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Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime (2016)

Chapter: Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
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– C –

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Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime

C.1 SEARCH GROUP ATTRIBUTE-BASED CRIME CLASSIFICATION, 1976

See Section 4.1.2 for discussion. This code list is adapted from the “final” code list reported in SEARCH Group, Inc. (1976: Appendix A, Figure 3).

GENERAL DATA (completed for all reports)

A1 Incident number

A2 Type of report

A3 Time

A4 Offense agent

  1. No identifiable victim
  2. No offense (suspicious occurrence, missing person, etc.)
  3. Other (residence, household, business, etc.)
  4. Persons
  5. Persons and other
  6. Any other combination of above

A5 Number of person victims

A6 Number of other victims

A7 Apparent motivation of perpetrator

  1. Unknown
  2. Accidental
  3. Destruction of property
  4. Disagreement between parties
  5. Escape
  6. Financial gain by confrontation
  7. Financial gain by deception
  8. Financial gain by stealth
  9. Injury of victim
  10. Self-protection
  11. Sexual gratification
  12. Traffic related
  13. Other

A8 Perpetrator’s presence

  1. Unknown
  2. Lawful
  3. Lawful, gained by misrepresentation
  4. Lawful, suspicious circumstances
  5. Unlawful, no forced entry
  6. Unlawful, concealment
  7. Unlawful, attempted force entry
  8. Unlawful, forced entry

A9 Number of perpetrators

A10 Location

  1. Unknown
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
×
  1. Any motorized vehicle (other than interstate shipment)
  2. Coin-operated machine
  3. Government building
  4. Interstate shipment
  5. Office building
  6. Other occupied building or structure
  7. Other unoccupied building or structure
  8. Other commercial building
  9. Outbuilding (unoccupied, garage, shed, etc.)
  10. Park, playgrounds
  11. Parking lot
  12. Posted location (e.g., “No Trespassing”, “No Admitting”)
  13. Property of U.S. Postal Service
  14. Public place
  15. Public transportation vehicle
  16. Residence
  17. Retail sales establishment
  18. School
  19. Street, alley, or highway
  20. Temporary residence
  21. U.S. government reservation
  22. Yards

PROPERTY DATA (for all incidents involving property)

B1 Property/services involved

  1. Not applicable
  2. Aircraft
  3. Automobile
  4. Bicycle
  5. Bus or truck
  6. Cash or negotiable instruments
  7. Credit cards
  8. Document
  9. Dog
  10. Electrical services
  11. Gas services (utility)
  12. Goods or merchandise (exposed for sale)
  13. Goods or merchandise (other)
  14. Livestock (excluding pets)
  15. Office equipment
  16. Other property
  17. Other services
  18. Mails
  19. Medical supplies
  20. Parts (motor vehicle) and accessories
  21. Personal property
  22. Personal services
  23. Pets (other)
  24. Property (from coin-operated device)
  25. Public property
  26. Purse and contents
  27. Telephone/telegraph service
  28. Train or roadbed
  29. Vehicle (other than above)
  30. Venerated object (monument, church, grave, flag, etc.)
  31. Wallet and contents
  32. Unknown

B2 Type of property loss

  1. Not applicable
  2. Damage to location
  3. Damage to property
  4. Theft of property or services
  5. Damage to location, theft of property
  6. Damage to location and property
  7. Location and property destroyed

B3 Value of property lost or damaged

B4 Value of property recovered

B5 Perpetrator’s actions against property

  1. Altered
  2. Bombed
  3. Broken
  4. Burned
  5. Damaged
  6. Defaced
  7. Destroyed
  8. Disfigured
  9. Marked
  10. Maimed
  11. Misapplied
  12. Misappropriated
  13. Painted
  14. Poisoned
  15. Shot at with firearm
  16. Slaughtered animals
  17. Stripped, vehicles
  18. Taken with consent
  19. Taken by deception
  20. Taken without consent
  21. Taken after being misplaced
  22. Tampered with
  23. Threats to bomb
  24. Threats to burn
  25. Torn
  26. Wrecked (train)

NON-PERSON VICTIM DATA

C1 Type of non-person victim

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
×
  1. Not applicable
  2. Commercial transportation
  3. Financial institution
  4. Government agency
  5. Public utility
  6. Residence or household
  7. Retail business establishment (including restaurants, etc.)
  8. Other business establishment

C2 Type of implement used

  1. Not applicable
  2. Caustic or other chemical
  3. Cutting torch
  4. Explosive device
  5. Gun
  6. Incendiary device
  7. Knife or other cutting instrument
  8. Vehicle
  9. Other item used to force entry or damage
  10. Altered/forged document or article
  11. Counterfeited document
  12. Credit cards
  13. False representation (confidence game)
  14. False representation (other)
  15. Unauthorized use of valid document
  16. Worthless documents (i.e., bad checks)

C3 Perpetrator actions against non-person victim

  1. Not applicable
  2. See category B
  3. Deceived
  4. Defrauded
  5. Embezzled
  6. Endangered due to reckless act
  7. Stolen, trade secrets

