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17 4.1 Introduction Preventive maintenance is an activity intended to prevent failures or discover them. This implies that facilities must be inspected on a periodic basis in order to determine their conditions and if any maintenance actions are required to preserve their lives or return them to operational conditions. Two main elements of an inspection process are what is to be inspected and when (how often) do the inspections occur. In order to standardize this process and ensure that a facility is being properly inspected, it is suggested that each person conducting the inspection follow the same procedures and conduct the inspections on the same periodic schedule. Use of individual checklists will help ensure that inspections are done properly and consistently irrespective of who conducts them. These checklists may include routine maintenance that is to be performed in conjunction with the inspection. In most cases, there are different inspections for the same infrastructure or piece of equipment that are done on different schedules. For example, a wind cone may require a daily inspection to ensure that there are no faulty lightbulbs, a monthly inspection of the condition of the wind-sock fabric, and a semi-annual inspection to check the bearings on the frame assembly and apply grease if necessary. Sections 4.3 and 4.4 provide checklists that may be used for a general inspection of the airport facilities and for inspecting and performing maintenance on specific systems at the airport. Since these checklists are intended to be used for all sizes of general aviation airports, they are written in a generic manner and may include items that are not applicable to a specific airport. The checklists are available on the CD-ROM that accompanies this report. Airport staff are encouraged to modify the checklists as necessary to fit their particular situation based on types of infrastructure and available resources. Although the checklists provide suggested activities and schedules, airport management will need to determine what is needed for its airport based on the complexity and amount of infrastructure and staff abilities. 4.2 Safety Considerations Safety is the responsibility of each individual at the airport, regardless of their position. Safety must be practiced in every inspection and maintenance activity that is performed. In order for a PM program to be successful, the technicians performing the inspections and maintenance must be properly trained on the equipment on which they will be working. If a particular maintenance action is beyond the capability of the airportâs technicians, an outside contractor having the required expertise should be used to perform the maintenance. The air- port should consider sending maintenance personnel to specialized training classes that may be available at a larger commercial airport or provided by an outside agency such as the American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE) or the stateâs aviation department. It should be noted C H A P T E R 4 Preventive Maintenance Procedures
18 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports that AAAE provides both basic and advanced airport safety and operational specialist courses and has a certification program available to airport employees called the Airport Certified Employee (ACE) program. This program provides education in four disciplines: airfield operations, airfield lighting maintenance, security, and communications. Each individual engaged in performing maintenance at the airport should be provided with, and use, the appropriate safety equipment needed for the task being performed. This may include items such as gloves, safety glasses, brightly colored and reflective safety vests, work boots with steel toes, and hard hats. Specialized equipment or clothing may be required for those activities that are more hazardous or involve the handling or application of chemicals. Many larger general aviation airports have formal safety training courses that employees must complete before they are permitted to work in the airport environment. At most smaller airports, however, it is left to the airport manager to provide the necessary training to an employee or obtain the training from a larger airport. Airport management should consider training airport staff concurrent with other city/county maintenance crews. It is suggested that, at a minimum, the following areas be included as part of an employeeâs safety and security training. General Airport Safety. This includes vehicle movement about the airport and any airport security requirements. Vehicle training should include the following topics: ⢠Review of the airport diagram and movement and non-movement areas. ⢠What is a runway incursion and how to prevent one from occurring. ⢠Airfield markings and signs. ⢠Airfield lighting and its meaning. ⢠Any hot spots that may exist at the airport. ⢠Proper communication procedures with the tower or with aircraft at non-towered airports. ⢠Proper use of vehicle lights. ⢠Aircraft traffic patterns and proper lookout procedures. ⢠Aircraft right-of-way regulations. ⢠Preferred routes to various areas of the airport. ⢠Maintaining situational awareness and avoiding distractions (e.g., phone calls and texting). ⢠Avoidance of working in runway/taxiway safety areas when these pavements are open to aircraft use. These safety areas are to help aircraft that may overshoot/underrun or veer off pavements. FAA airport design standards (Advisory Circular 150/5300-13) provide these dimensions. The FAA has published a brochure entitled âFAA Guide to Ground Vehicle Operationsâ that is available on its website. This booklet can be printed and used as a training guide for employees. Having personnel trained in the proper operation of vehicles and radio communication while working on the airfield is extremely important. Maintenance staff must be trained and be com- fortable with radio communication. Airport Security. This training may include the following topics: ⢠Security systems in use at the airport (fences, gates, cameras, etc.). ⢠Fence inspections and reporting of needed repairs. ⢠Gate systems and their proper operation. ⢠Entry and exit procedures. ⢠Building/hangar security requirements. ⢠Reporting of unauthorized or unknown personnel at the airport. ⢠Airport âwatchâ programs and the role of maintenance personnel. ⢠Airport access control and badging, including procedures for issuing and monitoring access control.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 19 Electrical Safety. Electrical safety on airfield lighting systems should be of the highest pri- ority for everyone working on or in the vicinity of airfield equipment. Unlike the typical volt- age circuit that most people are familiar with, airfield lighting operates on a series-circuit (also referred to as a constant-current) system that is rated up to 5,000 volts. Only qualified and trained personnel should perform maintenance or troubleshooting procedures on airfield lighting equip- ment. Safety training for these systems should include: ⢠Equipment inspection. Prior to working on any electrical equipment, it should be inspected for any signs of damage. ⢠Lock-out/tag-out procedures. Prior to working on any piece of electrical equipment, the electrical circuit should be shut down in accordance with the applicable lock-out/tag-out procedures. These procedures must be followed without deviation for the protection of main- tenance personnel and the equipment. ⢠Emphasis that an energized circuit should never be opened or broken in any manner. ⢠Re-lamping of airfield fixtures. Re-lamping of fixtures should only be accomplished when the circuit is de-energized. This is often overlooked but could be extremely hazardous to mainte- nance personnel if there is a short in the isolation transformer supplying power to the equipment. ⢠Fire extinguisher availability. A fire extinguisher should be readily available any time work is being performed on electrical equipment. ⢠First aid. Personnel should be trained on the type of injuries that may be caused by an electrical circuit and the proper first aid to treat those injuries. Chemical Safety. The most common types of chemicals that maintenance personnel will come in contact with at the airport are various cleaning solutions for equipment maintenance and herbicides that are used to control vegetation growth. Regardless of the type of chemical being used, the airport should maintain a library of safety data sheets for each chemical. These sheets should be available to employees to read and familiarize themselves with the hazards of the chemicals and the appropriate emergency medical treatment in case of exposure to them. Employees should be provided with any specialized protective clothing or equipment that is necessary for the handling of the chemicals. With regard to herbicides, in almost all cases only trained and licensed employees are authorized to handle and dispense herbicides at an airport. Specialized training and certification are required that will include specific safety procedures for the type of herbicide being applied. In no case should an unlicensed or untrained employee handle or dispense herbicides. Equipment Safety. Airports use a variety of equipment in maintaining the physical condition of the facilities, including equipment as small as a weed eater and as large as front-end loaders and dump trucks with snowplows or snowblowers attached. In almost all cases, the equipment would have been purchased with an ownerâs manual of some type that included a section on the proper operation of the equipment and safety procedures to be followed while using it. Maintenance personnel should receive individual and specific training on the use of each piece of equipment they are expected to operate and have access to ownerâs operation and maintenance manuals that should be used for all equipment systems. Larger pieces of equipment may require formal training or the issuance of a special license by the state in which the airport is located before the employee is authorized to operate it. 4.3 Airport Inspections It is important that an airport owner or operator have an airport self-inspection program to monitor specific airport conditions in order to identify any unsatisfactory conditions that are in need of corrective action. In addition, the regular monitoring of conditions allows the owner
20 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports to evaluate the various infrastructure systems on the airport and schedule PM as it becomes necessary. For example, if the inspector notes cracks forming in a particular pavement section the owner can plan for and schedule when the cracks will be sealed or a seal coat applied to the pavement. At airports certificated under 14 CFR Part 139, a self-inspection program must be part of the airport ownerâs airport certification program and is required under Part 139.327. However, all airports, whether certificated under Part 139 or not, should conduct a daily self-inspection to ensure that prompt corrective action is taken to eliminate unsafe conditions at the airport. FAA Advisory Circular 150/5200-18, Airport Safety Self-Inspection, discusses airport self- inspection procedures in detail and identifies items that should be included in a self-inspection program. The FAA self-inspection Advisory Circular lists four types of self-inspections that may be done at an airport: ⢠Regularly Scheduledâan inspection that is conducted daily. It is recommended that at least part of the inspection be conducted during hours of darkness to better evaluate the condition of the various lighting systems. ⢠Continuous Surveillanceâan inspection of activities (construction, etc.) or facilities that should be done anytime airport personnel are in the air operations area. ⢠Periodic Conditionâan inspection of facilities that is done on a regular interval but less often than daily. This may be a weekly, monthly, or quarterly inspection. These periodic inspections are general in nature and done when management believes they are needed or opportunities arise. They are not intended to take the place of the more detailed inspections of each facility but rather to supplement them. ⢠Special Inspectionâan inspection conducted following a complaint or an unusual occurrence at the airport, such as an accident, incident, or significant meteorological event. The use of checklists to conduct these airport inspections is highly desirable for two reasons. First, a checklist helps to ensure standardization and that no items get overlooked during the inspection. Second, the checklist constitutes a written record that the inspection was conducted and of the condition of the facilities at the time the inspection was completed. Airports cer- tificated under Part 139 are required to retain the regularly scheduled inspection checklists for 12 months. It is recommended that all airports maintain a file of their inspection checklists for the previous 12 months. Reviewing the conditions reported on previous inspections can reveal trends and document the rate of deterioration of a piece of infrastructure that may aid in the scheduling of PM. The checklists for airport inspections in Exhibit 4.1 were developed with input from a number of sources, including the FAA, state aviation agency and industry publications, and airport staff on-the-job experiences and anecdotes obtained through the research teamâs interviews and site visits. The checklists are intended to serve as a guideline for airports to use in formulating their own checklists more specifically to their airports. As stated in the introduction to this chapter, these checklists are available on the CD-ROM that accompanies this guidebook and are intended to be modified by the airport to meet their requirements. All airports do not have all of the infrastructure represented by these checklists, nor does their infrastructure necessarily have all of the components identified. Airport staff may also wish to provide individual links within the checklists to items such as vehicle manuals and other manufacturer guidance. Airport maintenance personnel should identify what actions are needed based on the inspections and capture the actions in a log or work order system that provides for trackable required action and completion dates.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 21 ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Airport Daily Self-Inspection Checklist DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Area Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Runway 9/27 Cracks/spalling Foreign object debris (FOD) Pavement lips Markings Lights Signs Approach lights REILs VASI/PAPI Rubber deposits Runway 18/36 Cracks/spalling FOD Pavement lips Markings Lights Signs Approach lights REILs VASI/PAPI Rubber deposits Taxiway A Cracks/spalling FOD Pavement lips Markings Lights Signs Taxiway B Cracks/spalling FOD Pavement lips Markings Lights Signs Taxiway C Cracks/spalling FOD Pavement lips Markings Lights Signs Taxiway D Cracks/spalling FOD Pavement lips Markings Lights Signs Exhibit 4.1. Checklists for airport inspections. (continued on next page)
22 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports Area Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Apron Cracks/spalling FOD Markings Lighting Tie-downs Aircraft secured Safety areas Obstructions Ruts/erosion Drainage Debris Navigation aids (Navaids) Rotating beacon Segmented circle Wind sock Localizer Glide slope facility Approach lights Buildings/hangars Security Damage Security Fences Gates Signs Cameras Wildlife Fuel farm Security Leaks Vegetation Standing water Weather station AWOS/ASOS Vegetation Off-airport Unexpected cranes or construction in runway approaches or transition areas Landside Buildings Parking lots Access roads Lighting Signs Marking Drainage Debris Landscaping Additional comments/remarks: ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.1. (Continued).
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 23 ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Airport Continuous Surveillance Checklist DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Area Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Vehicles inside security fence Authorized Outside airport operations area (AOA) Parked correctly Speed Following rules Personnel inside security fence Authorized Outside AOA Following rules Security Fences Gates open Wildlife Birds Animals Carcasses Burrows Miscellaneous FOD Obstructions exist? Trash Construction activities Vehicles marked Vehicles on haul routes Personnel in proper areas Personnel safety equipment Barricades FOD Trash Safety plan Is there a safety construction plan and is it being followed? Additional comments/remarks: ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.1. (Continued). (continued on next page)
24 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Airport Periodic Condition Inspection Checklist DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Area Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Runways Cracks Surface condition Rubber deposits Marking visibility Glass beads in markings Taxiways Cracks Surface condition Marking visibility Glass beads in markings Aprons Cracks Surface condition Marking visibility Glass beads in markings Lights and signs Visibility Damage Frangible fittings Delamination of sign faces Navaids Beacon lenses VASI/PAPI aiming Obstructions Lighting Shrubs/trees Additional comments/remarks: ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.1. (Continued).
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 25 ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Airport Special Inspection Checklist INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Area Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Runways Pavement damage FOD Ponding Taxiways Pavement damage FOD Ponding Aprons Pavement damage FOD Ponding Markings Damage Visible Lights and signs Damage Operable Obstructed Snow and ice Pavement condition Snowbank clearance Braking action Lights and signs not obscured Stormwater drains clear Buildings Damage Landside Damage Debris Additional comments/remarks: ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ DATE: _______________________________ â Satisfactory ______________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.1. (Continued).
