Continuing Project to Synthesize Information on Highway Problems (2004)

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continuing study. This study, NCHRP Project 20-5, “Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Problems,” searches out and synthesizes useful knowledge from all available sources and prepares concise, documented reports on specific topics. Reports from this endeavor constitute an NCHRP report series, Synthesis of Highway Practice. THE SYNTHESIS PROJECT This synthesis series reports on current knowl- edge and practice, in a compact format, without the detailed directions usually found in handbooks or design manuals. Each report in the series provides a compendium of the best knowledge available on those measures found to be most successful in re- solving specific problems. To develop these syntheses in a comprehensive manner and to ensure inclusion of significant knowl- edge, the Transportation Research Board analyzes available information assembled from numerous sources, including state departments of transporta- tion. A panel of experts in the subject area is estab- lished to guide the researchers in organizing and evaluating the data collected on each topic and to review the synthesis report. For each topic the project objectives are (1) to locate and assemble documented information; (2) to learn what practice has been used for solving or al- leviating the problems; (3) to identify all ongoing re- search; (4) to learn what problems remain largely unsolved; (5) to organize, evaluate, and document the useful information that is acquired; and (6) to disseminate the synthesis information to all who might benefit from it. Each synthesis is an immediately useful docu- ment that records practices that were acceptable within the limitations of the knowledge available at the time of its preparation. New knowledge can be ex- pected to be added to that which is now at hand and eventually the synthesis may need to be updated or redone. The readers and users of the syntheses are in the best position to know when this has occurred. Whenever you believe that a synthesis should be up- dated, it would be appreciated if you would contact TRB and propose a synthesis update by contacting the NCHRP Manager, Transportation Research Board, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington D.C. 20001. Studies in Progress and Planned for 2004 Work is currently under way on the topics listed in Table 1. Topics selected for the current program are listed in Table 2. Questions on these topics should be addressed to the project study managers, Jon Williams by e-mail at jwilliams@nas.edu, or by phone at 202-334-3245 or Donna L. Vlasak, by e-mail at dvlasak@nas.edu, or by phone at 202-334-2974. Selection of Topics NCHRP Project Committee SP20-5 meets each year to select topics for study using funds from the upcoming fiscal year. The membership of this com- mittee is given in Table 3. Current funding allows 2 Table 1 TOPICS BEING STUDIED No. Title No. Title 33-10 Steel Bridge Erection Practices 34-01 Centerline Rumble Strips on Rural Roads 34-02 Road Safety Audits 34-05 Effective Construction Management of Disadvantaged Business Enterprise Issues 34-06 Convertible Roadways and Lanes 34-07 Cooperative Agreements for Corridor Management 34-08 Use of Ultra-Thin Whitetopping 34-10 Winter Highway Operations 35-01 State Quality Assurance Programs 35-02 Chip Seal Best Practices 35-03 Crash Reporting and Processing 35-04 Value Engineering Practices in Transportation 35-05 Developing Transportation Agency Leaders 35-06 Access Rights 35-07 Inspection and Maintenance of Cable-Stayed Bridges 35-08 Comprehensive Investigation of Bridges with Fracture Critical Details 35-09 Compliance with National Historic Preservation Act Requirements for Archaeological Investigations 35-10 Improving the Safety of Older Road Users 35-11 Links Between Transportation and Economic Development 35-12 Transportation Technology Transfer Successes, Challenges, and Needs

for initiation of about 12 syntheses per year. These, plus some alternate topics, are selected by the com- mittee at its annual project meeting. The following factors are considered in the se- lection process for synthesis topics: • The topic should address a problem that is widespread enough to generate broad interest in the synthesis. • The topic should be timely and critical with respect to safety, economic, or social impact. • The topic is appropriate if current practice is nonuniform or inconsistent from agency to agency, or if the validity of some practices ap- pears to be questionable. • The quality and quantity of useful available information should indicate a need to organize and compress that which has already been learned and written on the topic. • The topic should not be one where ongoing research or other activities in progress might be expected to render the synthesis obsolete shortly after completion. Each year many more topics are suggested for the committee’s consideration than can be pro- grammed for study in Project 20-5. Nevertheless, the continued success of this project depends on a constant supply of worthy synthesis topics. The in- terest of those who have recommended topics is sin- cerely appreciated, and they are urged to continue. Candidate topics are suggested by members of the committee and by a variety of other sources, includ- ing state department of transportation personnel; FHWA, AASHTO, and TRB committees; and other practitioners and researchers. Available Publications The Syntheses of Highway Practice that have been completed under this project are listed in Table 4. Four Research Results Digests on topics 3 Table 2 SYNTHESIS TOPICS SELECTED FOR THE FY 2004 PROGRAM No. Title No. Title 36-01 Bridge Rating Practices and Policies for Overweight Vehicles 36-02 Practices for Monitoring Scour Critical Bridges 36-03 New Technologies for Improving Safety Data 36-04 Visualization for Project Development 36-05 Control of Invasive Species 36-06 Pavement Markings—Design and Layout Details 36-07 Training Program Needs, Policies, and Practices 36-08 Use of Geophysics for Transportation Projects 36-09 Statewide Travel Forecasting Models 36-10 Impact of Intermodal Freight Terminal Closures 36-11 Estimating Toll Road Demand and Feasibility 36-12 Use of Rock-Socketed Shafts for Highway Bridge Foundations 36-16 Tribal Government Transportation Programs Table 3 NCHRP PROJECT COMMITTEE SP20-5 Chairman Gary D. Taylor CTE Engineers Susan Binder Federal Highway Administration Thomas R. Bohuslav Texas Department of Transportation Donn E. Hancher University of Kentucky Dwight Horne Federal Highway Administration Ysela Llort Florida Department of Transportation Wesley S.C. Lum California Department of Transportation John M. Mason, Jr. Pennsylvania State University Larry Velasquez New Mexico Department of Transportation Paul T. Wells New York State Department of Transportation Liaisons William Zaccagnino Federal Highway Administration Mark R. Norman Transportation Research Board