PERPETRATOR DATA

D1 Age

D2 Sex

D3 Perpetrator status

  1. Unknown and at large
  2. Identified and at large
  3. Identified, no arrest
  4. Cited
  5. Arrested
  6. Deceased
  7. Deceased, justifiable
  8. Deceased, excusable
  9. Deceased, suicide

D4 Special cases (i.e., aggravating conditions)

D5 Perpetrator’s actions and/or attempts (other than against victim or property)

  1. Aiding (suicide)
  2. Arguing
  3. Betting
  4. Bigamy
  5. Bribery
  6. Buying
  7. Carrying
  8. Causing (suicide)
  9. Coercion of public servant
  10. Completing (credit cards, documents)
  11. Concealing
  12. Conspiring to commit unlawful act
  13. Contribute to delinquency of a minor
  14. Copulating (mutual consent)
  15. Copulating (oral, mutual consent)
  16. Counterfeiting
  17. Cultivating
  18. Discharging (weapon)
  19. Disturbing the peace
  20. Distributing obscene material
  21. Displaying (weapon)
  22. Driving under influence
  23. Dueling
  24. Dumping
  25. Engaging (other sex acts, consent)
  26. Escaping from custody
  27. Exposing (genitals, anus)
  28. Failing to appear, i.e., to disperse
  29. Failing to obey lawful order
  30. False reports
  31. Furnishing to minors
  32. Fighting
  33. Growing
  34. Harboring fugitive
  35. Impersonating
  36. Influencing by improper means
  37. Interfering with lawful custody of child
  38. Interfering with police or fire
  39. Keeping (house of prostitution)
  40. Leasing (firearms)
  41. Licensing
  42. Loitering
  43. Making
  44. Manufacturing
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
×
  1. Obstructing use
  2. Operating gambling house
  3. Pandering
  4. Peeping (through windows)
  5. Perjuring
  6. Playing, gambling
  7. Permitting escape
  8. Possessing
  9. Possessing for sale
  10. Procuring females for prostitution
  11. Producing
  12. Quarreling
  13. Receiving
  14. Resisting arrest
  15. Rigging contest
  16. Rioting, seven or more persons
  17. Securing
  18. Selling
  19. Smuggling
  20. Soliciting (prostitution, male/female)
  21. Tampering (evidence or government records)
  22. Tampering with witness
  23. Transporting females (other)
  24. Trespassing
  25. Using
  26. Uttering worthless document
  27. Under influence of
  28. Withholding official action

D6 Unlawful property/intoxicants [(only applicable to some offenses)]

  1. Alcohol
  2. Altered/forged/counterfeited documents/articles
  3. Burglary tools
  4. Commission of felony offense (with soliciting or conspiring only)
  5. Counterfeiting apparatus
  6. Deadly weapon (penal institution)
  7. Distillery or brewing apparatus
  8. Escape materials (penal institution)
  9. Governmental record
  10. Illegal weapons
  11. Leased property
  12. Loaded firearms
  13. Marijuana
  14. Narcotics paraphernalia
  15. Obscene material to/with minors
  16. Other controlled substances, drugs
  17. Other unlawful property
  18. Physical evidence
  19. Property used as security for credit or loan
  20. Stolen property
  21. Weapon

PERSON VICTIM DATA

E1 Victim age (years)

E2 Victim sex

E3 Victim involvement

  1. Deceased
  2. Suicide
  3. Serious injury
  4. Minor injury
  5. Sexual assault without injury
  6. Mental anguish/fear
  7. Present and aware, no fear
  8. Present and unaware
  9. Not present

E4 Special cases (aggravating circumstances, e.g., peace officer)

E5 Victim/perpetrator relationship

  1. Relationship unknown
  2. Spouse
  3. Family
  4. Non-family, social companions
  5. Non-family, acquainted
  6. Non-family, not acquainted
  7. Same person

E6 Extent/type force used against person victim

  1. No force or deception
  2. Deception
  3. Negligence
  4. Threat to use force without weapon (hands, feet, etc.)
  5. Force without weapon (hands, feet, etc.)
  6. Weapon threatened, not seen by victim
  7. Weapon scene, no verbal threat to use
  8. Weapon seen and threatened
  9. Weapon used

E7 Perpetrator’s actions against person victim

  1. Abandoned
  2. Abducted
  3. Abused
  4. Annoyed
  5. Assaulted with intent to murder
  6. Attacked
  7. Confined
  8. Deceived
  9. Denied civil rights
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
×
  1. Defrauded
  2. Deserted
  3. Detained
  4. Disfigured
  5. Drugged (administered by perpetrator)
  6. Endangered due to reckless act
  7. Harassed (by obscene telephone calls or repetitious calls at unreasonable times)
  8. Kidnapped
  9. Killed
  10. Molested
  11. Offended
  12. Raped (victim male or female, penetration of vagina or anus)
  13. Restrained
  14. Sexual liberties
  15. Sexual acts (forced to perform)
  16. Threatened, physical harm, victim
  17. Threatened, physical harm, another
  18. Threatened, embarrassment
  19. Threatened, financial loss
  20. Transported
  21. Unsupported (non-support)

C.2 AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND

See Section 4.1.3 for description of the development of ANZSOC.