26 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports 4.4 Infrastructure Checklists This section discusses each individual infrastructure system at the airport and the PM to be performed on the system. For each system, the components that make up the system will be addressed along with issues that should be taken into consideration during construction, particular problem areas that one may encounter, and periodic checklists that may be used to conduct PM on the system. Since each of these systems will vary depending on the airport, the checklists are written in a generic manner and, as with the airport inspection checklists, airport staff are encouraged to modify these checklists to fit individual circumstances or to follow the procedures contained in the manufacturerâs maintenance manuals. Although the guidebook checklists used manufacturer guides as one basis for their development, the suggestions herein should not take the place of manufacturerâs guidelines such as those included in manuals for HVAC systems, motors, and regulators. Airport staff may also wish to provide individual links within the checklists to items such as vehicle manuals and other manufacturer guidance. The checklists are available individually on the CD-ROM included with this guidebook. Although these generic checklists used pertinent FAA and industry literature in their development, users may wish to download those checklists that apply to their airport and add links as noted in the preliminary discussion that precedes each system in this guidebook. For example, certain noted FAA Advisory Circulars and the manufacturer or vehicle user manuals often provide recommended maintenance. Users may wish to provide links to these documents within their checklists for easy reference. For those not familiar with airport infrastructure, the companion primer to this guidebook provides a brief basic description of each system and provides photographs of each. Important references for all facilities are any manufacturer or vehicle manuals, in addition to the following FAA Advisory Circular: FAA Advisory Circular 150/5340-26C, Maintenance of Airport Visual Aid Facilities, Issued June 20, 2014. For airport pavement maintenance, the following are important Advisory Circulars: FAA Advisory Circular 150/5380-6C, Guidelines and Procedures for Maintenance of Airport Pavements, Issued October 10, 2014. FAA Advisory Circular 150/5380-7B, Airport Pavement Management Program (PMP), Issued October 10, 2014.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 27 AIRFIELD ELECTRICAL VAULT (See checklist in Exhibit 4.2) Components 1. Vault building. Building construction typically consists of precast concrete, cement block, or prefabricated steel. Older vaults may be of wood-frame construction or steel transformer enclosures. 2. Electrical equipment. The airfield electrical vault houses the equipment (constant-current regulators, electrical cutouts, panel boards, lighting contactors, etc.) necessary to power the airfield electrical components. These include runway and taxiway lights, signs, and visual and navigation aids. 3. HVAC systems. The vault may be air conditioned or heated to help stabilize the internal temperature of the vault throughout the year. 4. Constant-current versus voltage systems. The airfield lighting power systems can be powered by either a constant-current system or a voltage system. Most airport runway and taxiway lighting circuits are powered by a constant-current system composed of constant-current regulators (CCRs) that are located in the airfield electrical vault. In some applications at small general aviation airports, the runway and taxiway lighting circuits are powered by a voltage system that is also located in the airfield electrical vault or at a stand-alone exterior electrical equipment rack located near the midpoint of a runway/taxiway and just outside the associated safety areas. Tips for Construction 1. Careful consideration must be given to the location of the vault on the airfield. Since all of the airfield electrical power will pass through the vault, it is not easily or inexpensively relocated if it is placed where it may interfere with future airport development plans. 2. When sizing the vault, remember to take into consideration any future electrical development plans, such as new runways or taxiways that will require lighting. Most electrical vaults are not designed to be easily expanded; therefore, undersized vaults will need to be replaced in the future. Constructing an oversized vault that will be able to accommodate future expansion of electrical equipment is always less expensive than replacing a vault at a later date. 3. Many airports use space in the vault for the storage of spare electrical components (bulbs, trans- formers, etc.). Remember to take this into consideration when planning the size of the vault. 4. Some electrical components are sensitive to large temperature fluctuations. Heating or air conditioning an electrical vault is relatively inexpensive and could extend the life of electrical equipment and save on repair costs. 5. Any personal safety equipment that is required for working in the vault should be stored in the vault in order to be readily accessible to maintenance personnel. 6. It is advisable to locate new vaults centrally to the ultimate airside components to help limit excessive cable run lengths. 7. The location of the vault should take into consideration existing and future development as well as underground obstructions. 8. Initial construction and related improvements and expansions should be completed neatly and consistently. Circuits and cables should be labeled and color coded, and all cabling should be run in conduit or cable trays. Problem Areas 1. While spare electrical components may be stored in the vault, these buildings are not intended as a general storage area, and care must be taken not to allow them to become crowded with non-electrical items.
28 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports 2. The vault may be sited away from other buildings in a relatively remote area of the airport. Therefore, it may be attractive to rodents as a nesting place. Mice and other rodents can do serious damage to electrical wiring and other components and may cause catastrophic failures of airfield electrical systems. 3. Water intrusion into the vault can cause electrical shorts and failure of airfield electrical systems. Ensure that weather stripping around doors is secure and that all conduits leading into or out of the vault are properly sealed. 4. Undersized vaults tend to get crowded with equipment and can be difficult for personnel movement during maintenance work (Figure 4.1). 5. Numerous cables and conduits are often run underground near vaults and need to be avoided during new construction. Figure 4.1. Vault layout with ease of maintenance. Source: Delta Airport Consultants, Inc.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 29 ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Airfield Electrical Vault Inspection INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Area Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Daily Building Visible damage Vegetation Security Evidence of rodents Regulators Check local/remote control on each step Radio control system Check radio controller operation with aircraft radio Monthly Building Weather stripping Evidence of leaks Check fire extinguisher date and pressure HVAC system Proper operation Filter condition Regulators Check high-voltage cable connections at CCRs and S1 cutout Timer Check clock time on control system Annually Building Rust/chipped paint Condition of roof Operation of doors HVAC system Perform annual maintenance Regulators Check output current on each step Inspect housing for rust spots Perform short-circuit test Perform open-circuit test General electrical system Inspect lightning arrestor connections Check relays, wiring, and insulation Inspect S1 cutouts DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory Exhibit 4.2. Airfield electrical vault inspection checklist.
30 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports AIRFIELD LIGHTING (See checklist in Exhibit 4.3) Airfield lighting consists of runway lights, taxiway lights (Figure 4.2), threshold lights, and obstruction lights. Components 1. Glass globe. The glass globe sits atop the light fixture and focuses the beam of light in the proper direction. Depending on its purpose, the globe will be clear, blue, split clear and yellow, or split red and green in color. 2. Head assembly. The head assembly on an incandescent-type fixture holds the light socket for the bulb, and the globe fastens to the top of the head assembly. The head assembly on a light- emitting diode (LED) fixture holds the optical assembly, which includes the LED luminous sources. The LED runway light fixture has two separate directional sources of light output, whereas the LED taxiway light fixture has one omnidirectional source of light output, similar to an incandescent fixture. 3. Lamps. Lamps are of different intensity depending on the location and purpose of the light. 4. Clamp band and O-ring seal. The clamp band fastens the globe to the head assembly of an incandescent fixture, and the O-ring is located between the globe and head assembly to prevent water intrusion. 5. Optical assembly cover clip and O-ring seal. LED-type fixtures use different snap-in-place clips, based on the manufacturer, to fasten the optical assemblies to the head assembly. In most types of LED fixtures, an O-ring is located between the optical assembly and the head assembly to prevent water intrusion. Optical assembly sealing will vary from one manufacturer to another. 6. Riser. The riser attaches the head assembly to the frangible coupling. Risers come in different lengths depending on the location of the light and the climatic conditions. 7. Frangible coupling. The frangible coupling connects the riser to the base of the light fixture. This coupling is designed to break away in cases where the light is struck by equipment or aircraft. 8. In-pavement light housing. An in-pavement light housing is a metal cap containing lights and is mounted on a base assembly installed in the pavement so that the light minimally protrudes above the level of the pavement and can be run over by aircraft and airport equipment. Figure 4.2. Taxiway edge light. Source: Delta Airport Consultants, Inc.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 31 9. Isolation transformer. The isolation transformer provides electric current to the light from an underground high-voltage/constant-current electric circuit. The transformer may be housed in a metal can buried in the ground under the light or may simply be installed in the ground itself. There are different transformer sizes and related uses (e.g., runway vs. taxiway vs. signs). Verify use of correct size before installation. Use of the wrong size will either cause the fixture to perform incorrectly or cause use of excessive energy. Tips for Construction 1. Airfield lighting cables may be run through conduits into light cans that the light is mounted to or may be directly buried in the ground. If the circuit is buried directly in the ground, the light fixtures are mounted on stakes that are driven into the ground. While the direct- buried system is less expensive to install, the can and conduit system is easier to maintain and troubleshoot and generally has a longer life span due to the protection provided to the cable and transformers by the conduit and cans. 2. Consider built-in ability to drain light cans to prevent standing water and ice build-up inside the cans. Cans can be drained directly out of the bottom at sandy sites or tied to a nearby under drain system in poorly draining soils. 3. If a direct-buried system is used, consideration should be given to installing mats around each of the light fixtures to prevent the growth of vegetation adjacent to the light. 4. Placing a number tag on each of the light fixtures will aid in identifying burned-out lights to maintenance personnel and makes it easier to track problem lights. Problem Areas 1. Constant-current circuits can be extremely hazardous to work on by anyone who is not prop- erly trained and familiar with the characteristics of this type of circuit. Work, including the replacement of burned-out bulbs, should never be performed with the circuit turned on. 2. Improperly sealed light cans may allow water to intrude into the can and may cause shortage-/ leakage-to-ground problems with the lighting circuit. 3. Burrowing animals seem to be fond of chewing on direct-buried cables. 4. Mowers often damage lights. 5. Airfield circuits should have a Megger test performed every year to determine the continuity of the circuit. Constant-current circuits are well known for wasting power through small amounts of current insulation leakage to ground in the circuit. Megger testing will help isolate problem areas such as defective cable runs or individual poorly functioning transformers. 6. All cable connections should be sealed with an L-823 cable connector kit and a heat shrink kit over both ends of the connector kit. Simply wrapping the connection in electrical tape or rubber tape will not stop water intrusion. Most problems with leakage to ground in a circuit can be found at the fixtureâs primary connections to the isolation transformer. 7. Frangible couplings frequently break. Make sure to have extras in stock.
32 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Airfield Lighting Inspection INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Daily Check for proper illumination of fixtures Concrete base or fixture stake not more than 3- in. above grade Verify radio controls work Weekly Check for vegetation around lights Check for dirty globes Check for obstructions in channels of in- pavement lights Monthly Check for misaligned fixtures Check for moisture in globes or on lenses Check for dirt in fixture drain holes Check for dirt in frangible coupling weep holes (stake-mounted fixtures only) Semi-Annually Check for improper ground elevation Check for corrosion or chipped paint Check for water in cans Annually Check for cracks, corrosion, and shorts (Megger all circuits) Check for loose wire connections Following Snow Removal Check in-pavement lights for damage DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory Additional comments/remarks: ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.3. Airfield lighting inspection checklist.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 33 AIRFIELD MARKINGS (See checklist in Exhibit 4.4) Components 1. Coatings. Coatings or binders approved by the FAA for use on airfield surfaces include waterborne paint, solvent paint, epoxy, methyl methacrylate, and preformed thermoplastic. However, durable coatings like epoxy, methyl methacrylate, and preformed thermoplastic should be limited to taxiway, apron, and roadway markings. Waterborne paint is used at the majority of airports in the United States when pavement markings are installed on runways, taxiways, and aprons (Figure 4.3). Waterborne paint was developed to comply with environmental concerns and was in common use by the mid-1980s. There are three types of waterborne paint approved by the FAA, and each provides different benefits: ⢠TT-P-1952E, Type I paint dries within 15 to 30 minutes, depending on humidity and other weather conditions. Type I is specified when dry time is not a concern. In other words, it can be used during daylight when weather conditions are conducive to paint drying. ⢠TT-P-1952E, Type II paint dries within 5 to 10 minutes, depending on humidity and other weather conditions. Type II should be specified when more humid conditions may occur, but observance of dew point relative to surface temperature must still be monitored, especially during nighttime operations. ⢠TT-P-1952E, Type III paint dries within 5 to 30 minutes, depending on the thickness of the application, as well as the humidity and other weather conditions. Type III paint can be applied at a thicker rate (e.g., 60 ft2 per gallon or 30 mils) than either Type I or Type II because of a cross-linking resin contained in the material. However, it can also be applied at the traditional rate of 115 ft2 per gallon or 15 mils. Solvent paint â AA-2886B is a low-viscosity solvent paint and may be used on airfield pavements. Solvent paints have a wider temperature range for application that allows them to be applied under colder conditions. Methyl methacrylate and epoxy are two-component products that are 100% solids, resulting in no shrinkage of the material once cured. Preformed thermoplastic has been in use for several years at larger commercial airports for taxiway holding position markings, surface-painted signs, and other detail markings that benefit from the use of the durable material. However, some general aviation airports have elected to use these markings to reduce maintenance frequency. Figure 4.3. Airfield marking (good visibility). Source: Delta Airport Consultants, Inc.