4Table 4 COMPLETED SYNTHESES No. Title, Pages, Price No. Title, Pages, Price 1. Traffic Control for Freeway Maintenance (1969) 47 pp., $2.20 2. Bridge Approach Design and Construction Practices (1969) 30 pp. (microfiche)* 3. Traffic-Safe and Hydraulically Efficient Drainage Practice (1969) 38 pp. (microfiche)* 4. Concrete Bridge Deck Durability (1970) 28 pp. (microfiche)* (supplemented by Synthesis 57) 5. Scour at Bridge Waterways (1970) 37 pp. (microfiche)* 6. Principles of Project Scheduling and Monitoring (1970) 43 pp. (microfiche)* 7. Motorist Aid Systems (1971) 28 pp., $2.40 8. Construction of Embankments (1971) 38 pp. (microfiche)* 9. Pavement Rehabilitation—Materials and Techniques (1972) 41 pp. (out of print) 10. Recruiting, Training, and Retaining Maintenance and Equipment Personnel (1972) 35 pp. (microfiche)* 11. Development of Management Capability (1972) 50 pp. (out of print) 12. Telecommunications Systems for Highway Administration and Operations (1972) 39 pp., $2.80 (superseded by Synthesis 165) 13. Radio Spectrum Frequency Management (1972) 32 pp., $2.80 14. Skid Resistance (1972) 66 pp. (microfiche)* 15. Statewide Transportation Planning—Needs and Requirements (1973) 41 pp. (microfiche)* (superseded by Synthesis 95) 16. Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (1973) 23 pp., $2.80 17. Pavement Traffic Marking—Materials and Application Affecting Serviceability (1973) 44 pp., $3.60 (superseded by Synthesis 138) 18. Erosion Control on Highway Construction (1973) 52 pp. (microfiche)* 19. Design, Construction, and Maintenance of PCC Pavement Joints (1973) 40 pp. (out of print) 20. Rest Areas (1973) 38 pp., $3.60 21. Highway Location Reference Methods (1974) 30 pp., $3.20 22. Maintenance Management of Traffic Signal Equipment and Systems (1974) 41 pp. (microfiche)* (superseded by Synthesis 114) 23. Getting Research Findings Into Practice (1974) 24 pp., $3.20 24. Minimizing Deicing Chemical Use (1974) 58 pp. (microfiche)* studied under the project are also listed. In addition, two unpublished reports are available. The unpub- lished reports are for information only, as they have not undergone the full review process of a published study. Copies of these Syntheses, Digests, and un- published reports can be obtained from the publica- tions office, Transportation Research Board, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington D.C. 20001; by calling (202) 334-3213; and through the Internet at http:// trb.org/bookstore. All reports from No. 295 on (and some selected others) are available as online pub- lications (http://www4.trb.org/trb/onlinepubs.nsf “Cooperative Research Programs”). Index of Topic Subjects Table 5 is an index to published syntheses, un- published studies, and digests and topics under study, as well as those expected to be started through 2004. Conduct of the Studies Following the project committee’s selection of topics, studies are initiated in the order of priority as- signed by the committee. A panel consisting of prac- titioners and researchers is formed for each topic. At its first meeting, this topic panel thoroughly dis- cusses the topic, refines the scope, suggests sources of information, and identifies and discusses poten- tial topic consultants. Following this meeting, a consultant is hired to gather information on the topic, synthesize it, and draft a report. Typically, the agreement covers a pe- riod of 12–15 months. Information gathering and preparation of the first draft of the synthesis report takes about 8 months. This draft is reviewed by the topic panel with the consultant, often at the second panel meeting. A revised draft is then prepared by the consultant. Subsequent drafts and meetings are scheduled, if needed, although this rarely occurs. After the staff is substantially satisfied with the report, a final draft is sent to members of the topic panel for their last chance to review the re- port and then NCHRP Project Committee SP20-5 for final approval. The report is subsequently pub- lished as an NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice.

5Table 4 (Continued ) No. Title, Pages, Price No. Title, Pages, Price 25. Reconditioning High-Volume Freeways in Urban Areas (1974) 56 pp., $4.00 26. Roadway Design in Seasonal Frost Areas (1975) 104 pp. (microfiche)* 27. PCC Pavements for Low-Volume Roads and City Streets (1975) 31 pp. (microfiche)* 28. Partial-Lane Pavement Widening (1975) 30 pp., $3.20 29. Treatment of Soft Foundations for Embankments (1975) 25 pp., $3.20 (supplemented by Synthesis 147) 30. Bituminous Emulsions for Highway Pavements (1975) 76 pp. (microfiche)* 31. Highway Tunnel Operations (1975) 29 pp., $3.20 32. Effects of Studded Tires (1975) 46 pp., $4.00 33. Acquisition and Use of Geotechnical Information (1976) 40 pp., $4.00 34. Policies for Accommodation of Utilities on Highway Rights of Way (1976) 22 pp. (microfiche)* 35. Design and Control of Freeway Off-Ramp Terminals (1976) 61 pp., $4.40 36. Instrumentation and Equipment for Testing Highway Materials, Products, and Performance (1976) 70 pp., $4.80 37. Lime-Fly Ash-Stabilized Bases and Subbases (1976) 66 pp. (microfiche)* 38. Statistically Oriented End-Result Specifications (1976) 40 pp., $4.00 39. Transportation Requirements for the Handicapped, Elderly, and Economically Disadvantaged (1976) 54 pp. (out of print) 40. Staffing and Management for Social, Economic, and Environmental Impact Assessments (1977) 43 pp., $4.00 41. Bridge Bearings (1977) 62 pp. (microfiche)* 42. Design of Pile Foundations (1977) 68 pp., $4.80 43. Energy Effects, Efficiencies, and Prospects for Various Modes of Transportation (1977) 57 pp., $4.80 (supplemented by Synthesis 121) 44. Consolidation of Concrete for Pavements, Bridge Decks, and Overlays (1977) 61 pp., $4.80 45. Rapid-Setting Materials for Patching of Concrete (1977) 13 pp. (out of print) 46. Recording and Reporting Methods for Highway Maintenance Expenditures (1977) 35 pp., $3.60 47. Effect of Weather on Highway Construction (1978) 29 pp., $3.20 48. Priority Programming and Project Selection (1978) 31 pp. (out of print) 49. Open-Graded Friction Courses for Highways (1978) 50 pp., $4.00 50. Durability of Drainage Pipe (1978) 37 pp. (microfiche)* 51. Construction Contract Staffing (1978) 62 pp., $6.00 52. Management and Selection Systems for Highway Maintenance Equipment (1978) 17 pp., $4.40 53. Precast Concrete Elements for Transportation Facilities (1978) 48 pp., $5.60 54. Recycling Materials for Highways (1978) 53 pp. (microfiche)* 55. Storage and Retrieval Systems for Highway and Transportation Data (1978) 30 pp., $4.80 56. Joint Related Distress in PCC Pavement—Cause, Prevention, and Rehabilitation (1979) 36 pp., $5.20 57. Durability of Concrete Bridge Decks (1979) 61 pp. (microfiche)* (supplements Synthesis 4) 58. Consequences of Deferred Maintenance (1979) 24 pp., $4.40 59. Relationship of Asphalt Cement Properties to Pavement Durability (1979) 43 pp., $5.60 60. Failure and Repair of Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (1979) 42 pp., $5.60 61. Changeable Message Signs (1979) 37 pp., $5.60 62. Potential State Resources for Financing Transportation Programs (1979) 34 pp., $5.20 63. Design and Use of Highway Shoulders (1979) 26 pp., $4.80 64. Bituminous Patching Mixtures (1979) 26 pp., $4.80 65. Quality Assurance (1979) 42 pp., $5.60 66. Glare Screen Guidelines (1979) 17 pp., $4.40 67. Bridge Drainage Systems (1979) 44 pp., $5.60 68. Motor Vehicle Size and Weight Regulation, Enforcement, and Permit Operations (1980) 45 pp., $6.00 69. Bus Route and Schedule Planning Guidelines (1980) 99 pp., $8.00 70. Design of Sedimentation Basins (1980) 53 pp., $6.80 71. Direction Finding from Arterials to Destinations (1980) 50 pp., $6.40 72. Transportation Needs Studies and Financial Constraints (1980) 54 pp., $6.40 73. Alternative Work Schedules: Impacts on Transportation (1980) 54 pp., $6.80

