 43, 44-48

research needs, 2

somatotropin and, 11-12, 30

in swine, 2, 3, 48-49

Protein requirements

β-adrenergic agonists in swine and, 50

porcine somatotropin and, 43-44, 47-48

poultry, 55, 56, 57

of ruminants, 30

pST. See Porcine somatotropin

R

Ractopamine, 15, 16, 18, 19, 42, 49-50, 51, 54

S

Safety, 4

Sheep. See Growing ruminants

Social values, 1

Somatostatin, 6

Somatotropin

administration, 7

carbohydrate metabolism, 11

commercial development, 5-6

early research, 5

endogenous stimulation in poultry, 52, 53

in fat reduction, 5

in growing ruminants, 8, 30-31, 34-35

growth effects, 6, 8-9

human, 6

immunomodulation strategies, 54

in lambs, 33-34

in lipid metabolism, 10-11

mechanisms of action, 9-10

metabolic effects, 9-10

nitrogen retention and, 11

nutrient partitioning effects, 9, 12

pharmacokinetics, 11-12

for poultry, 52-53

in protein metabolism, 11-12, 30

receptor binding, 9-10

research needs, 11

role of, 1, 5

somatogenic effects, 9-10

source of, 6

structure, 6

transcriptional regulation, 11

See also Bovine somatotropin; Porcine somatotropin

Swine

β-adrenergic agonists in, 15, 16, 19, 49-50

bone growth, 50-51

carbohydrate metabolism, 11

energy/protein intake, 39-41, 46-48

fat accretion, 3

finishing phase, 45-46

growth performance, 6-8

growth phases, 38, 39, 42, 44-45

growth rate, 15, 16

insulin metabolism, 10

lean growth in, 39-41

lipid metabolism, 10, 11, 15

lysine requirement, 45-46, 47-48

maintenance requirements, 9, 42-43

mineral requirements, 39, 50-51

nutrient absorption, 42, 43

nutrient partitioning in, 3, 6-7, 9, 10, 38

nutrient requirements, 2, 41-43, 51

protein metabolism, 12

protein requirements, 43-44, 47-48, 49-50, 51

research needs, 48-49, 51

somatotropin effects in, 2, 3, 6, 51

vitamin requirements, 39, 51

See also Porcine somatotropin

T

Testosterone propionate, 19, 21

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, 53

Trenbolone acetate, 19, 20, 21, 22, 36

Turkeys, 16, 54, 58

See also Poultry

V

Veal calves, 16

Vitamin requirements

bovine somatotropin and, 27

cow milk content, 24-25

swine, metabolic modifiers and, 51

Z

Zeranol, 19, 21

Zinterol, 17

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