34 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports 2. Glass beads. Glass beads are used in pavement markings to provide visibility of the marking during darkness, but they also provide durability to the waterborne coatings. The durability of the markings depends on the quality of materials and application practices. Glass beads approved by the FAA are TT-B-1325D, Type I, III, and IV. Type I and Type IV are low-index glass beads and often require reapplication more frequently than does Type III. Type III is a high-index glass bead and is brighter. Each type has expected performance char- acteristics (levels of retro-reflectivity) when applied well. FAA Advisory Circular 150/5370-10, P-620 has established target retro-reflectivity values at installation to improve visibility based on the color of the coating and the type of bead used. Tips for Construction 1. Cleaning existing markings prior to the application of new coatings will prolong the life of the markings and, in some cases, may preclude the need for new material. Surface pre paration (cleaning) of the area to be painted before installing new markings should always be specified to remove anything that would inhibit the bond of the new marking to the old coating(s). 2. Only specify a degree of paint removal to accomplish the needs of the airport, and consider that more than one method may be necessary to reduce damage to the underlying pavement. 3. Equipment should be used that is appropriate to the size of the project. 4. All equipment should be properly calibrated to ensure correct coverage rates and uniform material distribution. 5. Glass beads should be dispensed automatically with the coatings. 6. Select the proper materials tailored to the airport environment and operations. Some traffic paints may be better suited to one airport, type of environment, or specific problem that may not challenge another airport. 7. Concise specifications should specify materials tailored to the airportâs pavement, environment, and operations and should include performance criteria for applicators. 8. Ensure proper surface preparation of new concrete to remove curing compounds. 9. Layout of new marking patterns should be verified by an inspector prior to application of the coatings. Guide marks should be installed for the applicator to ensure proper alignment and placement. 10. Calibration of marking equipment should be conducted to ensure proper coverage rates for specified materials with uniform distribution. 11. When marking new asphalt, initial markings should be painted at half the normal paint thickness and without glass beads. A second coat of paint, with glass beads, should be applied 30 days later after the asphalt has had time to cure. This will prevent the oil in the asphalt from bleeding through the final coat of paint and causing it to darken. 12. Outline markings in black when placed on light-colored pavement. This may apply to concrete and faded asphalt. Problem Areas 1. Marking installation is often done without regard to best practices, resulting in reduced life of the markings. The Innovative Pavement Research Foundationâs Airfield Marking Handbook outlines best practices for the installation of airfield markings. 2. Marking maintenance requirements are subjective. As a result, it is challenging to identify when markings become ineffective for safe navigation. 3. Under certain climatic conditions, mold or algae will form on markings and reduce their reflectivity. In these circumstances, periodic cleaning of markings to remove or preclude the formation of mold is recommended.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 35 4. Existing markings are bonded to the micro-texture of the pavement; when they are removed, some of the pavement will be removed with the marking, causing scarring. Carefully select the type of paint removal method that will be used to reduce the damage to the pavement. 5. Snow removal equipment can severely damage airfield markings if not properly operated. The use of wheels on snowplow blades to hold the edge of the plow slightly above the pavement will significantly prolong the life of the markings. 6. The FAA standard for pavement markings (AC 150/5340-1, Standards for Airport Markings) has changed more than once in recent years. Before simply repainting existing markings that have faded, it is important that the airport verify that the existing markings meet the current FAA standards. 7. If the paint color is truly faded after years of exposure to the sun, water blasting can remove oxidized portions from the top of a marking without removing the glass beads. However, rejuvenating faded markings requires that the markings were originally applied well. If so, they can be cleaned multiple times, yielding big savings. ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Airport Markings Monthly Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Area Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Runway 9/27 Runway designation Thresholds Centerline Touchdown zone Aiming point Side stripes Chevrons Runway 18/36 Runway designation Thresholds Centerline Touchdown zone Aiming point Side stripes Chevrons Taxiway A Runway lead-in lines Centerline Edge markings Runway holding position lines ILS holding position lines Surface-painted signs Exhibit 4.4. Airfield markings monthly inspection checklist. (continued on next page)
36 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports Area Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Additional comments/remarks: ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Taxiway D Runway lead-in lines Centerline Edge markings Runway holding position lines ILS holding position lines Surface-painted signs Apron Taxi-lane centerline Taxi-lane edge line Non-movement area boundary lines Surface-painted signs Tie-down markings Taxiway C Runway lead-in lines Centerline Edge markings Runway holding position lines ILS holding position lines Surface-painted signs Taxiway B Runway lead-in lines Centerline Edge markings Runway holding position lines ILS holding position lines Surface-painted signs Exhibit 4.4. (Continued).
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 37 AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS (See checklist in Exhibit 4.5) The concept of preventive maintenance for GA pavements is very simple: if you have pavements in good condition, it is much more cost-effective to maintain them in good condition than to allow them to deteriorate and then try to rehabilitate or even replace them. The first step is to verify that a pavement is a good candidate for preventive maintenance. This means completing a pavement evaluation to assess current conditions, as well as reviewing other background information about the pavement. The next step is to identify appropriate treatments that can be applied to the pavement. The final step is regular monitoring to determine how treatments are performing. Over time this information is used to improve both project selection and preventive maintenance treatment selection. See Appendix D for more detailed information about specific pavement maintenance treatments. Components 1. An important element of a pavement is the pavement type. In most cases, the pavement type is determined by the type of material used as the pavement surface. The most common pavement materials are hot-mix asphalt (HMA) and Portland cement concrete (PCC). These are occasion- ally referred to as flexible pavements and rigid pavements, respectively. Some pavement surfaces consist of surface treatments. 2. Surface treatments include slurry seals, microsurfacing, chip seals, cape seals, and similar applications that have in common the application of an asphalt emulsion and a graded aggre- gate. When a surface treatment is placed over an aggregate base or a previously placed HMA surface, the pavement is still referred to as a flexible pavement; when placed over a PCC pave- ment, it is still a rigid pavement. 3. Pavements are composed of multiple layers of improved materials constructed on top of the in-place soil or subgrade material. All paved surfaces include a wearing course or surface, and some may include one or more underlying courses, identified as base and subbase courses. A typical pavement cross-section is shown in Figure 4.4. (Note: the term âboundâ refers to a material that is stabilized, such as through the addition of a cement or asphalt binder.) 4. In some instances, the base and subbase layers are optional; the traffic, environment, and support conditions all are considered in determining which layers will be used in a project. 5. Almost every pavement will include joints, which are discontinuities within the pavement that exist because of the use of different materials, the separation of pavements moving in different ways, or because adjacent pavements were constructed at different placement times. Most concrete pavements also have contraction joints to facilitate the expansion and contraction of individual slabs. 6. Grooves cut in the pavement surface may also be a feature of some runways and high-speed taxiways. Grooves are cut into the pavement surface to improve the contact between aircraft tires and the pavement surface when water is present. This, in turn, will shorten the required stopping distance of a landing aircraft. Base Course (Bound or Unbound) Subbase Course (Usually Unbound) Surface (HMA, PCC, or surface treatment) Figure 4.4. Typical pavement cross-section.
38 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports Tips for Construction 1. If the pavement is not properly constructed, it is more likely not to be a good candidate for preventive maintenance. There is extensive guidance available from both the FAA and industry on how to design and construct pavements. If applicable, state department of transportation specifications also address pavement construction. 2. The following are some general considerations for the proper construction of different pave- ment types: HMA Pavements Material placement temperature Tack coat and bond between HMA layers Longitudinal construction joint Segregation Proper compaction PCC Pavements Consolidation Finishing without overworking or adding water Timing of joint sawing Proper joint sealing Appropriate reinforcement Surface Treatments Application rates Temperature at placement Controlling traffic until cure Surface preparation Friction treatment 3. Several components of the pavement contribute to drainage. Proper drainage is one key to longevity. The most important considerations are the pavement slope and the edge of the pavement. Most pavements are crowned, in which the pavement centerline is the high point of the pavement surface, and the pavement slopes in either direction to the outer edge. Ensure that there is no turf build-up at the pavement edge that would prevent proper drainage. 4. A paved shoulder is also an important component of many pavement structures. Paved shoulders can help to protect the outer edges of the pavement, protect unpaved areas from erosion and jet blast, provide a safe haven under certain operational emergencies, and contribute to the drainability of the pavement. Problem Areas 1. There are two primary challenges associated with airfield pavement preventive maintenance: properly characterizing a pavementâs overall condition to confirm that it is a good candidate, and selecting a treatment that addresses current conditions or anticipates future conditions in a cost-effective manner. 2. Most evaluations of a pavementâs condition rely on monitoring the development and spread of distresses on the pavementâs surface. Distresses can be quantified by type and severity, and can be further analyzed by categorizing them by their cause, such as load, environment, materials, and construction. A formal approach for evaluating pavements is described in ASTM D5340, Standard Test Method for Airport Pavement Condition Index Surveys. A less formal approach is found in the appendices to FAA Advisory Circular 150/5320-17A, Airfield Pavement Surface Evaluation and Rating Manuals: PASER ManualâAsphalt Airfield Pavements (Appendix A) and PASER ManualâConcrete Airfield Pavements (Appendix B). 3. From the perspective of pavement preventive maintenance, the objective of the evaluation is to confirm that conditions exist that may be improved (or slowed or prevented) by preventive
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 39 maintenance. Many distresses caused by environmental factors are in this category because they are often limited to the surface of the pavement. 4. Distresses caused by defects in materials or construction problems may be suitable for treat- ment by preventive maintenance. These should, of course, be identified and addressed during construction. 5. Distresses with underlying structural causes (that is, distresses caused by heavy loads or insufficient pavement structure) are rarely treated effectively with preventive maintenance. In some cases, confirming the presence of structural deficiencies will require supplementing a visual condition survey with coring and testing, deflection testing, or the application of other nondestructive evaluation techniques. 6. Treatment selection can be a fairly local activity, in that it will depend on the following: ⢠Availability of specialty contractors. ⢠Access to good quality materials. ⢠Understanding of typical pavement performance as a result of local traffic and environ- mental factors. 7. Joints are inherently weak spots in the pavement and also provide an opportunity for moisture to enter into the pavement structure. 8. Turf growth at edge of pavements can restrict drainage if not properly maintained. Periodic Evaluation Periodic evaluation is frequently done by state aviation departments on a 1- to 3-year cycle. Regular evaluations of pavement conditions are an essential component of safety management and are required for Part 139 airports. The identification of pavements that are candidates for preventive maintenance is more properly done through routine surveys performed as part of the process of pavement management. Whether formally required or not, the practice of pavement management will help the airport keep track of the pavement infrastructure, monitor pavement conditions, project when preventive maintenance is appropriate, and evaluate the impact of preventive maintenance practices. The following are common components of a pavement management program: ⢠Inventory information regarding pavement structures in the airport network â Construction date for each pavement layer â Material type ⢠Performance data collected every 1 to 3 years â Visual survey, such as ASTM D5340 â Optional structural evaluation â Cores and borings â Other evaluations ⢠Maintenance and rehabilitation treatment matrices â Feasible treatments â Trigger conditions ⢠Performance prediction models ⢠Treatment cost information and ability to develop short-term maintenance and repair budgets and medium- and long-term capital improvement program budgets More extensive guidance on pavement management is found in FAA AC 150/5380-6, Guidelines and Procedures for Maintenance of Airport Pavements, and FAA AC 150/5380-7, Airport Pavement Management Program. At the time of publication of this guidebook, a broader ACRP guidebook (from ACRP Proj- ect 09-11) about pavement maintenance was in development. Airport officials may also wish to review that document for information about pavement treatments and preventive maintenance when it is published.
40 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Airfield Pavement Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Monthly Inspect pavement for cracks or other signs of distresses Categorize distresses by type and severity Annually Conduct formal pavement evaluation (1) Seal cracks as required Seal coat pavement if required Check turf growth at edge; ensure pavement drains properly Spring inspection to check for accelerated cracks/settlement due to freeze/thaw Update pavement management and capital improvement plans as warranted by pavement condition (1) May be done by state aviation department on a cycle other than annual. Additional comments/remarks: ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.5. Airfield pavement inspection checklist.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 41 AIRFIELD SIGNS (See checklist in Exhibit 4.6) Components 1. Sign framework. The framework houses the electrical components of the sign and provides support for the sign panels. 2. Electrical components. The electrical components of a sign include the internal wiring, power transformers/rectifiers, lamp holders, lamps, and grounding. Electrical components will vary from one manufacturer to another. 3. Lamp. Lamps are of different sizes and intensity depending on the manufacturer of the sign. 4. Riser. The riser attaches the framework of the sign to the frangible coupling. 5. Frangible coupling. The frangible coupling connects the riser to the signâs concrete base. This coupling is designed to break away if the sign is struck by equipment or aircraft. 6. Isolation transformer. The isolation transformer provides a secondary electric current to the sign from an underground high-voltage/constant-current electric circuit. The transformer may be housed in a metal can installed in the ground adjacent to the concrete pad or in the pad itself. Tips for Construction 1. Airfield sign cables may be run through conduits into cans or may be directly buried in the ground. While the direct-buried system is less expensive to install, the can and conduit system is easier to maintain and troubleshoot and generally has a longer life span due to the protection provided to the cable and transformers by the conduit and cans. 2. Signs are normally mounted on concrete pads (see Figure 4.5). Construct the concrete pad large enough that mowing equipment does not need to be driven unnecessarily close to the sign. 3. Place a number tag on each sign fixture for easy reference. 4. Order signs with an optional power on-off switch installed on the outside of the sign for lamp maintenance purposes only. Problem Areas 1. Vegetation growing around signs can obscure the pilotâs vision of the sign. 2. Ensure that all framework covers are properly secured so they do not become dislodged during storms or in high winds. Figure 4.5. Well-maintained airfield sign. Source: Delta Airport Consultants, Inc.