6Table 4 (Continued ) No. Title, Pages, Price No. Title, Pages, Price 74. State Transit-Management Assistance to Local Communities (1980) 34 pp., $6.00 75. Transit Boards—Composition, Roles, and Procedures (1981) 24 pp., $6.20 76. Collection and Use of Pavement Condition Data (1981) 74 pp., $8.00 77. Evaluation of Pavement Maintenance Strategies (1981) 56 pp., $7.40 78. Value Engineering in Preconstruction and Construction (1981) 23 pp., $6.40 79. Contract Time Determination (1981) 45 pp., $7.20 80. Formulating and Justifying Highway Maintenance Budgets (1981) 49 pp., $7.20 81. Experiences in Transportation System Management (1981) 88 pp., $8.40 82. Criteria for Evaluation of Truck Weight Enforcement Programs (1981) 74 pp., $7.20 83. Bus Transit Accessibility for the Handicapped in Urban Areas (1981) 73 pp., $7.60 84. Evaluation Criteria and Priority Setting for State Highway Programs (1981) 32 pp., $6.40 85. Energy Involved in Construction Materials and Procedures (1981) 34 pp., $6.40 86. Effects of Traffic-lnduced Vibrations on Bridge Deck Repairs (1981) 40 pp., $6.80 87. Highway Noise Barriers (1981) 81 pp., $7.20 88. Underwater Inspection and Repair of Bridge Substructures (1981) 77 pp., $7.60 89. Geotechnical Instrumentation for Monitoring Field Performance (1982) 46 pp., $6.80 90. New Product Evaluation Procedures (1982) 34 pp., $6.80 91. Highway Accident Analysis Systems (1982) 69 pp., $7.60 92. Minimizing Reflection Cracking of Pavement Overlays (1982) 38 pp., $6.80 93. Coordination of Transportation System Management and Land Use Management (1982) 38 pp., $6.80 94. Photologging (1982) 38 pp., $6.80 95. Statewide Transportation Planning (1982) 54 pp., $7.20 (supersedes Synthesis 15) 96. Pavement Subsurface Drainage Systems (1982) 38 pp., $6.80 97. Transit Ownership/Operation Options for Small Urban and Rural Areas (1982) 28 pp., $6.40 98. Resealing Joints and Cracks in Rigid and Flexible Pavements (1982) 62 pp., $7.20 99. Resurfacing with Portland Cement Concrete (1982) 90 pp., $8.40 100. Managing State Highway Finance (1982) 23 pp., $6.40 101. Historic Bridges—Criteria for Decision Making (1983) 77 pp., $8.00 102. Material Certification and Material-Certification Effectiveness (1983) 17 pp., $6.00 103. Risk Assessment Processes for Hazardous Materials Transportation (1983) 26 pp., $6.40 104. Criteria for Use of Asphalt Friction Surfaces (1983) 41 pp., $6.80 105. Construction Contract Claims: Causes and Methods of Settlement (1983) 58 pp., $7.20 106. Practical Guidelines for Minimizing Tort Liability (1983) 40 pp., $6.80 107. Shallow Foundations for Highway Structures (1983) 38 pp., $6.80 108. Bridge Weight-Limit Posting Practices (1984) 30 pp., $6.40 109. Highway Uses of Epoxy with Concrete (1984) 68 pp., $8.80 110. Maintenance Management Systems (1984) 49 pp., $8.00 111. Distribution of Wheel Loads on Highway Bridges (1984) 22 pp., $7.20 112. Cost Effectiveness of Hot-Dip Galvanizing for Exposed Steel (1984) 28 pp., $7.20 113. Administration of Research, Development, and Implementation Activities in Highway Agencies (1984) 49 pp., $8.00 114. Management of Traffic Signal Maintenance (1984) 134 pp., $10.80 (supersedes Synthesis 22) 115. Reducing Construction Conflicts between Highways and Utilities (1984) 73 pp., $8.80 116. Asphalt Overlay Design Procedures (1984) 66 pp., $8.40 117. Toll Highway Financing (1984) 29 pp., $7.20 118. Detecting Defects and Deterioration in Highway Structures (1985) 52 pp., $8.00 119. Prefabricated Bridge Elements and Systems (1985) 75 pp., $8.80 120. Professional Resource Management and Forecasting (1985) 15 pp., $6.80 121. Energy Conservation in Transportation (1985) 25 pp., $7.20 (supplements Synthesis 43) 122. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Pavements (1985) 136 pp., $10.80 123. Bridge Designs to Reduce and Facilitate Maintenance and Repair (1985) 65 pp., $8.40 124. Use of Weigh-in-Motion Systems for Data Collection and Enforcement (1986) 34 pp., $7.60

7Table 4 (Continued ) No. Title, Pages, Price No. Title, Pages, Price 125. Maintenance Activities Accomplished by Contract (1986) 42 pp., $8.00 126. Equipment for Obtaining Pavement Condition and Traffic Loading Data (1986) 118 pp., $11.20 127. Use of Fly Ash in Concrete (1986) 66 pp., $8.40 128. Methods for Identifying Hazardous Highway Elements (1986) 80 pp. (microfiche)* 129. Freezing and Thawing Resistance of High- Strength Concrete (1986) 31 pp., $7.60 130. Traffic Data Collection and Analysis: Methods and Procedures (1986) 58 pp., $8.40 131. Effects of Permit and Illegal Overloads on Pavements (1987) 99 pp., $10.40 132. System-Wide Safety Improvements: An Approach to Safety Consistency (1987) 20 pp., $6.80 133. Integrated Highway Information Systems (1987) 31 pp., $7.60 134. D-Cracking of Concrete Pavements (1987) 34 pp., $7.60 135. Pavement Management Practices (1987) 139 pp., $12.40 136. Protective Coatings for Bridge Steel (1987) 107 pp., $11.00 137. Negotiating and Contracting for Professional Engineering Services (1988) 75 pp., $9.60 138. Pavement Markings: Materials and Application for Extended Service Life (1988) 45 pp., $8.00 (supersedes Synthesis 17) 139. Pedestrians and Traffic Control Measures (1988) 75 pp., $9.00 140. Durability of Prestressed Concrete Highway Structures (1988) 65 pp., $9.00 141. Bridge Deck Joints (1989) 66 pp., $9.00 142. Methods of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for Highway Projects (1988) 22 pp., $7.00 143. Uniformity Efforts in Oversize/Overweight Permits (1988) 79 pp., $10.00 144. Breaking/Cracking and Seating Concrete Pavements (1989) 39 pp., $8.00 145. Staffing Considerations in Construction Engineering Management (1989) 42 pp., $8.00 146. Use of Consultants for Construction Engineering and Inspection (1989) 64 pp., $9.00 147. Treatment of Problem Foundations for Highway Embankments (1989) 72 pp., $9.00 148. Indicators of Quality in Maintenance (1989) 114 pp., $11.00 149. Partnerships for Innovation: Private Sector Contributions to Innovation in the Highway Industry (1989) 45 pp., $8.00 150. Technology Transfer in Selected Highway Agencies (1989) 38 pp., $8.00 151. Process for Recapitalizing Highway Transportation Systems (1989) 43 pp., $8.00 152. Compaction of Asphalt Pavement (1989) 42 pp., $8.00 153. Evolution and Benefits of Preventive Maintenance Strategies (1989) 69 pp., $9.00 154. Recycling Portland Cement Concrete Pavements (1989) 46 pp., $8.00 155. Freeway Guide Sign Replacement: Policies and Criteria (1991) 37 pp., $8.00 156. Freeway Incident Management (1990) 23 pp., $7.00 157. Maintenance Management of Street and Highway Signs (1990) 134 pp., $12.00 158. Wet-Pavement Safety Programs (1990) 54 pp., $8.00 159. Design and Construction of Bridge Approaches (1990) 45 pp., $8.00 160. Cold-Recycled Bituminous Concrete Using Bituminous Materials (1990) 105 pp., $11.00 161. Computer-Aided Design and Drafting Systems (1990) 24 pp., $7.00 162. Signing Policies, Procedures, Practices, and Fees for Logo and Tourist-Oriented Directional Signing (1990) 41 pp., $8.00 163. Innovative Strategies for Upgrading Personnel in State Transportation Departments (1990) 35 pp., $7.00 164. Measures to Curtail State Fuel Tax Evasion (1990) 14 pp., $7.00 165. Transportation Telecommunications (1990) 92 pp., $10.00 (supersedes Synthesis 12) 166. Traffic Signal Control Equipment: State of the Art (1990) 43 pp., $8.00 167. Measurements, Specifications, and Achievement of Smoothness for Pavement Construction (1990) 34 pp., $8.00 168. Contract Management Systems (1990) 74 pp., $10.00 169. Removing Concrete from Bridges (1991) 42 pp., $8.00 170. Managing Urban Freeway Maintenance (1990) 32 pp., $7.00 171. Fabrics in Asphalt Overlays and Pavement Maintenance (1991) 72 pp., $9.00 172. Signal Timing Improvement Practices (1992) 88 pp., $11.00 173. Short-Term Responsive Maintenance Systems (1991) 43 pp., $9.00