42 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Airfield Sign Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Daily Check for proper illumination of all fixtures Check for protrusions of a concrete base/foundation greater than 3 in. above grade Weekly Check for vegetation around signs Check for dirty panels Check for damage to framework Monthly Check for loose fasteners Check wire connections Semi-Annually Check for cracked or deteriorated wire Check for corrosion or chipped paint Annually Check for deteriorated gaskets Check light intensity for each step Check sign panels for deterioration or yellowing Megger home run cables Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.6. Airfield sign inspection checklist. 3. Intense sunlight and high temperatures can cause sign panels to deteriorate or become yellowed. 4. In extremely cold climates, airfield signs that are not properly sealed may allow moisture and cold air drafts to enter the sign and cause lamps to fail prematurely. 5. Sign panels are specific to the sign manufacturer and not interchangeable. Replacement panels need to be specifically ordered for each type of sign according to the sign manufacturer style. 6. Problems may be discovered and isolated during periodic Meggering of the airfield electrical/ lighting systems.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 43 AIRFIELD VISUAL AND NAVIGATION AIDS (See checklists in Exhibit 4.7 through 4.12) Components 1. Rotating beacon. A rotating light normally mounted on a tall pole or tower that is used to assist pilots in locating the airport at night. In some cases the beacon may be mounted on the top of a building. 2. Runway-end identifier light (REIL). Strobe lights located on each side of the approach end of a runway that serve to aid pilots in locating the end of the runway during periods of darkness or reduced visibility. 3. Precision approach path indicator (PAPI). Calibrated light system located near the touchdown point of the runway that gives visual glide slope information to pilots approaching the runway. 4. Visual approach slope indicator (VASI). A calibrated light system serving the same purpose as a PAPI. Many VASI systems have been replaced by the newer PAPI system (see Figure 4.6). 5. Pulse light approach slope indicator (PLASI). Another calibrated light system that serves a similar purpose as the PAPI and VASI. PLASI systems are ideal for heliport operations due to the minimal siting requirements. 6. Approach lighting systems. One of a variety of lighting systems composed of a configuration of lights leading to the approach end of a runway that are used to aid pilots in sighting and lining up with the runway at night and during conditions of reduced visibility. 7. Wind indicator. A wind sock (see Figure 4.7) is a visual indicator that displays the direction and approximate velocity of the wind at the airport. The airport may have more than one wind sock to aid pilots in determining which runway to use for takeoffs and landings. 8. Lamps (bulbs). Each of the previous systems uses various sizes and intensities of lightbulbs in carrying out their purpose. Tips for Construction 1. Rotating beacons mounted on folding poles are generally easier to maintain than those that require the maintenance technician to climb the pole or tower. 2. REILs, PAPIs, VASIs, and PLASIs are normally mounted on concrete pads. Construct the concrete pad on which the unit is mounted large enough that mowing equipment does not Figure 4.6. PAPI unit. Source: Delta Airport Consultants, Inc.
44 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports need to be driven unnecessarily close to the unit. Some airports mount the PAPI and VASI units on one large pad rather than on separate smaller pads to make mowing easier. 3. LED REIL, PAPI, and PLASI systems are available that require smaller power cables and/or constant-current regulators to operate and are less expensive to maintain. 4. For shock hazard protection, provide a separate earth-electrode system (EES) ground around each light unit consisting of a (minimum) #2 American wire gage (AWG) bare copper wire ring, 24-in. (minimum) depth, attached to a ¾-in. and 10-ft copper-clad ground rod at each corner. Ground the fixture housing to the EES with a #2 AWG bare copper wire. 5. Install service disconnects at the equipment location for future maintenance since system components are often located a long distance from the power source. Problem Areas 1. Vegetation growing around light units can obscure the pilotâs vision of the unit. 2. Care must be taken when opening and closing the housing of a light unit. Be alert when opening the housing. It is not uncommon for wasps and other insects to nest inside these units. 3. When opening and closing the housing of a PAPI, VASI, or PLASI unit, take care that the unitâs vertical angle is not disturbed. For this reason, some units have the aiming device brackets on the outside. 4. Ensure that all housing covers are properly secured so that they do not become dislodged during storms or in high winds. 5. Use only qualified personnel to align VASI/PAPI units in accordance with FAA standards. It is a big liability for untrained maintenance personnel to assume this responsibility. Figure 4.7. Wind sock. Source: Delta Airport Consultants, Inc.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 45 ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Rotating Beacon Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Daily Check for proper illumination of all fixtures Weekly Check for vegetation around base of pole or tower Monthly Check for proper RPM (count number of flashes per minute) Check and clean lenses Check that lights are aimed at proper angle Semi-Annually Check for proper input voltage/rated amperage Check operation of photoelectric control Check for corrosion or chipped paint on pole or tower Lubricate bearings and gears Check condition of lightning rod Annually Check for loose or broken wiring Check condition of gaskets Check that beacon is mounted level Check fall protection equipment Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.7. Airfield rotating beacon inspection checklist.
46 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT REIL Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Daily Check for proper illumination of fixtures and that they flash together Check for protrusions of a concrete base/foundation greater than 3 in. above grade Weekly Check for vegetation around unit Monthly Check and clean lenses Check that unit is aligned properly Semi-Annually Check for corrosion or chipped paint on unit Check for presence of moisture in unit Annually Check for loose or broken wiring Check condition of gaskets â Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.8. Airfield REIL inspection checklist.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 47 ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT PAPI Inspection VASI Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Daily Check for proper illumination of fixtures Check for protrusions of a concrete base/foundation greater than 3 in. above grade Weekly Check for vegetation around base of unit Check and clean outer surface of protective glass Monthly Check elevation angle of units Check and clean color filters and lenses Clean interior of unit Ensure mount is rigid Semi-Annually Check for proper input voltage/rated amperage Check operation of photoelectric control Check for corrosion or chipped paint on unit Check for loose or broken wiring Check condition of gaskets Additional comments/remarks: ____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.9. Airfield PAPI and VASI inspection checklist.
48 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT PLASI Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Daily Check for proper illumination of fixtures Check for protrusions of a concrete base greater than 3 in. above grade Weekly Check for vegetation around base of unit Check and clean outer surface of protective glass Monthly Check elevation angle Check and clean color filters and lenses Clean interior of unit Ensure mount is rigid Semi-Annually Check for proper input voltage/rated amperage Check and clean air filter Check operation of fans Lubricate shutter chains and sprocket teeth Check chain tension Check operation of photoelectric control Check for corrosion or chipped paint on unit Check for loose or broken wiring Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.10. Airfield PLASI inspection checklist.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 49 ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Approach Lighting Systems Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Daily Check for proper illumination of fixtures and proper sequence of flashing lights Check for protrusions of concrete base/foundations greater than 3 in. above grade Weekly Check for vegetation around base of fixtures and towers Monthly Check elevation and aiming of lights Check and clean lenses Semi-Annually Check for proper input voltage Check for corrosion or chipped paint on tower Check for loose or broken wiring Check condition of gaskets Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.11. Airfield approach lighting systems inspection checklist.
50 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Wind Indicator Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Daily Check for proper illumination of all lamps, including the obstruction light Check for protrusions of a concrete base/foundation greater than 3 in. above grade Weekly Check for vegetation around base of unit Check that wind sock is securely fastened to cage Monthly Ensure pole is straight and undamaged Check condition of wind-sock cage Semi-Annually Lubricate bearings Check for corrosion or chipped paint on pole Check for loose or broken wiring Check security of light fixtures Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.12. Airfield wind indicator inspection checklist.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 51 AIRPORT-OWNED UTILITIES (See checklists in Exhibit 4.13 through 4.15) Components 1. Wells. In many areas, municipal water systems do not extend to the airport property. In these cases, airports are required to install wells to supply water to the airport. In some cases, the airport serves as a utility supplier in that it sells water from a common well system to the tenants at the airport. 2. Septic tanks. In those instances where there are no sanitary sewer lines running to the airport, septic tanks and drain fields are required. In most cases there is a separate septic tank for each building equipped with a water line. Depending on the lease arrangements, the airport may be responsible for the maintenance of the septic systems. 3. Electric systems. While in almost all cases electricity to the airport is supplied by a public utility, the airport may have solar panel installations that supply power to one or more buildings. The airport may also contain a solar farm and sell the power generated to the local electric utility. 4. Fiber-optic systems. Fiber-optic installations are becoming more prevalent at airports as airport tenants have a demand for faster Internet connections or data lines. In some cases, the airport may own the fiber-optic system on the airport property and charge the tenants to connect to and use the system. When properly constructed, a fiber-optic system does not require any preventive maintenance other than visually inspecting outdoor installations for mechanical or environmental damage. No maintenance should be attempted as long as the system is communicating properly. Tips for Construction 1. Use a certified and licensed well driller and pump installer when constructing a well. 2. Position the well away from buildings, waste systems, or chemical storage facilities. 3. Keep the top of the well at least 1 ft above ground level, and slope the ground away from the top of the well. 4. Consider installing an effluent filter on the outlet sanitary tee of the septic tank. This will prevent solids from leaving the tank and clogging the drain field. 5. The area over a septic tank drain field should be left undisturbed, with only a mowed grass cover. Do not plant trees or shrubs near the drain field as their roots may clog or damage the drain pipes. 6. To simplify tank access for inspection and maintenance, install a watertight concrete riser over the septic tank. 7. The reflectivity of solar panels must be checked to determine that they will not create a light hazard to pilots in the traffic pattern around the airport. 8. Bury fiber-optic cable deep enough to prevent inadvertent dig-ups. 9. Install protective caps on every connector, mating adapter, and equipment port of fiber-optic cables. 10. Ensure that all fiber-optic patch panels and equipment racks have lockable doors. 11. Fiber-optic cables must be installed so that they are stress-free, and installers must adhere to the bend radius guidelines for the cable. Problem Areas 1. Do not try to repair a malfunctioning well unless your maintenance personnel are certified to do the work. Hire a certified contractor insteadâit will probably save money in the long run. 2. Be careful mowing around the well pipe. A damaged casing could introduce pollutants into the well.
52 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports 3. Septic systems are not sanitary sewer systems. Chemicals and nondegradable items can clog or damage the septic system. Oil and grease will also clog the drain field. 4. Do not allow surface water to drain toward the septic tank or drain field. 5. Do not allow automobiles or heavy equipment to drive over a septic tank drain field. 6. Do not use caustic drain openers to clean the drains of a septic system. The use of boiling water as a drain cleaner is recommended. 7. Dirty solar panels will significantly reduce the amount of power produced. 8. When cleaning solar panels, do not spray cold water onto a hot panel. Clean panels in the early morning or in the evening. 9. Dirt is the enemy of fiber-optic cables. Only allow authorized personnel to access the cabling system. ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Well Inspection INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Monthly Check condition of well cover and cap Remove vegetation from around well cover Semi-Annually Check piping for leaks Annually Perform a flow test Test water for bacteria and nitrates Check pump motor performance Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory Exhibit 4.13. Well inspection checklist.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 53 ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Septic Tank Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Monthly Ensure drain field is clear of shrubs or small trees Inspect drain field for signs of excess water Inspect riser for damage Semi-Annually Clean septic tank filter Annually Determine if tank needs to be pumped out Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.14. Septic tank inspection checklist.
54 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Solar Panel Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Monthly Inspect panels for cracks, chips, delamination, or water intrusion Check condition of batteries Quarterly Clean panels with water or mild detergent Semi-Annually Inspect mounting frame for damage, loose bolts, and corrosion Inspect wiring for cracks or deterioration Inspect panel boxes for rodents, insects, corrosion, and signs of burning Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.15. Solar panel inspection checklist.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 55 DEICING FACILITIES (See checklist in Exhibit 4.16) Components 1. Aircraft deicing pad. A designated site at the airport where aircraft receive deicing treatment. The pad consists of an inner area for the parking of the aircraft and an outer area for maneu- vering mobile deicing vehicles. 2. Environmental runoff mitigation measures. These may consist of some type of drainage system in or around the deicing pad that leads to a storage tank, a sanitary sewer system, or an on-airport treatment facility. 3. Deicing storage building. A building that houses the mobile deicing vehicles, deicing chemicals, and, possibly, crew shelter and toilet facilities. 4. Mobile deicing vehicles. Specially equipped vehicles used to apply deicing fluid or anti-icing fluid to aircraft. 5. Vacuum truck. Used for deicing fluid collection units. Tips for Construction 1. Environmental requirements for deicing runoff discharges vary from state to state. Many general aviation airports do not meet the environmental thresholds requiring them to collect and dispose of deicing fluid. It is not the intent of this guidebook to discuss these thresholds. Each airport will need to consult with its state environmental department to determine what procedures it must follow to meet environmental regulations for the handling of deicing and anti-icing fluids. ACRP Report 14: Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems (Dean et al., 2009) describes best management practices for managing airport deicing runoff. 2. When siting a deicing pad, ensure that all facilities are sited in accordance with the approved airport layout plan and object-clearing criteria described in FAA AC 150/5300-13, Airport Design. 3. It is desirable to locate deicing pads in such a manner as to avoid long taxi times to the runway ends from the pads in order to prevent the reoccurrence of ice or frost during the taxi. 4. The deicing pad must be constructed so that it is large enough to allow the free movement of mobile deicing vehicles around the aircraft. 5. Locate deicing pads so as to allow other aircraft that do not need treatment to taxi around aircraft being deiced. 6. Aircraft receiving treatment should not obstruct the air traffic control towerâs line-of-sight view of the movement area. 7. To prevent contamination, storage tanks and fluid transfer systems must be designed in accordance with the fluid manufacturerâs recommendations. 8. Refer to FAA AC 150/5300-14C, Design of Aircraft Deicing Facilities, for specific design criteria for deicing facilities. Problem Areas 1. The proper handling and disposal of deicing and anti-icing fluid is not an inexpensive process. Care must be exercised in choosing the appropriate type of treatment and disposal system. 2. If fluids are discharged into a sanitary sewer system, the amount of fluid discharged must be constantly monitored to prevent damage to the sewage treatment plantâs equipment. 3. Low concentrations of deicing fluid may be allowed to simply run off the deicing pad and seep into the surrounding soil or run into stormwater drains. However, it is possible that this practice could be prohibited in the future by environmental regulations, which would require that the airport install storage tanks or treatment facilities.