8Table 4 (Continued ) No. Title, Pages, Price No. Title, Pages, Price 174. Stormwater Management for Transportation Facilities (1993) 81 pp., $9.00 175. Moisture Damage in Asphalt Concrete (1991) 91 pp., $10.00 176. Bridge Paint: Removal, Containment, and Disposal (1992) 60 pp., $9.00 177. Freeway Corridor Management (1992) 64 pp., $9.00 178. Truck Escape Ramps (1992) 56 pp., $9.00 179. Latex-Modified Concretes and Mortars (1992) 58 pp., $9.00 180. Performance Characteristics of Open-Graded Friction Courses (1992) 44 pp., $8.00 (supplements Synthesis 49) 181. In-Service Experience with Traffic Noise Barriers (1992) 61 pp., $9.00 182. Performance and Operational Experience of Truck-Mounted Attenuators (1992) 54 pp., $9.00 183. Knowledge Based Expert Systems in Transportation (1992) 52 pp., $9.00 184. Disposal of Roadside Litter Mixtures (1993) 52 pp., $12.00 185. Preferential Lane Treatments for High- Occupancy Vehicles (1993) 80 pp., $10.00 186. Supplemental Advance Warnings (1993) 83 pp., $19.00 187. Rapid Test Methods for Asphalt Concrete and Portland Cement Concrete (1993) 47 pp., $10.00 188. Management Training and Development Programs (1993) 56 pp., $15.00 189. State Highway Pavement Design Practices (1993) 45 pp., $11.00 190. Criteria for Qualifying Contractors for Bidding Purposes (1994) 40 pp., $11.00 191. Use of Rumble Strips to Enhance Safety (1993) 74 pp., $19.00 192. Accident Data Quality (1993) 53 pp., $12.00 193. Hot In-Place Recycling of Asphalt Concrete (1994) 69 pp., $16.00 194. Electronic Toll and Traffic Management (ETTM) Systems (1993) 64 pp., $15.00 195. Use of Warranties in Road Construction (1994) 60 pp., $15.00 196. Highway Maintenance Procedures Dealing with Hazardous Materials Incidents (1994) 60 pp., $15.00 197. Corridor Preservation (1994) 43 pp., $11.00 198. Uses of Recycled Rubber Tires in Highways (1994) 162 pp., $23.00 199. Recycling and Use of Waste Materials and By-Products in Highway Construction (1994) 84 pp., $20.00 200. Underwater Bridge Maintenance and Repair (1994) 54 pp., $16.00 201. Multimodal Evaluation in Passenger Transportation (1994) 84 pp., $19.00 202. Severity Indices for Roadside Features (1994) 54 pp., $12.00 203. Current Practices in Determining Pavement Condition (1994) 57 pp., $16.00 204. Portland Cement Concrete Resurfacing (1994) 67 pp., $15.00 205. Performance and Operational Experience of Crash Cushions (1994) 87 pp., $20.00 206. Highway Tort Liability Management Programs (1994) 40 pp., $11.00 207. Managing Roadway Snow and Ice Control Operations (1994) 56 pp., $15.00 208. Development and Implementation of Traffic Control Plans for Highway Work Zones (1994) 37 pp., $11.00 209. Sealers for Portland Cement Concrete Highway Facilities (1994) 85 pp., $19.00 210. Road Pricing for Congestion Management: A Survey of International Practice (1994) 77 pp., $19.00 211. Design, Construction, and Maintenance of PCC Pavement Joints (1995) 50 pp., $12.00 212. Performance-Related Specifications for Highway Construction and Rehabilitation (1995) 48 pp., $14.00 213. Effective Use of Park-and-Ride Facilities (1995) 45 pp., $11.00 214. Resolution of Disputes to Avoid Construction Claims (1995) 39 pp., $13.00 215. Determination of Contract Time for Highway Construction Projects (1995) 43 pp., $11.00 216. Implementation of Technology From Abroad (1995) 44 pp., $11.00 217. Consideration of the 15 Factors in the Metropolitan Planning Process (1995) 55 pp., $14.00 218. Mitigation of Nighttime Construction Noise, Vibrations, and Other Nuisances (1999) 93 pp., $30.00 219. Photographic Enforcement of Traffic Laws (1995) 67 pp., $18.00 220. Waterproofing Membranes for Concrete Bridge Decks (1995) 76 pp., $21.00 221. Effects of Highway Widening Improvements on Urban and Suburban Areas (1996) 43 pp., $13.00

9Table 4 (Continued ) No. Title, Pages, Price No. Title, Pages, Price 222. Pavement Management Methodologies to Select Projects and Recommend Preservation Treatments (1995) 96 pp., $22.00 223. Cost-Effective Preventive Maintenance of Pavements (1996) 103 pp., $22.00 224. Longitudinal Occupancy of Controlled Access Right-of-Way by Utilities (1996) 30 pp., $13.00 225. Left-Turn Treatments at Intersections (1996) 87 pp., $22.00 226. Remediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soils (1996) 88 pp., $22.00 227. Collecting and Managing Cost Data for Bridge Management Systems (1996) 49 pp., $15.00 228. Reduced Visibility on the Highway (1996) 51 pp., $15.00 229. Applications of 3D and 4D Visualization Technology in Transportation (1996) 73 pp., $19.00 230. Freight Transportation Planning Practices in the Public Sector (1996) 47 pp., $15.00 231. Managing Contract Research Programs (1996) 92 pp., $23.00 232. Variability in Highway Pavement Construction (1996) 38 pp., $14.00 233. Land Development Regulations that Promote Access Management (1996) 45 pp., $14.00 234. Settlement of Bridge Approaches (The Bump at the End of the Bridge) (1997) 75 pp., $24.00 235. Application of Full-Scale Accelerated Pavement Testing (1997) 110 pp., $23.00 236. Methods for Household Travel Surveys (1997) 57 pp., $15.00 237. Changeable Message Signs (1997) 57 pp., $19.00 238. Performance Measurement in State DOTs (1997) 69 pp., $20.00 239. Pavement Subsurface Drainage Systems (1997) 44 pp., $15.00 240. Toll Plaza Design (1997) 117 pp., $25.00 241. Truck Operating Characteristics (1997) 66 pp., $19.00 242. Trenchless Installation of Conduits Beneath Roadways (1997) 77 pp., $23.00 243. Methods for Capital Programming and Project Scheduling (1997) 85 pp., $23.00 244. Guardrail and Median Barrier Crashworthiness (1997) 160 pp., $27.00 245. Traffic Signal Control Systems Maintenance Management Practices (1997) 63 pp., $19.00 246. Outsourcing of State Highway Facilities and Services (1997) 69 pp., $20.00 247. Stabilization of Existing Subgrades During Interstate Pavement Reconstruction to Improve Constructibility (1997) 75 pp., $20.00 248. Evaluating and Measuring the Effectiveness of Training (1997) 28 pp., $15.00 249. Methods of Increasing Live Load Capacity of Bridges (1997) 66 pp., $21.00 250. Highway-Rail Crossing Surfaces (1997) 56 pp., $20.00 251. Lead-Based Paint Removal for Steel Highway Bridges (1997) 115 pp., $26.00 252. Response of Small Urbanized Area MPOs to ISTEA (1997) 35 pp., $15.00 253. Dynamic Effects of Pile Installations on Adjacent Structures (1997) 86 pp., $24.00 254. Service Life of Drainage Pipe (1998) 39 pp., $15.00 255. GPR for Evaluating Subsurface Conditions for Transportation Facilities (1998) 37 pp., $16.00 256. Submittal of Bid Proposals in Electronic Format (1998) 26 pp., $15.00 257. Maintenance Issues and Alternate Corrosion Protection Methods for Exposed Bridge Steel (1998) 90 pp., $25.00 258. Applications of GPS for Surveying and Other Positioning Needs in Departments of Transportation (1998) 46 pp., $17.00 259. Management of Surface Transportation Systems (1998) 26 pp., $15.00 260. Thin-Surfaced Pavements (1998) 112 pp., $26.00 261. Criteria for Highway Routing of Hazardous Materials (1998) 38 pp., $16.00 262. Tolling Practices for Highway Facilities (1998) 54 pp., $23.00 263. State DOT Management Techniques for Construction and Materials Acceptance (1998) 51 pp., $23.00 264. Modern Roundabout Practice in the United States (1998) 73 pp., $23.00 (Available on the Internet only) 265. Managing Product Liability to Achieve Highway Innovations (1998) 63 pp., $25.00 266. Dynamic Impact Factors for Bridges (1998) 60 pp., $25.00 267. Transportation Development Process (1998) 48 pp., $24.00 268. Relationships Between Pavement Surface Texture and Highway Traffic Noise (1998) 85 pp., $29.00 269. Road User and Mitigation Costs in Highway Pavement Projects (1998) 47 pp., $24.00

10 Table 4 (Continued ) No. Title, Pages, Price No. Title, Pages, Price 270. Transportation Management Center Functions (1998) 69 pp., $27.00 271. Traffic Signal Operations Near Highway-Rail Grade Crossings (1999) 90 pp., $30.00 272. Best Management Practices for Environmental Issues Related to Highway Street Maintenance (1999) 103 pp., $30.00 273. Project Development Methodologies for Reconstruction of Urban Freeway and Expressways (1999) 45 pp., $22.00 274. Methods to Achieve Rut-Resistant Durable Pavements (1999) 61 pp., $26.00 275. Historic Highway Bridge Preservation Practices (1999) 61 pp., $27.00 276. Geotechnical Related Development and Implementation of Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Methods (1999) 69 pp., $27.00 277. Consultants for DOT Preconstruction Engineering Work (1999) 116 pp., $31.00 278. Measuring In Situ Mechanical Properties of Pavement Subgrade Soils (1999) 73 pp., $27.00 279. Roadway Incident Diversion Practices (1999) 84 pp., $29.00 280. Seven Keys to Building a Robust Research Program (1999) 64 pp., $26.00 281. Operational Impacts of Median Width on Larger Vehicles (2000) 68 pp., $28.00 282. Project Management Information Systems (2000) 37 pp., $22.00 283. Fleet Management and Selection Systems for Highway Maintenance Equipment (2000) 33 pp., $22.00 284. Performance Survey on Open-Graded Friction Course Mixes (2000) 38 pp., $22.00 285. Maintenance of Highway Edgedrains (2000) 62 pp., $27.00 286. Multimodal Aspects of Statewide Transportation Planning (2000) 58 pp., $27.00 287. Sleep Deprivation Countermeasures for Motorist Safety (2000) 92 pp., $31.00 288. Data Sharing and Data Partnerships for Highways (2000) 31 pp., $22.00 289. Corridor Management (2000) 58 pp., $27.00 290. Procedures for Assessing Economic Development Impacts from Transportation Investments (2000) 75 pp., $28.00 291. Evaluation of Pavement Friction Characteristics (2000) 66 pp., $28.00 292. Innovative Practices to Reduce Delivery Time for Right-of-Way in Project Development (2000) 73 pp., $28.00 293. Reducing and Mitigating the Impacts of Lane Occupancy During Construction and Maintenance (2000) 60 pp., $27.00 294. Configuration Management in Transportation Management Systems (2001) 44 pp., $23.00 295. Statistical Methods in Highway Safety Analysis (2001) 75 pp., $29.00 296. Impact of New Information/Communications Technology on Transportation Agencies (2001) 57 pp., $28.00 297. Building Effective Relationships Between Central Cities and Regional, State, and Federal Agencies (2001) 69 pp., $29.00 298. Truck Trip Generation Data (2001) 81 pp., $32.00 299. Recent Geometric Design Research for Improved Safety and Operations (2001) 134 pp., $40.00 300. Performance Measures for Research, Development, and Technology Programs (2001) 97 pp., $33.00 301. Collecting, Processing, and Integrating GPS Data into GIS (2002) 65 pp., $15.00 302. Mitigation of Ecological Impacts (2002) 100 pp., $17.00 303. Assessment and Rehabilitation of Existing Culverts (2002) 74 pp., $15.00 304. Driveway Regulation Practices (2002) 77 pp., $16.00 305. Interaction Between Roadways and Wildlife Ecology (2002) 78 pp., $16.00 306. Long-Term Pavement Marking Practices (2002) 154 pp., $19.00 307. Systems Engineering Processes for Developing Traffic Signal Systems (2003) 87 pp., $17.00 308. Owner Controlled Insurance Programs (2002) 133 pp., $19.00 309. Transportation Planning and Management for Special Events (2003) 71 pp., $16.00 310. Impact of Red Light Camera Enforcement on Crash Experience (2003) 57 pp., $15.00 311. Performance Measures of Operational Effectiveness for Highway Segments and Systems (2003) 59 pp., $15.00 312. Facilitating Partnerships in Transportation Research (2003) 76 pp., $16.00 313. State DOT Outsourcing and Private-Sector Utilization (2003) 42 pp., $14.00 314. Strategies for Managing Increasing Truck Traffic (2003) 83 pp., $16.00 315. Compensation for Contractor’s Home Office Overhead (2003) 47 pp., $15.00