56 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Deicing Facilities Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Daily Perform operational check of all mobile deicing vehicles Monthly Check for deterioration or cracks in deicing pads Check deicing pad drains for sediment or trash Check piping and tanks for leaks Annually Prior to Snow Season Check operation of all collection system pumps Inspect storage tanks and piping for damage, leaks, and corrosion Notes: 1. Follow either the terminal/administrative building or hangar PM checklists as appropriate, depending on the type of building used for deicing storage. 2. Follow drainage systems checklists for PM of ditches and detention basins used for deicing fluid runoff containment. Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ ___________ ____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.16. Deicing facilities inspection checklist.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 57 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (See checklists in Exhibit 4.17 through 4.19) Components 1. Natural streams. In some cases, an airport may have an existing stream or creek flowing through a portion of the airport property. 2. Drainage ditches. Ditches are manmade open channels that carry stormwater off the airport. 3. Swales. Swales use grass or other vegetation to filter sediment and other materials out of stormwater. They normally look like flat-bottomed channels with grass growing in them. 4. Detention ponds. Detention ponds are designed to hold stormwater and then slowly release the water through some type of control structure. They are typically dry except following a storm event. 5. Retention pond. A typically wet pond used to manage stormwater runoff to prevent flood- ing and downstream erosion and to improve water quality in an adjacent river, stream, lake, or bay. 6. Catch basins. Catch basins trap sediment and some oils that can pollute water bodies. 7. Leaching basin. A drainage pit with sand and gravel sides constructed to allow water to dissipate. 8. Control structures. Control structures direct or restrict the flow of water into or out of a drainage facility. 9. Storm pipe. Storm sewer pipes convey water and may be constructed from several types of materials. In some cases, storm pipes are perforated to allow stormwater to infiltrate into the ground. 10. Underdrain. A concealed drain with openings through which water enters when the water table reaches the level of the drain. 11. Junction boxes. Junction boxes connect two or more drainage facilities. 12. Manholes. Manholes are large cylindrical vaults normally set at sewer pipe connections. 13. Trash racks. Trash racks are barred covers placed over pipe openings. They prevent large objects, animals, and people from entering the pipe. 14. Energy dissipaters. Energy dissipaters slow the flow of water and are essential in preventing erosion at storm drain outfalls. 15. Headwalls. Headwalls are structures placed at pipe inlets and outlets that prevent erosion at storm drain outfalls. 16. Seawalls. Seawalls are structures constructed to prevent erosion at vertical shorelines. 17. Oil/water separators. Oil/water separators are used to collect water contaminated by petro- leum products and allow the water to be discharged while containing the oil products. Tips for Construction 1. Pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers are never to be used in stormwater control facilities. 2. Some stormwater control facilities are classified as confined spaces, where work requires special OSHA-approved training and equipment. Examples are junction boxes, manholes, and in some types of construction, catch basins. In these confined-space situations, the best option may be to contract with a licensed sewer-cleaning contractor to perform the inspections and maintenance. 3. Drainage ditches should be constructed so that water will not pond and the water is free- flowing through the ditch. 4. Drainage ditches, swales, and detention ponds rely on vegetation to prevent erosion of the embankment. The proper seed mixture should be developed depending on the climate of the region to ensure a healthy stand of vegetation.
58 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports 5. Creating areas of standing water is highly discouraged due to the wildlife attractant it provides. If ponds are present at or in the vicinity of the airport, consideration should be given to placing netting over the water to discourage waterfowl from using them as landing areas. 6. It is best to remove nuisance plants from ditches, swales, and streams in the spring before they go to seed. 7. Eliminate the potential of standing water in all system components. 8. Areas used for washing and maintaining aircraft and vehicles should include filters in the drainage system. Problem Areas 1. Natural streams or watercourses may be wildlife attractants if not properly maintained. Water should not be allowed to pond, and the vegetation on the banks of streams should be cut to discourage wildlife from nesting. 2. When mowing vegetation along streams, ditches, or swales, it is best to remove the cut vegetation to prevent it from washing down and blocking the channel at some point. 3. The roots of trees growing along berms can lead to berm failure. Trees should be cut and removed from all berms. 4. The disposal of waste from the maintenance of drainage facilities will need to be conducted in accordance with federal, state, and local regulations. 5. Storm pipes are difficult to inspect and normally require specialized equipment for inspection and repair. The use of a sewer-cleaning company is suggested. 6. Be careful to maintain open ditches so that they do not become jurisdictional wetlands.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 59 ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Drainage System Monthly Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Area Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Natural stream Check vegetation growth along banks Ditches Check vegetation growth Mow if required Swales Mow to keep grass at optimum height (6 to 12 in.) Clear inlets and outlets Detention ponds Check vegetation growthâmow if required Inspect for pollutants Remove trash Evidence of burrowing animals or beaver dams Outlet devices clear of obstructions Catch basins (1) Clear inlet of trash and debris Inspect structure for cracks or damage Control structures Inspect structure for damage Remove trash and debris from inlets and outlets Trash racks Inspect for damage Remove trash and debris Headwalls Remove trash and debris Oil/water separators (1) Remove trash and debris Inspect oil accumulation (remove if more than 1 in of oil) Inspect discharge water for pollutants (1) Confined space. Special OSHA-approved training and equipment required. Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.17. Drainage system monthly inspection checklist.
60 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Drainage System Semi-Annual Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Area Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Natural stream Cut vegetation Inspect for erosion Ditches Check for free flow of water Inspect for erosion Swales Inspect for erosion Detention ponds Inspect for erosion Catch basins (1) Test cover-locking mechanism Inspect ladder rungs Remove trash in sump Junction boxes (1) Inspect for damage Remove trash and debris Test cover-locking mechanism Inspect ladder rungs Manholes (1) Inspect for damage Remove trash and debris Test cover-locking mechanism Inspect ladder rungs Energy dissipaters Inspect for missing or moved rocks Inspect for erosion Clean pipe perforations if required Headwalls Inspect for damage Seawalls Inspect for erosion Oil/water separators (1) Inspect vault for damage Inspect piping Inspect baffles and coalescing plates Test cover-locking mechanism Inspect ladder rungs (1) Confined space. Special OSHA-approved training and equipment required. Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.18. Drainage system semi-annual inspection checklist.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 61 ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Drainage System Annual Inspection INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Area Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Natural stream Remove sediment if required Ditches Remove sediment if required Reseed bare areas Swales Remove sediment if required Reseed bare areas Detention ponds Repair eroded areas Reseed bare areas Remove sediment if required Catch basins (1) Repair cracks or damage Remove sediment if required Storm pipe (1) Inspect pipe for damage Remove sediment if required Junction boxes (1) Repair cracks or damage Remove sediment if required Manholes (1) Repair cracks or damage Remove sediment if required Energy dissipaters Remove sediment if required Seawalls Repair cracks or damage Reseed bare areas Oil/water separators (1) Remove sediment if required (1) Confined space. Special OSHA-approved training and equipment required. Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory ________________________________________________ ____ _ _ ____ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ ____ _ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Exhibit 4.19. Drainage system annual inspection checklist.
62 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports FENCES AND GATES (See checklists in Exhibit 4.20 and 4.21) Components 1. Posts. Fence posts may be either metal or wood. Galvanized steel posts are normally used for chain-link fences. Painted steel posts are commonly used for barbed-wire fences, and occa- sionally wood posts are used for barbed-wire fences. The most common use of wood posts is for wildlife control fences, which may be as tall as 10 feet. 2. Fence material. For security purposes, chain-link fences are the most common fence material used at airports. The chain-link fence may be galvanized steel or may be coated with a colored paint or plastic to give the fence a more pleasant appearance. Three strands of barbed wire may be placed at the top of chain-link fences to increase security and discourage large animals from attempting to jump over the fence. Wildlife control fence is normally a wire fence with openings approximately 4 inches by 6 inches designed to stop large animals from entering the airport property. Barbed-wire fences are sometimes found at airports but have limited utility since they mainly serve to keep cattle from entering the airport; smaller animals can go under or between the strands of barbed wire, and larger wildlife, such as deer and elk, can jump over the fence. 3. Gates. While there are a wide variety of gates that can be found at airports, they basically fall into two categories: pedestrian gates and vehicular gates. ⢠Pedestrian gates are usually either of the swing type or the full-length turnstile type of gate. ⢠Vehicular gates may be a swing type of gate, a sliding gate, or a vertical lift style gate. 4. Gate opening systems. Gates may be operated either manually or electrically. For security purposes, electrically operated gates are commonly seen at airports. These gates are opened by either entering a code into a keypad located at the entrance to the gate or by swiping or holding a magnetic card in front of a card reader. The two most common types of automatic gate openers are hydraulic openers and electromechanical openers. Tips for Construction 1. In areas where burrowing animals are a significant problem, the bottom of the fence material should be buried 2 feet into the ground or a concrete footer should be installed along the bottom of the fence. 2. In very cold climates, the freeze/thaw cycle may push fence posts out of the ground even if they are set in concrete. In some cases it may be advisable to not set the metal posts for chain-link fences in concrete. This allows for the posts to be simply pounded back into the ground if they are forced up during the winter. If a concrete foundation is used, consider stopping the concrete a few inches below final grade and backfilling with dirt over the top of the concrete. This eliminates the mushroom effect of concrete on a surface wider than the foundation, which can accelerate frost heave. 3. Where fences cross ditches, it may be necessary to install strands of barbed wire under the fence material to close the gap between the bottom of the fence and the bottom of the ditch. 4. If the in-pavement sensing wires for electric gates are installed in a conduit, they will be better protected and easier to replace in the event of a failure of the wiring. 5. Consider a wide (e.g., 4 feet) footer beneath the fence line to reduce the need for weed control, make mowing easier around fence lines, and prevent animals from burrowing under the fence. Problem Areas 1. If the fence material does not extend to within 2 inches of the ground, smaller animals can enter the airport through the gap between the fence and the ground.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 63 2. Wildlife fences will prevent the entrance of large animals onto the airport; however, smaller animals, such as rabbits and coyotes, can often pass through the fence material and gain entrance. 3. If the fence line is not treated with an herbicide, climbing plants and shrubs can grow along or on the fence and cause damage to the fence material. 4. In areas with significant ice or snow, electrically operated gates that use a wheel rolling on a steel plate to open the gate may malfunction due to ice forming on the steel plate. 5. Snow can block gates or affect gate movement. ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Fence and Gate Monthly Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Area Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Fences Visible damage Vegetation growing on fence Warning signs Evidence of animals burrowing Washouts under fence Evidence of attempted unauthorized entry Rust/corrosion Gates Visible damage Check all safety controls Condition of locking mechanisms Check normal operation Rust/corrosion Condition of keypad or card reader In-pavement sensors Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.20. Fence and gate monthly inspection checklist.