11 Table 4 (Continued ) No. Title, Pages, Price No. Title, Pages, Price 316. Design Exception Practices (2003) 82 pp., $16.00 317. Dealing with Truck Parking Demands (2003) 37 pp., $14.00 318. Safe and Quick Clearance of Traffic Incidents (2003) 143 pp., $19.00 319. Bridge Deck Joint Performance (2003) 46 pp., $15.00 320. Integrating Freight Facilities and Operations with Community Goals (2003) 58 pp., $15.00 321. Roadway Safety Tools for Local Agencies (2003) 134 pp., $20.00 322. Safety Management Systems (2003) 42 pp., $14.00 323. Recruiting and Retaining Individuals in Transportation Agencies (2003) 59 pp., $15.00 324. Prefabricated Bridge Elements and Systems to Limit Traffic Disruption During Construction (2004) 48 pp., $15.00 325. Significant Findings from Full-Scale Accelerated Pavement Testing (2004) 201 pp., $23.00 326. Strategic Planning and Decision Making in State Departments of Transportation (2004) 62 pp., $16.00 327. Cost-Effective Practices for Off-System and Local Interest Bridges (2004) 130 pp., $20.00 328. State Product Evaluation Programs (2004) 35 pp., $15.00 329. Integrating Tourism and Recreation Travel with Transportation Planning and Project Delivery (2004) 53 pp., $15.00 330. Public Benefits of Highway System Maintenance and Operations (2004) 45 pp., $15.00 331. State Highway Program Letting Management (2004) 47 pp., $15.00 332. Access Management on Crossroads in the Vicinity of Interchanges (2004) 82 pp., $17.00 333. Concrete Bridge Deck Performance (2004) 101 pp., $18.00 334. Automated Pavement Distress Collection Techniques (2004) 84 pp., $17.00 335. Pavement Management Applications Using Geographic Information Systems (2004) 65 pp. $16.00 336. Road Safety Audits (2004) 127 pp., $18.00 337. Cooperative Agreements for Corridor Management (2004) In Press 338. Thin and Ultra-Thin Whitetopping (2004) In Press 339. Centerline Rumble Strips on Rural Roads (2004) In Press 340. Integrated Roadside Vegetation Management (2004) In Press 341. Effective Construction Management of Disadvantaged Business Enterprise Issues (2004) In Press 342. Convertible Roadways and Lanes (2004) In Press Research Results Digests (RRD) 100. Safe Conduct of Traffic Through Highway Construction and Maintenance Zones (1978) 5 pp., $1.00 106. Use of Waste Materials in Highway Construction and Maintenance (1979) 2 pp., $1.00 210. Effects of Highway Bypasses on Rural Communities and Small Urban Areas (1996) 22 pp., $13.00 274. Quality Assurance of Structural Materials (2003) 21 pp., $10.00 Unpublished Reports (UR) Topic 24-07 Pavement Markings (1997) Topic 24-10 Asphalt Surface Treatments and Thin Overlays (1997) *These syntheses are available from TRB in microfiche form only at a cost of $10.00 each.

Table 5 INDEX TO SYNTHESES AND STUDIES 12 Accelerated pavement testing 235, 325 Access management 233, 304, 332, 337 Accident data 91, 192 Accident location 21, 91, 128, 202 Advance warnings 186 Aid to motorists 7 Artificial intelligence 183 Asphalt - cement 59 - compaction 152 - emulsions 30, UR24-10 - friction courses 49, 104, 180, 284 - moisture damage 175 - overlays 116, UR24-10 - patching 64 - pavements 30, 49, 59, 104, 152, 171, 175, 180, 260, 338 - recycling 54, 160, 193 - rut resistant 274 - surface treatments 223 Attenuators 182 Automatic vehicle identification (AVI) 194 Bases 37 Bearings for bridges 41 Bidding - qualifications 190 - electronic 256 Bituminous - emulsions 30 - patching 64 - pavements (see Asphalt) Bridges - approaches 2, 159, 234 - bearings 41 - below-water inspection 88 - below-water maintenance 200 - below-water repair 88, 200 - concrete decks 4, 57, 86, 209, 220, 333 - construction 44, 53, 324 - corrosion protection 257 - deck joints 141, 319 - deck removal 169 - deck sealers 209 - design for maintenance 123 - drainage 67 - durability 4, 57, 86, 118, 140 - dynamic impact factors 266 - expansion devices 141, 319 - foundations 42, 107, 253 - galvanizing 112, 257 - historic 101, 275, 327 - increasing live loads, existing 249 - inspection 88, 118 - local interest 327 - maintenance 227, 257, 327 - management systems 227 - membranes 220 - off-system 327 - paint removal 176, 251 - painting 136 - patching 45 - posting practices 108 - precast concrete 53, 119, 324 - prefabricated 53, 119 - prestressed, durability 140 - rehabilitation 327, 333 - scour 5, 200 - structural components RRD 274 - substructure repair 88, 200 - wheel load distribution 111 Bus transit planning 69 Bypasses, impacts of RRD 210 Capital programming 243 Changeable message signs 61, 237 Communications 7, 12, 13, 71, 165, 296 Compensation, 315 Computer-aided design 161 Computers 55 Concrete - admixtures 127, 129 - bridge decks 4, 57, 86, 169, 333 - consolidation 44 - dry-cast 129 - durability 4, 57, 129, 140 - epoxies 109 - fly ash in 127, 199 - freezing and thawing 129 - latex-modified 179 - overlays 99, 204, 338 - patching 45 - pavement recycling 54, 154 - pavements 16, 19, 27, 45, 56, 60, 98, 99, 134, 144, 204, 211 - precast 53 - rapid test methods 187 - repair preparation 169 - resurfacing 204 - sealers 209 - water reducers 129 Conduits - trenchless installation 242 Consolidation of concrete 44 Construction - acceptance 263 - bases and subbases 37 - bidding qualifications 190 - bituminous pavements 30 - bridge approaches 2, 159, 234 - bridge decks 4, 44, 57, 86 - concrete pavements 16, 19, 27, 44, 144, 204, 211 - consultants 146 - contract claims 105, 214 - contract time 79, 215 - embankments 8 - energy factors 85 - engineering 145, 146 - erosion control 18 - insurance 308 - lane occupancy 293 - management 51, 145 - material certification 102, 263 - pavements 16, 19, 27, 30, 44, 144, 152, 167, 204, 211 - quality assurance 38, 65, 212, 232, 263 - recycling 54, 154, 193 - specifications 38, 212, 263 - staffing 51, 145 - subgrades 247 - testing 36, 65, 187 - traffic control 208, RRD 100 - trenchless, conduits 242 - utilities 115, 224 - value engineering 78 - variability 232 - warranties 195 - weather 47 Consultants - construction engineering 146 - DOT design 277 - negotiating for services 137 Contaminated soils 226 Continuously reinforced pavements 16, 60, 204, 211 Contracting - bidding qualifications 190 - claims 105, 214 - Disadvantaged Business Enterprise 341

13 Table 5 (Continued ) - maintenance 125, 246 - management 168 - overhead 315 - research 231 - time determination 79, 215 Convertible roadways 342 Corridor management plans 289, 337 Corridor preservation 197 Cost-effectiveness analysis 142, 223 Costs - life-cycle 122, 222, 269 - user and mitigation, 269 Crash cushions 182, 205 Cross sections 299 Culverts - assessment and rehabilitation 303 - durability 50, 254 - inlets 3 Data - collection 124, 126, 130, 334, 335 - partnerships 288 - sharing 288, 312 - storage 335 - systems 55 DBE 341 D-cracking 134 Deferred maintenance 58, 223 Deicing chemical use 24, 207 Design - bituminous pavements 30, 116, 260 - bridge approaches 2, 159, 234 - bridge bearings 41 - computer-aided 161 - concrete pavements 16, 19, 27, 189, 211 - crossroads 332 - exceptions 316 - for bridge maintenance 123 - frost 26 - geometric research 299 - pavement overlays 99, 116, 204 - pavements 16, 19, 26, 27, 30, 189, 211, 260, 291 - pile foundations 42, 253 - roadways 26, 247 - shoulders 63 - toll plaza 240 - use of consultants 277 - value engineering 78 Direction finding 71 Disadvantaged Business Enterprise 341 Disadvantaged, transportation for 39 Drainage - bridge 67 - culverts 303 - pavement 96, 174, 239 - pipe durability 50, 254 - sedimentation basins 70 - structures 3, 174 Driveway regulations 304 Ecology 302 Economic benefits 290 Edgedrains, maintenance 285 Elderly, transportation for 39, 83 Electronic bids 256 Electronic toll and traffic manage- ment systems 194 Embankments 8, 234 Employees (see Personnel) Emulsions 30 End result specifications 38, 212 Energy - bituminous emulsions 30 - construction 85 - transportation use 43, 121 Environmental issues, highway maintenance 272, 305, 340 Epoxies 109, 333 Equipment - accident removal 318 - for pavement data 126 - for testing 36 - for traffic control 166, 270 - management of 52, 245, 283 - procurement of 52 - selection of 52, 283 Expansion devices for bridges 141, 319 Expert systems 183 Fabrics for pavements 171 Field testing equipment 36, 126 Finance/budgets 62, 72, 80, 100, 117, 151, 243 Fly ash 37, 127, 333 Fog 228 Foundations - embankments 8, 29, 147, 234 - pile 42, 253 - shallow 107 - soft strata 29, 147 Freeways - corridor management 177 - incident management 156, 318 - maintenance 1, 25, 170 - off-ramps 35 - project development 273 - reconstruction 273 - repair 25 Freight 230, 320 Friction courses 49, 104, 180, 284 Frost susceptibility 26 Fuel taxes 62, 164 Galvanizing 112, 257 Geographic information systems 301, 335 Geotechnical - data 33 - exploration 33 - In situ strength measurement 278 - instrumentation 89, 253 - load and resistance factor design 276 - pile foundation vibrations 253 Glare screen 66 Grade crossings 250, 271 GPS satellite positioning 258, 301 Ground penetrating radar 255 Guaranty of construction 195 Guardrails 244 Handicapped, transportation for 39, 83 Hazardous materials transportation - impacts on maintenance 196 - risk assessment 103 - routing criteria 261 High-occupancy vehicles (HOV) 185 Highway-railroad grade crossings 250, 271 Historic bridges 101, 275 Ice control operations 207 Impacts, economic - development 290 - lane occupancy 293 Incident clearance 318 Incident management 156, 270, 318 Information for motorists 7, 71, 162, 237, 309 Information systems 133, 296 Innovation by private industry 149, 265 Inspection by consultants 146, 263 Inspection of bridges 88 Instrumentation 36, 235

14 Table 5 (Continued ) Instrumentation, geotechnical 89, 253 Insurance 308 Interchanges 299, 332 Intermodal Facilities w/Freight 320 Intersections 299, 310 ISTEA - 15 factors 217 - small MPOs 252 Joints, bridge deck 141, 319 Joints, concrete pavement 19, 56, 98, 134, 211 Joints and cracks, sealing 98 Laboratory testing equipment 36 Land development 233 Land use 93, 233, 320, 337 Latex-modified concrete 179 Left-turn treatments 225 Legal liability 106, 206, 318 Letting program 331 Life-cycle costs 122, 269 Lime-fly ash 37 Litter disposal 184 Load and resistance factor design (geotechnical) 276 Location reference methods 21, 91 Low-volume pavements 27, 260 Maintenance - bituminous pavements 30, 64, 98 - bridges 88, 123, 200, 227, 257, 319 - budgets 80 - concrete pavements 19, 45, 56, 60, 98, 204, 211 - contract 125 - costs 58, 98, 223 - culverts 303 - deferred 58, 223 - edgedrains 285 - equipment 52, 283 - freeways 1, 25, 170 - hazardous materials impacts 196 - litter disposal 184 - management 10, 22, 46, 52, 58, 80, 110, 157, 173, 283 - management systems 110, 173 - pavement costs 77, 98 - pavement joints 19, 56, 98, 134, 211 - pavements 9, 19, 25, 30, 45, 56, 60, 64, 98, 134 - personnel 10 - preventive, value of 153, 223 - public benefits 341 - quality assurance 148 - records 46 - recycling 54, 193 - reporting 46 - rest areas 20, 246 - scheduling 170 - signs 155, 157 - snow and ice 24, 207 - traffic control 1, 25, RRD 100, 208 - traffic signals 22, 114, 245 - training 10 - tunnels 31 - winter 24, 207 Management - construction 51, 145 - contract 168 - corridor plans 289, 337 - data 55 - freeway corridor 177 - freeway incidents 156 - letting program 331 - maintenance 10, 22, 46, 52, 58, 80, 110, 170, 173, 245 - maintenance, environmental issues 272 - maintenance, equipment 283 - major events 309 - personnel 11, 120 - project, systems 282 - research 113, 231 - risk, R-O-W 292 - roadway information 133 - safety systems 322 - snow and ice control operations 207 - S.E.E. assessments 40 - training 11, 188 Materials - acceptance 263 - assurances, structural RRD 274 - certification 102, 263 - pavement marking 306 - testing equipment 36, 263 Median - barriers 244 - glare screen 66 - widths 281 Metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) 217, 252 Mileposts 21 Mitigation - ecology 302 - lane occupancy 293 Modeling, 3D and 4D 229 Monitoring of projects 6, 263, 282 Motorist aid systems 7 Motorist information 71, 162, 237, 329 Multimodal transportation 201, 286 Needs studies 72, 151 New-product evaluation 90, 150, 265 Noise barriers 87, 181 Noise characteristics of pavements 268 Off-ramps 35 Open-graded surfaces 49, 104, 180, 284 Outsourcing 246, 313 Overhead 315 Overlays 9, 49, 92, 99, 104, 116, 144, 204, 338 Overload effects 131 Owner Controlled Insurance Programs 308 Painting steel bridges 136 Paint removal 176, 251 Park-and-ride facilities 213 Parking demands, truck 317 Partnerships - research 312 - public and private 313 Patching 9, 45, 64 Pavements - asphalt 30, 49, 59, 116, 152, 160, 171, 175, 180, 260, 284 - bases 37 - concrete 16, 19, 27, 44, 56, 60, 99, 144, 204, 211 - condition data 76, 126, 203, 330, 334 - construction 16, 19, 27, 30, 44, 211 - CRCP 16, 60 - design 189, 260, 291 - distress 9, 334 - drainage 96, 239 - durability 59, 160, 274 - effects of overloads 131 - evaluation 76, 126, 203 - fabrics 171