64 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Fence and Gate Semi-Annual Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Area Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Fences Condition of fence material Loose posts Evidence of rotting in wood posts Condition of fence attachment hardware Less than 2 inches between fence and ground Apply herbicide to prevent vegetation along fence line Remove any rust/corrosion Gates Lubricate hinges Lubricate locking mechanisms Lubricate rollers Lubricate automatic opening mechanism (chains, etc.) Remove any rust/corrosion Change combinations on keypads Check operation of automatic reversing sensors Clear vegetation etc. from path of swing and sliding gates Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.21. Fence and gate semi-annual inspection checklist.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 65 FUELING FACILITIES (See checklists in Exhibit 4.22 through 4.27) Components 1. Fuel tanks. The tanks located at fueling facilities at airports come in a wide variety of sizes. The most common sizes at general aviation airports are 10,000 gallon and 12,000 gallon tanks. The tanks may be located underground or above ground and may be either single walled or double walled. Almost all new tanks today are of the double-walled variety. 2. Piping and valves. The piping configuration depends on the purpose of the tank. If the tank is meant to only fill refueling trucks, then all of the piping may be located on a skid directly in front of the tank. If the tank serves a self-fueling station, the piping may be much longer in order to reach the fueling station. Since much of the piping serves to both fill the tank from a tanker truck and fill refueler vehicles or aircraft, valves are strategically located in the piping to direct the flow of fuel depending on the situation. 3. Hoses. Flexible hoses are used to either fill the refueler vehicles or to fill aircraft. 4. Filter system. A filter system will be located at some point in the piping and is used to filter the fuel both going into the tank from a fuel tanker and coming from the tank into a refueler or aircraft. 5. Bonding cable. A bonding cable will be located on a reel in the vicinity of the tank and is used to bond (ground) the tank and piping to the refueler or aircraft to prevent a spark from occurring between the hose nozzle and the refueler or aircraft during refueling. 6. Emergency shutoff. An emergency shutoff button should be located in close proximity to the operatorâs station and will disconnect all electrical power going to the fuel system. 7. Self-fueling station. In some cases, the piping from the fuel tanks leads to a self-fueling station for pilots to be able to refuel their own aircraft. The self-fueling station usually consists of a credit card reader, hose reel, and bonding cable reel. In some cases, a fuel pump will also be located at the self-fueling station. 8. Containment area. Above-ground fuel tanks and their associated piping are normally located inside a containment area to prevent the runoff of fuel in the event of a spill. The containment area may be a plastic- or rubber-lined pit or may be a concrete pad with low walls. Depending on local or state environmental regulations, the containment area may need to be large enough to contain the tanker truck or refueler truck when it is transferring fuel to or from the tanks. 9. Fencing and gates. Depending on the location of the fuel farm, it may need to be surrounded by a security fence with access gates for the trucks. 10. Refueler trucks. The trucks used to refuel aircraft are essentially mobile fueling facilities and contain most of the components found in the main fuel farm, including a tank, piping and valves, hoses, filter system, and bonding cable reel. Separate inspection and PM checklists are provided for the refueler trucks. Tips for Construction 1. Careful consideration must be given to the amount of fuel currently being sold at the airport and the predicted future amounts before deciding on the proper size of tank to be installed in the fuel farm. 2. Environmental laws differ between states. Consult your state environmental department to ensure that the design of your fuel farm meets all current and foreseeable future state regulations. 3. As fuel farms are somewhat expensive to construct and are not easily relocated, be sure to take into account the long-range plans of the airport before selecting a site for the fuel farm.
66 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports 4. If the possibility of having to add additional fuel tanks in the future is foreseen, it is more cost-effective to construct a containment area large enough to account for the future tanks when the fuel farm is initially built. 5. Consider the route the tanker trucks will need to follow in order to get to the fuel farm to refill the tanks and the turning radius of a tanker truck. Avoid having to drive tankers on taxiways or aircraft aprons. 6. If the fuel farm is surrounded by a security fence, ensure that the access gates are large enough to accommodate the tanker trucks and any turns they may have to make in order to enter or exit the fuel farm. 7. Immediately touch up any paint that was chipped or scratched on the tanks or piping during the installation process to prevent corrosion from beginning. 8. Ensure that all warning placards and fuel identification labels are in place on the tanks, piping, hoses, and nozzles before placing the fuel farm into operation. 9. Give consideration to supplier delivery load sizes, additional cost for partial loads, and avail- ability (scheduling lead time) of fuel deliveries. 10. Consider environmental and inspection requirements and insurance costs when selecting tank type (above or below ground). 11. Verify fire inspector requirements prior to construction. Problem Areas 1. In areas of medium to high humidity, rust will quickly form on any unprotected metal. 2. Ensure that containment areas are kept free from debris and trash and that drains are not becoming clogged with dirt. 3. Do not allow fueling personnel to bypass or mechanically lock deadman controls in the operating position. 4. Ensure that vent systems are not obstructed by snow or ice before filling refueler trucks. 5. Leaks, no matter how small, must be immediately corrected. 6. Ensure that the proper number and size of fire extinguishers are present in the fuel farm and that the extinguishers are charged and the inspection date is current. 7. It is not uncommon for the hose nozzles at self-fueling stations to be abused by being dragged on the ground when the hose is retracted onto the reel. Regular inspection of these nozzles is required. 8. For some airports, airport management may not be directly involved with the technical aspects of fuel facility inspections. Often, an airport fixed-base operator performs these inspections. However, airport management should ensure that the inspections are being done and documented.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 67 ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Fuel Facility Daily Inspection Note: Add fuel provider inspection requirements DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Area clear of debris or trash No vegetation in area Evidence of leaks Hose/nozzle damage Tanks sumped Filters sumped Filter differential pressure (record) Bonding cable reel operable Fire extinguishers present Signs/placards in place Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.22. Fuel facility daily inspection checklist.
68 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Fuel Facility Monthly Inspection Note: Add fuel provider inspection requirements DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Condition of fence/gates Condition of warning/safety signs Condition of placards on tanks, piping, hoses Check and clean nozzle screens Perform membrane filter test (Jet-A only) Test for anti-icing additive (Jet-A) (should be 0.10â0.15 Vol. %) Perform free water test (15 ppm maximum) Test emergency shutdown system Test deadman control Check bonding cable continuity (should be <25 ohms) Check vents, dome covers, and gaskets Inspect grounding cables and rods Fire extinguishers (pressure in green, seal in place, insp. date) Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.23. Fuel facility monthly inspection checklist.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 69 ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Fuel Facility Semi-Annual/Annual Inspection Note: Add fuel provider inspection requirements DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Semi-annual Check dates on hoses Check cathodic protection Inspect line strainers Inspect water defense systems Test tank high-level controls Annual Replace filter elements Inspect tank interiors Pressure test hoses Have meter calibration checked Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.24. Fuel facility semi-annual/annual inspection checklist.
70 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Refueler Daily Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Vehicle safety inspection Lights operational Evidence of leaks Hoses, swivels, nozzles, dust caps Tank sumped Filter sumped Filter differential pressure (record) Deadman controls Bonding cable, reel, clamps Nozzle pressure Safety interlocks Tank troughs and drains Bottom loading check Fire extinguishers present Signs/placards in place Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.25. Refueler daily inspection checklist (Note: also see vehicle checklist).
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 71 ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Refueler Monthly Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Condition of placards on tank, piping, hoses Check and clean nozzle screens Perform membrane filter test (Jet-A only) Test for anti-icing additive (Jet-A) (should be 0.10â0.15 Vol. %) Perform free water test (15 ppm maximum) Test emergency shutdown system Meter seals Test deadman control Check bonding cable continuity (should be <25 ohms) Check vents, dome covers, and gaskets Fire extinguishers (pressure in green, seal in place, insp. date) Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.26. Refueler monthly inspection checklist (Note: also see vehicle checklist).
72 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Refueler Semi-Annual/Annual Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Semi-annual Check dates on hoses Inspect line strainers Inspect water defense systems Test tank high-level controls Annual Replace filter elements Inspect tank interior Pressure test hoses Have meter calibration checked Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.27. Refueler semi-annual/annual inspection checklist (Note: also see vehicle checklist).
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 73 HANGARS (See checklists in Exhibit 4.28 and 4.29) Components 1. Structural framing â Steel framing is most commonly used today. However, in rare in- stances, wood framing may be used and is commonly found in older hangars. 2. Wall panels â Again, metal panels are the most commonly used material today. Only in rare instances, and usually for decorative reasons, are other materials such as wood or stucco used. 3. Roof system â Depending on the size of the roof and the slope, either metal panels or a built- up roofing material will be used. 4. Doors A. Personnel â In many cases, the hangar does not have a separate door to allow for the entrance of people into the hangar without the need to open the main hangar door. When the hangar does have a separate personnel door, it may be located on an outside wall or be integrated into the main hangar door. B. Overhead â Some older hangars may be configured with a series of overhead doors separated by folding dividers containing the door tracks as the main hangar door. In most cases, however, overhead doors are only found in hangars where there is a separate entrance for vehicles and equipment. C. Sliding â Sliding doors are commonly found in all sizes of hangars. The doors may be manually operated by simply pushing them open and closed or, particularly in the case of larger doors, may be electrically operated. Smaller sliding doors hang on tracks installed on the hangar at the top of the door, while larger sliding doors roll on tracks installed in the pavement at the bottom of the door. Manual sliding doors are among the simplest to maintain. D. Bi-fold â Electrically operated bi-fold doors are a popular option found on many hangars due to their ease of operation. These doors open upward and fold in half as the door opens. They are more maintenance intensive than many other door systems, and some overhead space is lost in the door opening due to the manner in which the door folds open. E. Hydraulic swing â Hydraulic swing doors are operated by an electrically driven hydraulic pump. They are somewhat simpler than a bi-fold door in that they do not fold as they open but swing straight out from the front of the hangar and have fewer moving parts. Their main disadvantage is that there is a fairly large area that must be kept clear in front of the door to prevent the door from hitting anything when it is opened or closed. 5. Windows â Many hangars, particularly T-hangars, have no windows installed in the building at all. When windows are installed, they are commonly found in the main hangar doors. In some cases, windows are avoided as they are perceived as a possible security concern. 6. Skylights â The most common form of skylight found in a hangar is a clear or translucent panel installed in the roof in place of the normal steel panel. Skylights can help to reduce electric bills by providing natural light to the hangar, reducing the need for electric lights to be used in the daytime. 7. Gutters and downspouts â While not routinely found on hangars, gutters and downspouts can reduce the chance of runoff water entering under the main doors of the hangar. In some instances, particularly with T-hangars, the manner in which the hangar doors open prevents the installation of gutters and downspouts. 8. Insulation â Not all hangars are insulated, either because insulation is not required in the climate in which the hangar is located or to save on construction costs. Insulation would, of course, be required in any hangar with an HVAC system.
74 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports 9. Electrical system â Hangar electrical systems may be as simple as a few overhead lights and one or two outlets. The size and intended use of the hangar will drive the requirements for the electrical system. 10. Plumbing system â Plumbing systems are normally only found in larger hangars or those that serve as a base for a business and contain work areas or offices. Care must be taken to ensure that no hazardous materials used in the hangar can find their way into a septic or sewer system. 11. HVAC system â As with plumbing systems, HVAC systems are normally only found in larger hangars or those that support a business. 12. Fire suppression system â The need to install a fire suppression system will depend on the size of the hangar, the intended use of the hangar, and the local fire codes. Tips for Construction 1. Rust and corrosion will drastically shorten the life of a hangar and can lead to major maintenance costs. Therefore, the owner should specify that all metal surfaces be fabricated of corrosion- resistant materials or be protected by a corrosion-resistant coating. 2. Immediately following construction, ensure that all scratches in the protective coating of the walls and roof are touched up to prevent corrosion from occurring. 3. If gutters and downspouts are specified for the building, be sure the water exiting the down- spouts is carried away from the building and does not pond in front of the hangar doors. 4. Locate electrical outlets strategically throughout the hangar to prevent overloading of one outlet or the excessive use of extension cords. 5. Insulating and properly ventilating the hangar will make the building more comfortable, even if there is no HVAC system in the hangar, and will lessen the formation of corrosion-causing condensation in the building. 6. Consult with the local fire marshal to determine if a sprinkler or fire suppression system will be required. 7. There are several choices available for hangar doors. Carefully consider the intended use of the hangar, the tenants, and the revenue potential before making a door selection. Problem Areas 1. In areas of medium to high humidity, rust will quickly form on any damaged or unprotected metal. 2. Overloaded electric circuits are common when there are insufficient outlets or when tenants are permitted to install appliances or equipment such as air compressors in the hangar. 3. Birds and other small animals will attempt to nest in hangars and can damage the hangar, aircraft, and electrical wiring. 4. Improper storage of hazardous chemicals or combustibles may occur if hangars are not inspected regularly. 5. Electrically operated doors can be maintenance intensive. Regular inspections are necessary to prevent major and costly repairsâespecially door motors and cables including limit switches. 6. Hangars that are privately owned and will revert to the ownership of the airport at the end of the lease period should be periodically inspected to determine the overall condition of the building. Owners of private hangars should not be permitted to allow the condition of the building to deteriorate as the end of the lease period approaches. 7. Hangar lease terms should include facility maintenance, and leases should specify how much work airport staff may conduct with aircraft still in the hangar. Avoid the liability of an aircraft being damaged while doing hangar maintenance.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 75 ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Hangar Monthly Inspection HANGAR #: _______________________ DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Area Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Exterior Drainage Vegetation Structural framing Visible damage Rust/corrosion Walls Visible damage Rust/corrosion Dirty/discolored Roof Visible damage or leaks Rust/corrosion Dirty/discolored Condition of skylights Doors and windows Damaged components Proper operation Weather stripping Gutters and downspouts Visible damage Clear of debris Electrical system Lights and outlets operable Extension cords Unauthorized equipment Plumbing Facilities operable Leaks HVAC system Proper operation Filter condition Fire suppression system Clear of obstructions Leaks Fire extinguishers Hazardous materials Unauthorized flammables or chemicals present Storage Unauthorized items Floor Spills/stains Exhibit 4.28. Hangar monthly inspection checklist.