15 Table 5 (Continued ) - friction 14, 158, 291 - friction courses 49, 104, 180, 284 - frost design 26 - joints 19, 56, 98, 134, 211 - life-cycle costs 122, 269 - light duty 260 - low-volume 27, 260 - maintenance 9, 19, 25, 30, 45, 56, 60, 64, 98, 134, 211, 223 - maintenance costs 77, 98, 223 - management 135, 222, 335 - markings 17, 138, UR24-07, 306 - moisture damage 175 - noise characteristics 268 - overlays 9, 92, 99, 116, 144, 204 - patching 9, 45, 64 - recycling 54, 154, 160, 193 - rehabilitation 9, 25, 92, 134, 222, 335, 338 - rut resistant (asphalt) 274 - sealers 209 - skid resistance 14, 158 - smoothness 167 - striping 17, 138, 218 - studded tires 32 - subgrade stabilization 247 - surface texture 268 - testing 235, 291 - widening 28, 221 Pedestrian traffic control 139 Performance evaluation 306 Performance measures 238, 300, 311, 326 Performance-related specifications 212 Permit operations 68, 143 - driveway regulation 304 - effects on pavements 131 Personnel - bridge inspection 141 - construction engineering 51, 145 - maintenance 10 - planning for 120 - recruiting and maintaining 323 - S.E.E. assessment 40 - training 10, 11, 163, 188, 248, 313 Photographic traffic law enforcement 219, 310 Photologging 94 Pile foundations 42, 253 Pipe durability 50, 254, 303 Planning - freight 230, 314, 320 - major events 309 - MPOs 217, 252 - multimodal evaluation 201 - personnel 120 - statewide transportation 15, 95, 286 - strategic 326 - transit 69, 73 - transportation 73, 201, 332 Poor, transportation for 39 Posting of bridges 108 Pothole repair 45, 64 Pozzolans 37, 127, 199 Precast concrete 53, 119, 324, 327 Prefabricated structural systems 119, 327 Preferential lane treatments 185 Preservation, historic bridges 275 Prestressed concrete durability 140 Preventive maintenance 153, 223, 330 Priority programming 48, 84, 222 Private sector involvement 149, 246, 265, 313 Process management 300 Professional engineering services - construction 146 - design 277 - negotiating 137 Programming 48, 72, 84, 151, 243 Program quality 300 Project development 273, 292, 331 Project scheduling 6, 215, 243, 282 Quality assurance 38, 65, 148, 212, 232, 263, RRD 274 Quality control RRD 274 Radio communications 12, 13, 165 Radio frequency management 13 Railroad grade crossings 252, 271 Rapid test methods 187 Reconstruction 247, 273 Recreation travel 329 Recycling highway materials 54, 154, 160, 193, 198, 199 Reduced visibility 228 Reference methods 21 Reference posts 21, 91 Reflection cracking 9, 92 Regulations, driveway 304 Rehabilitation - bridges 327 - culverts 303 - freeways 25 - pavements 9, 56, 92, 99, 134, 204, 222 - subgrades, stabilization 247 Relationships 297 Research - contract 231 - implementation 23, 150 - management 113 - partnerships 312 - performance measures 300 - robust programs 280 Rest areas 20, 287, 317 Resurfacing portland cement concrete 204 Retroreflectivity 304 Right-of-way - clearance 292 - utilities 34, 224 Risk assessment, hazardous materials 103 Road pricing 210, 269 Roadside hazard severity 202 Roadway - convertible 342 - information systems 133 - incident diversion practices 279 - safety tools, localities 321 Routing, hazardous materials 261 Rubber tire uses 198, 199 Rumble strips 191, 339 Safety 1, 3, 7, 14, 32, 49, 66, 91, RRD 100, 128, 132, 156, 158, 182, 186, 191, 192, 202, 205, 244, 286, 299, 306, 308, 310, 318, 321, 336, 339, 342 Safety analysis 295, 336 Safety management systems 322 Scheduling of projects 6, 222, 243, 292 Scour 5, 200 Sealers for PCC highway facilities 209 Sedimentation basins 18, 70 Severity indices 202 Shoulders 63 Signs - advance warning 186 - changeable message 61, 237

16 Table 5 (Continued ) - maintenance 155, 157 - motorist information 71, 162 Size regulation and enforcement 68, 143 Skid resistance 14, 158, 291 Sleep deprivation 286 Smoothness, pavements 167 Snow and ice control 24, 207 Soft foundations 29, 147 Soils - erosion 18 - measuring, in-situ 278 - remediation of contaminated 226 Specifications 38, 65, 212, 306 Spectrum management 13 Stabilization - bases 37 - subbases 247 Staffing - construction 51, 145, 263 - maintenance 10 - planning for 120 - S.E.E. assessments 40 Standards, travel survey 236 - historic bridges 275 Statewide transportation planning 15, 95, 267, 286 Statistical methods 295 Statistical specifications 38, 65, 212, 232 Stormwater management 174 Stream scour 5, 200 Strategic planning 326 Striping 17, 138, 218 Structures (see bridges) Studded tires 32 Subbases 37 Subgrades, stabilization 247 Subsurface information 33, 255 Superplasticizers for concrete 129 Surface courses 49, 104, 180, UR24-07 Surveying, GPS satellite 258, 301 Systems, maintenance 283 Systems, traffic control 307 Taxes, fuel 62, 164 Technology transfer 23, 150, 216, 231, 280 Telecommunications 12, 165 Telephones 12, 165 Testing - construction 36, 65, 263 - rapid 187 - soils (in-situ) 278 - equipment 36, 187 - pavements 235, 291, 325 Toll - collection 194 - financing 117 - plaza design 240 - practices 262 Tort liability 106, 206, 265 Tourism 329 Traffic - congestion 314 - data collection 130 - incident clearance, quick 318 - law enforcement 219, 310 - markings 17, 138, 218 - paint 17, 138, 218 - safety 1, 3, 32, 35, 66, RRD 100, 202, 205, 244 Traffic control - circles 264 - configuration management 294 - construction RRD 100, 208 - convertible lanes 342 - crossroads 332 - devices 61, 166, 186, 237 - equipment 166 - left-turn treatments 225 - maintenance 1, RRD 100, 208, 245 - management centers 270 - management plans 294 - pedestrian 139 - plans 208 - priority lanes 185 - ramps 35 - red light cameras 31 - signal systems 245 - systems development 307 - work zones 1, RRD 100, 208 Traffic signals - equipment 166 - left turns 225 - maintenance 22, 114, 245 - preemption (rail) 271 - timing 172 Training of personnel 10, 11, 163, 188, 248 Transit - boards 75 - development process 267 - economic benefits 290 - elderly/handicapped 39, 83 - investment 290 - management assistance 74 - management centers 270 - ownership 97 - planning 15, 69, 72, 73, 95, 151, 201, 230, 252, 331 - system management 81, 93, 259 Travel surveys 236 Truck - escape ramps 178 - increasing traffic 314 - operating characteristics 241 - parking demands 317 - trip generation 298 - truck weights and sizes 68, 82, 124, 143 Tunnels, maintenance and operation 31 Underwater bridge inspection 88 Underwater bridge repair 88, 200 Urban freeways 25, 273 Utilities 34, 115, 242 Value engineering 78 Variable message signs 61, 237 Vehicle attenuators 182 Vehicles, larger 281 Vibration from piles 253 Vibration of concrete 44 Video traffic law enforcement 219 Visibility 228 Visualization 3D and 4D 229 Warranties in construction 195 Waste materials RRD 106, 199 Waterproofing membranes for bridge decks 220 Weather 47 Weigh-in-motion 124 Weight regulation and enforcement 68, 82, 124, 143 Wetland mitigation 302 Whitetopping 338 Widening of pavements 28, 221 Wildlife 305 Winter maintenance 24, 207 Work schedules 73 Work zone traffic 1, RRD 100, 208

Transportation Research Board 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 These digests are issued in order to increase awareness of research results emanating from projects in the Cooperative Research Programs (CRP). Persons wanting to pursue the project subject matter in greater depth should contact the CRP Staff, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001