76 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports Exhibit 4.29. Hangar semi-annual inspection checklist. ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Hangar Semi-Annual Inspection HANGAR #: _______________________ DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Area Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Exterior Drainage Vegetation Structural framing Visible damage Rust/corrosion Loose bolts Tension of wind- brace rods/cables Unauthorized modifications to framing Unauthorized loads added to framing Walls Visible damage Rust/corrosion Dirty/discolored Loose fasteners Seams/joints secure Flashings secure Roof Visible damage or leaks Rust/corrosion Dirty/discolored Loose fasteners Deformed panels Sealants cracked or missing Seams/joints secure Flashings secure Condition of skylights Personnel doors and windows Damaged components Rust/corrosion Weather stripping Lubricate hinges and locks Closing devices Proper operation
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 77 Area Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Bi-fold doors Visible damage Rust/corrosion Door alignment Loose fasteners Condition of hinges, rollers, door track Condition of cables/lifting straps Condition of cable drum, sheaves, cable clamps Check cable/lifting strap tension Check belt and chain tension and alignment Lubricate electric motor, hinges, sheaves, chains, rollers, drum bearings Inspect gear box and add oil as necessary Check safety switches/devices Check proper operation of door Locking devices condition/operation Refer to manufacturerâs manual for additional PM requirements Sliding doors Visible damage Rust/corrosion Door alignment Loose fasteners Condition of wheels/rollers Lubricate wheels/rollers Locking devices condition/operation Exhibit 4.29. (Continued). (continued on next page)
78 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports Area Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Overhead doors Visible damage Rust/corrosion Door alignment Loose fasteners Track condition Condition of hinges, cables, springs, and rollers Lubricate hinges and rollers Check proper operation of door Locking devices condition/operation Refer to manufacturerâs manual for additional PM requirements Hydraulic swing doors Visible damage Rust/corrosion Door alignment Loose fasteners Condition of hinges, hoses, hydraulic lines Check hydraulic lines and lift cylinders for leaks Lubricate electric motor, hinges, actuator attachment points Check hydraulic fluid reservoir and add fluid as necessary Check safety switches/devices Check proper operation of door Locking devices condition/operation Refer to manufacturerâs manual for additional PM requirements Exhibit 4.29. (Continued).
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 79 Area Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Gutters and downspouts Visible damage Clear of debris Electrical system Electrical fixtures and wiring in good condition Lights and outlets operable Extension cords Unauthorized modifications or equipment Plumbing Facilities operable Leaks HVAC system Proper operation Filter condition Clean vents Refer to manufacturerâs manual for additional PM requirements Fire suppression system Clear of obstructions Leaks Fire extinguishers charged, current inspection date Hazardous materials Unauthorized flammables or chemicals present Flammable liquids properly stored Chemicals properly stored Storage Unauthorized items Floor Spills/stains Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.29. (Continued).
80 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports LANDSIDE INFRASTRUCTURE (See checklists in Exhibit 4.30 through 4.33) Components 1. Access roads. These include the main entrance road to the airport and any circulation roads located outside the security fence of the airport. 2. Parking lots. All parking lots, whether for the general public or reserved for airport employees. 3. Lighting systems. These are usually in the form of light poles located along access roads or in parking lots. 4. Guidance signs. Signs located along access roads directing the public to parking lots or the terminal facilities. 5. Security systems. Other than the security addressed in the fencing and gates and building checklists, this would include any outdoor security cameras that may be located at the airport. Tips for Construction 1. If pavement is not properly constructed, then no amount of PM will make up for its deficiencies. The pavement must be properly designed for the traffic and conditions that are anticipated or its expected life will be drastically reduced. 2. When installing or replacing light poles, consideration should be given to the use of tip-down poles to facilitate bulb replacement and regular PM. 3. Install bird protection/deterrents such as spikes on top of light and camera poles to deter landing and nesting. Problem Areas 1. The pavement condition of access roads and parking lots is frequently overlooked as the airport focuses on airfield pavements. Repairing these pavements can be nearly as expensive as repairing airfield pavements, and PM of these pavements should not be ignored. 2. Lights and signs along roads and in parking lots are prone to being damaged by vehicles. Inspections for obvious damage should be done any time an airport employee is in the area. 3. Due to the nature of road and parking lot lights (mounted on tall poles), the use of a bucket truck to conduct PM may be required. This frequently results in PM being deferred until bulb replacement is required. 4. Due to the costs associated with using a bucket truck to perform PM on light poles and lights, it may be more cost-effective to replace all the bulbs at the same time and on a fixed schedule. 5. Outdoor lights and security cameras provide nesting places for birds and insects. Check for the presence of spiders and wasps before handling equipment.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 81 ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Access Road and Parking Lot Pavement Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Monthly Inspect pavement for cracks or other signs of deterioration Inspect markings for fading and deterioration Annually Conduct formal pavement evaluation (1) Seal cracks as required Seal coat pavement if required Repaint faded or missing markings (1) See information on airfield pavement. Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.30. Access road and parking lot pavement inspection checklist.
82 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Landside Lighting System Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Annually Inspect pole foundations for cracks/deterioration Inspect anchor bolts and nuts, leveling nuts, and washers Inspect base plates for cracks/corrosion Remove access plates and inspect wiring connections and inside of poles for moisture Inspect poles for cracks and corrosion Clean lenses Inspect light fixtures for corrosion Replace bulbs Test photo sensors Check timers for proper operation Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.31. Landside lighting system inspection checklist.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 83 ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Landside Wayfinding Sign Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Monthly Inspect for visible damage Annually Inspect sign foundation for cracks/deterioration Inspect anchor bolts and nuts, leveling nuts, and washers Inspect base plates for cracks/corrosion Inspect sign poles and framework for cracks and corrosion Clean sign panels Clean lights Replace bulbs Test photo sensors Check light timers for proper operation Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.32. Landside wayfinding sign inspection checklist.
84 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Security Camera Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Weekly Perform a file back-up of video recorded Monthly Check camera for proper operation, focus, camera view, and quality of picture Clean recording device and check operation of fan Quarterly Remove any items obstructing camera view Clean camera dome or protective lens Inspect inside camera housing for dust and insects; clean as necessary Inspect wires and connectors Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.33. Security camera inspection checklist.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 85 MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT (See checklists in Exhibit 4.34 through 4.36) Components 1. Mowers. Airports use a variety of mowers to maintain the turf areas of the airport. These may range from small riding mowers for landscaped areas to large, bush-hog types of mowers that are pulled behind a tractor or multiuse vehicle to maintain the safety areas of the airport. 2. Snow removal equipment. Depending on the size of the airport and the amount of annual snowfall, this equipment may range from a small, 8-foot plow mounted on a pickup truck to a 30-foot plow, power broom, or snowblower mounted on a vehicle specifically designed for snow removal. 3. Tractors. Tractors are used for a variety of purposes, the most common being to pull large mowers. Tractors may also be equipped with hydraulic buckets for moving dirt or with snowplows. 4. Front-end loaders. Front-end loaders are frequently used as part of the snow removal process or for moving dirt and other materials. Tips for Purchase 1. In selecting any piece of equipment for the airport, it is important to match the equipment to the job it will be expected to perform. Purchasing undersized or underpowered equipment may result in premature failure of the equipment and increased repair costs. 2. Some airports elect to purchase used equipment through auctions or through government resale activities. Care must be taken to ensure that equipment has been properly maintained and is not at or near the end of its useful life. 3. Any purchase agreement for new equipment should include training for maintenance personnel in the operation and routine maintenance of the equipment. Complete operations manuals and maintenance manuals should accompany the equipment and be kept at the airport regardless of who will be maintaining the equipment. 4. Consider all funding sources, such as state and federal grants. 5. Consider purchase of cab-enclosed equipment when the operator must monitor the radio. Problem Areas 1. Personnel who are operating an unfamiliar piece of equipment or operate the equipment without performing any inspection prior to using the equipment are among the leading causes of damage to equipment. 2. Snowplows that are allowed to ride directly on the pavement surface can damage airfield markings, in-pavement lights, and pavement high points such as crowns. To preserve the markings and pavement, it is recommended that plows be equipped with wheels that raise the blade slightly above the pavement surface. This will also preserve the life of the plow blade. 3. Sharpening mower blades, particularly on large mowers, may be difficult and time-consuming; however, sharp blades reduce the wear on the drive shafts, universal joints, and bearings of the mower and help to extend the overall life of the mower. 4. In areas that are infrequently cut and where the vegetation has grown high, care must be taken to ensure that the mower does not run over objects that may damage the blades or the mower itself. 5. Runway and taxiway lights should be turned on during snow plowing operations to assist the drivers in seeing the lights and to prevent damage to them. Keep in mind that when plowing along the edge of a runway or taxiway, the weight of the snow being discharged from the plow may be sufficient to break frangible fittings on lights. 6. Allowing equipment to become overly dirty may hide leaks or other signs of needed repairs.
86 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Mower Daily Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Visible damage to mower Safety shields in place Evidence of fluid leaks Fluid levels (engine, transmission, gear boxes) All fittings greased (universal joints, wheel bearings, steering assembly) Blades sharp and not bent Hydraulic hoses not damaged All lights (hazard, warning) operating Tire condition Brake check Weekly, monthly, semi-annual, and annual inspections/maintenance will be specific to the type and manufacturer of the mower. Refer to the ownerâs and maintenance manuals for instructions. Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.34. Mower daily inspection checklist (Note: also see vehicle checklist).
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 87 ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Snow Removal Equipment Daily Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Visible damage to equipment Safety shields in place Evidence of fluid leaks Fluid levels (engine, transmission, gear boxes) All fittings lubricated Hydraulic hoses not damaged Condition of plow blade Condition of broom Snowblower discharge unobstructed Snowblower auger condition Snowblower impeller condition All lights (hazard, warning) operating Tire condition Weekly, monthly, semi-annual, and annual inspections/maintenance will be specific to the type and manufacturer of the equipment. Refer to the ownerâs and maintenance manuals for instructions. Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.35. Snow removal equipment daily inspection checklist (Note: also see vehicle checklist).
88 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Powered Equipment (Trucks, Loaders, etc.) Daily Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Visible damage Evidence of leaks Oil level Transmission fluid level Coolant level Hydraulic fluid level Belts and hoses Filters Lubricate per manufacturerâs recommendations Battery and connections Lug nuts Tire condition and pressure Lights, lenses, and reflectors Brake check Warning lights and gauges Windows and mirrors Weekly, monthly, semi-annual, and annual inspections/maintenance will be specific to the type and manufacturer of the equipment. Refer to the ownerâs and maintenance manuals for instructions. Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.36. Powered equipment daily inspection checklist (Note: also see vehicle checklist).
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 89 MAINTENANCE AND EQUIPMENT STORAGE BUILDINGS Buildings that are designated for equipment storage or for performing maintenance on equip- ment vary widely in their configuration and construction. Some are used simply for storage and are constructed similar to aircraft hangars, while others may have finished interiors and contain offices, restrooms, and, possibly, sleeping areas. The PM performed on these buildings will depend on the type of construction of the building and the facilities housed in the building. For this reason, a checklist that would be applicable to this group of buildings would be excessively long and would involve extensive editing by airport managers to fit the particular circumstances at their airports. It is suggested instead that airport managers use either the terminals and administrative buildings checklists or the hangar check- lists and adapt them to fit the particular type of construction that exists for their maintenance and equipment storage buildings. OBSTRUCTIONS TO IMAGINARY SURFACES (See checklist in Exhibit 4.37) Components (Federal Aviation Regulations Part 77 Imaginary Surfaces) 1. Primary surface. A surface that overlays the runway at the elevation of the runway centerline. The width of the primary surface is dependent on the classification of the runway and the type of approach (visual, non-precision, precision) that exists to the runway. The primary surface extends 200 feet beyond each end of the runway. 2. Transitional surface. Extends outward from the sides of the primary surface at a 7:1 (seven horizontal to one vertical) slope until reaching 150 feet above the established airport elevation. Also extends outward from the edges of the approach surface at a 7:1 slope for a distance of 5,000 feet. 3. Horizontal surface. A flat surface located 150 feet above the established airport elevation and centered on the runway. The radius of the surface from the runway ends is either 5,000 feet or 10,000 feet, depending on the classification of the runway. 4. Conical surface. Extends outward from the edges of the horizontal surface at a 20:1 slope for a distance of 4,000 feet. 5. Approach surface. A trapezoidal surface that is centered on the runway and extends outward from the edge of the primary surface. The slope, width, and length of the approach surface are dependent on the classification of the runway and the type of approach (visual, non-precision, precision) that exists to the runway. Tips for Construction 1. Imaginary surfaces are not constructed, per se, but automatically come into existence anytime a runway is constructed. However, any construction that takes place at or in the vicinity of an airport must take into consideration the existence of these surfaces and be planned so as to not penetrate any of the surfaces. 2. For safety reasons, airports are encouraged to request that the locality in which they are located adopt zoning regulations that protect these surfaces and prevent construction of buildings, towers, and so forth that may penetrate the surfaces. 3. Imaginary surfaces may change without airfield improvements. Review and consider all changes to runway-specific instrument approach procedures, including impacts to imaginary surfaces and the resulting additional approach clearing requirements or property acquisition.
90 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports Problem Areas 1. Trees on airport property or adjacent land may eventually grow to a height where they penetrate one of the imaginary surfaces. Airports are encouraged to pursue easements on adjacent property that allow the airport to remove or trim trees that are in danger of penetrating an imaginary surface. 2. Localities that do not have zoning regulations protecting these surfaces may issue building permits that allow the construction of a building or tower that penetrates one of these surfaces. Agencies responsible for the issuance of building permits must be aware of the need for a building permit applicant to submit a Form 7460-1 to the FAA anytime construction is proposed that is in reasonable proximity to an airport. The building permit should not be issued until the FAA has reviewed Form 7460-1 and made a determination as to whether the construction would create an obstruction to the airport or constitute a hazard to air navigation. 3. The daily airport inspection should include observation of possible unregistered cranes or off-airport construction that might affect airport operations or require a Notice to Airmen. 4. Growth-control chemicals may require a license for spraying. ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Imaginary Surface Semi-Annual Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Area Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Airport Property Review latest obstruction survey Remove trees or vegetation of a height within 10 feet of imaginary surface Check condition of obstruction lights on buildings/towers Property Adjacent to Airport Remove trees or vegetation of a height within 10 feet of imaginary surface Unexpected cranes or construction Check condition of obstruction lights on buildings/towers Discuss proposed development in vicinity of airport with local officials Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.37. Imaginary surface semi-annual inspection checklist.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 91 TERMINALS AND ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDINGS (See checklists in Exhibit 4.38 and 4.39) Components 1. Structural framing. Steel framing is most commonly used; however, wood framing may also be used. 2. Walls. There are a wide variety of materials used for exterior walls. Interior walls are normally painted drywall. 3. Roof system. There are a variety of roofing materials that may be used. The most common are shingles, metal panels, and a built-up roofing material. 4. Doors. Electrically operated doors are commonly used as entrance doors to buildings due to the volume of people using them. Most interior doors are of the normal, single-swing type. 5. Windows. In older buildings, windows that are able to be opened are quite common. In newer buildings, windows are usually unable to be opened because of the HVAC requirements of the building. 6. Skylights. It is common to find skylights installed in terminals and administrative build- ings, particularly in lounge areas. Skylights can help reduce electric bills by providing natural light to the building and reducing the need for electric lights to be used in the daytime. 7. Gutters and downspouts. Gutters and downspouts can reduce the chance of runoff water entering the building. In addition, gutters can direct runoff water from the roof away from the entrances of the building and make it more comfortable for people to enter the building. 8. Insulation. The amount and type of insulation used in the building is highly dependent on the climate in which the building is located and the type of HVAC system installed in the building. 9. Electrical system. The capacity of the electrical system will depend on the size of the building and the type of equipment to be installed in it. Conveyors, baggage handling systems, and any stores or restaurants in the building will significantly increase the required capacity of the electrical system. 10. Plumbing system. As with electrical systems, the capacity of the plumbing system is highly dependent on the size of the building and the type of facilities located in it. 11. HVAC system. A buildingâs HVAC system is a major user of energy and needs to be properly sized for the building and properly maintained throughout its life. 12. Fire suppression system. The need to install a fire suppression system will depend on the size of the building and the local fire codes. 13. Security system. The complexity of the security system will depend on the use of the build- ing and the need to control access to certain areas of the airport, such as to the area used by commercial airlines. The security system may also serve to automatically notify fire officials in the event of a fire in the building. Tips for Construction 1. Rust and corrosion will drastically shorten the life of a building and can lead to major main- tenance costs. Therefore, the owner should specify that all metal surfaces be fabricated of corrosion-resistant materials or be protected by a corrosion-resistant coating. 2. If gutters and downspouts are specified for the building, be sure the water exiting the down- spouts is carried away from the building and does not pond in front of entrance doors. 3. Consult with the local fire marshal to determine if a sprinkler or fire suppression system will be required.
92 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports 4. Consider the use of green materials in the construction of the building, but keep in mind that green materials may increase its cost. 5. Architectural features enhance the beauty of a building but may also significantly increase its cost. 6. Before designing a new terminal building, visit other newer terminals of approximately the same size that is envisioned. Speak with the airport managers about what they like in their building and what they would change. 7. Consider the future development that is planned for the airport when designing a terminal building and if any of that development will have an impact on the size of the terminal building needed in the near future. 8. Do not underestimate the amount of storage space that will be required in the building. Problem Areas 1. Overloaded electric circuits are common if there are insufficient outlets or if tenants are permitted to install appliances or equipment that was not foreseen when the building was constructed. 2. Electrically operated doors can be maintenance intensive. Regular inspections are necessary to prevent major and costly repairs. 3. HVAC systems that are not properly sized or load balanced will result in higher than expected power bills and uneven heating or cooling of the building.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 93 ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Terminal/Administrative Building Monthly Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Area Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Exterior Visible damage Drainage Condition of exterior walls Roof Visible damage or leaks Rust/corrosion Dirty/discolored Condition of skylights Gutters and downspouts Visible damage Clear of debris Interior walls Visible damage Dirty/discolored Doors and windows Damaged components Proper operation Weather stripping Electrical system Lights and outlets operable Extension cords Overloaded circuits Plumbing Facilities operable Leaks HVAC system (1) Proper operation Filter condition Perform recommended maintenance Storage areas Unauthorized items Overcrowded Floor Spills/stains Damaged carpet/tile Fire suppression system Clear of obstructions Leaks Fire extinguishers (date and pressure) Security system Check for proper operation of all modes (1) HVAC systems are often maintained through a contract and should be maintained per the manufacturer guidelines. Some basic maintenance steps for small systems are included with the semi-annual checklist. Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.38. Terminal/administrative building monthly inspection checklist.
94 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Terminal/Administrative Building Semi-Annual Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Area Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Exterior Condition of landscaping Lights and signs Roof Condition of shingles Loose fasteners Deformed panels Sealants cracked or missing Seams/joints secure Flashings secure Condition of skylights Gutters and downspouts Visible damage Clear of debris Loose hardware Interior walls Repair minor damage Touch up paint Doors and windows Rust/corrosion Lubricate hinges and locks Closing devices Test emergency operation of electric doors Electrical system Electrical fixtures and wiring in good condition Unauthorized modifications or equipment Plumbing Damaged fixtures Repair caulking HVAC system (1) Clean vents Refer to manufacturerâs manual for additional PM requirements Storage areas Inventory stored material Dispose of unused material Floor Evidence of wear in carpet/tile Fire suppression system Refer to manufacturerâs manual for additional PM requirements Fire extinguishers (inspection and certification) Security system Perform system test with monitoring company Exhibit 4.39. Terminal/administrative building semi-annual inspection checklist.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 95 Area Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # HVAC â outdoor units Inspect unit for proper refrigerant Clean dirt, leaves, and debris from inside cabinet Remove any obstructions from base-pan drain opening Inspect, clean coil and cabinet Inspect fan motor and blades for wear/damage; lube older models Inspect control box, controls, wiring, and connections Inspect compressor and associated tubing for damage HVAC â indoor units Inspect, clean blower assembly Older models â lube motor; inspect/ beltreplace fan Check combustion blower housing for lint/debris Inspect evaporator coil, drain pan, condensate lines Inspect for gas leaks Inspect burner assembly; clean/ adjust if needed Inspect ignition assembly; clean/ adjust if needed Inspect heat exchanger or heating elements Inspect flue system; check for proper attachment Inspect control box, controls, wiring, and connections Listen for abnormal noises during operation Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Clean or replace filters Monitor system start (1) HVAC systems are often maintained through a contract and should be maintained per the manufacturer guidelines. Some basic maintenance steps for small systems include: Exhibit 4.39. (Continued).
96 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports TURF AND SAFETY AREAS (See checklists in Exhibit 4.40 through 4.42) Components 1. Runway safety area (RSA). A surface surrounding the runway that is suitable for reducing the risk of damage to airplanes in the event of an undershoot, overshoot, or excursion from the runway. The size of the safety area varies depending on the classification of the runway and the type of approach available to it. The area must be cleared and graded, capable of supporting the weight of an aircraft, and free of objects except for those required to be in the area because of their function. 2. Runway/taxiway object free areas (OFAs). A surface surrounding the runway that is centered on the runway centerline. The area is intended to enhance safety by providing an area free of objects except for those that must be located within the area due to their function. The OFA is larger than the runway safety area in most cases, and its exact size is dependent on the classifica- tion of the runway. 3. Runway protection zone (RPZ). A trapezoidal-shaped area centered on the runway and beginning 200 feet beyond the runwayâs end. The size of the RPZ depends on the type of approach available to the runway. The purpose of the RPZ is to enhance the protection of people and property on the ground. 4. Other turf areas. Many airports choose to maintain the areas outside of the safety areas as turf areas for various reasons, such as to enhance security or to limit the attraction of wildlife. 5. Irrigation systems. Irrigation systems are normally only found in those areas of an airport that are landscaped in such a manner as to provide an attractive appearance, such as along access roads or in the vicinity of the terminal building. 6. Some airports have turf runways or taxiways. These surfaces have different maintenance requirements than other turf areas at an airport. Tips for Construction 1. Like Part 77 imaginary surfaces, safety areas automatically come into existence anytime a runway is constructed. Safety areas must be constructed (graded) to meet FAA specifications. To prevent erosion, the growth of vegetation in safety areas is encouraged. The seed mixture for safety areas should be designed to match the environmental conditions for the area in which the airport is located. 2. Irrigation systems should be matched to the area to be irrigated. Sprinkler heads should effec- tively cover the area without spraying on streets, sidewalks, and so forth to avoid wasting water. 3. All irrigation systems should have back-flow prevention devices installed to prevent the con- tamination of water in the main supply lines. Back-flow prevention devices may only be tested or repaired by personnel licensed to do so. 4. Drains should be installed in irrigation piping to allow the system to be completely drained at the end of the irrigation season. Problem Areas 1. The length of the grass or other vegetation in turf or safety areas must be carefully managed. It must be tall enough to discourage birds from using the area as a resting site, but short enough so as not to provide a nesting area for small animals, which could attract larger predators. 2. Some airports, in an attempt to increase income for the airport, have leased excess land to farmers for the raising of crops. Extreme care must be taken to ensure that the crops do not attract wildlife to the vicinity of the airport. Avoid crops in safety areas. Also, improper control of crops or vegetation can affect the use of airport infrastructure, such as by blocking the approach lighting equipment.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 97 ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Turf and Safety Area Monthly Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Check height of vegetation Free of obstructions Remove debris in area Wildlife attractants present Evidence of animals nesting Erosion Drainage structures clear Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.40. Turf and safety area monthly inspection checklist.
98 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Irrigation System Start-Up/Shutdown Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Season Start-Up Turn on main water supply Inspect controller and set time and date Check all wire connections Replace controller back-up battery Replace filters or clean screens Verify operation of each zone Clear growth from around each head Repair broken/clogged heads Heads spraying in proper direction Check for leaks Shutdown/Winterization Turn off main water supply Turn off controller Drain irrigation pipes Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.41. Irrigation system start-up/shutdown inspection checklist.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 99 ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Irrigation System Monthly Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Controller programmed for appropriate season Verify operation of each zone Clear growth from around each head Repair broken/clogged heads Heads spraying in proper direction Heads buried or standing up too high Blocked spray pattern Spraying streets or sidewalks Water spraying in fine mist (too much pressure) Check for leaks Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.42. Irrigation system monthly inspection checklist.
100 Preventive Maintenance at General Aviation Airports VEHICLES (See checklist in Exhibit 4.43) Components 1. Automobiles. May be used for the transportation of airport employees or may be the airport courtesy car that is lent out to visiting pilots for short periods of time. 2. Pickup trucks. Probably the most commonly found vehicle at a general aviation airport. They are used for a variety of duties because of their versatility. 3. Dump trucks. Commonly used in snow removal operations and for the hauling of heavy materials. 4. All-terrain vehicles. Usually found with a small hauling bed on the rear of the vehicle. Eco- nomic and versatile and used mainly for light maintenance work. Tips for Purchase 1. Some airports elect to purchase used vehicles through auctions or through government surplus activities. Care must be taken to ensure that the vehicle has been properly maintained and is not at or near the end of its useful life. Courtesy cars are frequently purchased in this manner. 2. Check with the city, county, or state that owns the airport to determine if it has any negotiated purchase agreements for new vehicles. 3. When purchasing large trucks, ensure that the purchase agreement includes training person- nel in their operation. Problem Areas 1. Vehicle operators must be instructed to inspect the vehicle each day prior to its operation. This task is frequently ignored due to the operatorâs familiarity with the vehicle. 2. Vehicles that are used by several different operators may go past their required maintenance intervals if no one is assigned responsibility for the vehicle. 3. Larger, specialized vehicles (e.g., dump trucks) may sit for long periods of time without use. Driving the vehicle on a regular basis will help to prolong the life of the vehicle and maintain hoses, seals, batteries, and so forth.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures 101 ANYTOWN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT Vehicle Daily/Monthly Inspection DATE: ________________________________ â Satisfactory INSPECTOR: __________________________ X Unsatisfactory Item â Remarks Action Taken or Work Order # Daily Inspection Visible damage Evidence of leaks Tire condition and pressure Lights, lenses, and reflectors Brake check Warning lights and gauges Turn signals and horn Windows and mirrors Windshield wipers/washers Monthly Inspection Oil level Coolant level Transmission fluid level Windshield-wiper fluid level Filters Belts and hoses Battery and connections Lug nuts Periodic inspections/maintenance (oil changes, etc.) will be specific to the type and manufacturer of the vehicle. Refer to the ownerâs and maintenance manuals for instructions. Additional comments/remarks: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Exhibit 4.43. Vehicle daily/monthly inspection checklist.