01 Homicide and Related Offences

011 0111 Murder

012 0121 Attempted murder

013 Manslaughter and driving causing death

0131 Manslaughter

0132 Driving causing death

02 Acts Intended to Cause Injury

021 Assault

0211 Serious assault resulting in injury

0212 Serious assault not resulting in injury

0213 Common assault

029 0299 Other acts intended to cause injury, not elsewhere classified

03 Sexual Assault and Related Offenses

031 Sexual assault

0311 Aggravated sexual assault

0312 Non-aggravated sexual assault

032 Non-assaultive sexual offences

0321 Non-assaultive sexual offences against a child

0322 Child pornography offences

0323 Sexual servitude offences

0329 Non-assaultive sexual offences, not elsewhere classified

04 Dangerous or Negligent Acts Endangering Persons

041 Dangerous or negligent operation of a vehicle

0411 Driving under the influence of alcohol or other substance

0412 Dangerous or negligent operation (driving) of a vehicle

049 Other dangerous or negligent acts endangering persons

0491 Neglect or ill-treatment of persons under care

0499 Other dangerous or negligent acts endangering persons, not elsewhere classified

05 Abduction, Harassment and Other Offenses against the Person

051 0511 Abduction and kidnapping

052 0521 Deprivation of liberty/false imprisonment

053 Harassment and threatening behaviour

0531 Harassment and private nuisance

0532 Threatening behaviour

06 Robbery, Extortion and Related Offences

061 Robbery

0611 Aggravated robbery

0612 Non-aggravated robbery

062 0621 Blackmail and extortion

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
×

07 Unlawful Entry with Intent/Burglary, Break and Enter

071 0711 Unlawful entry with intent/burglary, break and enter

08 Theft and Related Offences

081 Motor vehicle theft and related offences

0811 Theft of a motor vehicle

0812 Illegal use of a motor vehicle

0813 Theft of motor vehicle parts or contents

082 Theft (except motor vehicles)

0821 Theft from a person (excluding by force)

0822 Theft of intellectual property

0823 Theft from retail premises

0829 Theft (except motor vehicles), not elsewhere classified

083 0831 Receive or handle proceeds of crime

084 0841 Illegal use of property (except motor vehicles)

09 Fraud, Deception and Related Offences

091 0911 Obtain benefit by deception

092 Forgery and counterfeiting

0921 Counterfeiting of currency

0922 Forgery of documents

0923 Possess equipment to make false/illegal instrument

093 Deceptive business/government practices

0931 Fraudulent trade practices

0932 Misrepresentation of professional status

0933 Illegal non-fraudulent trade practices

099 Other fraud and deception offences

0991 Dishonest conversion

0999 Other fraud and deception offences, not elsewhere classified

10 Illicit Drug Offences

101 Import or export illicit drugs

1011 Import illicit drugs

1012 Export illicit drugs

102 Deal or traffic in illicit drugs

1021 Deal or traffic in illicit drugs—commercial quantity

1022 Deal or traffic in illicit drugs—non-commercial quantity

103 Manufacture or cultivate illicit drugs

1031 Manufacture illicit drugs

1032 Cultivate illicit drugs

104 Possess and/or use illicit drugs

1041 Possess illicit drugs

1042 Use illicit drugs

109 1099 Other illicit drug offences, not elsewhere classified

11 Prohibited and Regulated Weapons and Explosives Offences

111 Prohibited weapons/explosives offences

1111 Import or export prohibited weapons/explosives

1112 Sell, possess and/or use prohibited weapons/explosives

1119 Prohibited weapons/explosives offences, not elsewhere classified

112 Regulated weapons/explosives offences

1121 Unlawfully obtain or possess regulated weapons/explosives

1122 Misuse of regulated weapons/explosives

1123 Deal or traffic regulated weapons/explosives offences

1129 Regulated weapons/explosives offences, not elsewhere classified

12 Property Damage and Environmental Pollution

121 Property damage

1211 Property damage by fire or explosion

1212 Graffiti

1219 Property damage, not elsewhere classified

122 Environmental pollution

1221 Air pollution offences

1222 Water pollution offences

1223 Noise pollution offences

1224 Soil pollution offences

1229 Environmental pollution, not elsewhere classified

13 Public Order Offences

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
×

131 Disorderly conduct

1311 Trespass

1312 Criminal intent

1313 Riot and affray

1319 Disorderly conduct, not elsewhere classified

132 Regulated public order offences

1321 Betting and gambling offences

1322 Liquor and tobacco offences

1323 Censorship offences

1324 Prostitution offences

1325 Offences against public order sexual standards

1326 Consumption of legal substances in prohibited spaces

1329 Regulated public order offences, not elsewhere classified

133 Offensive conduct

1331 Offensive language

1332 Offensive behaviour

1333 Vilify or incite hatred on racial, cultural, religious or ethnic grounds

1334 Cruelty to animals

14 Traffic and Vehicle Regulatory Offences

141 Driver licence offences

1411 Drive while licence disqualified or suspended

1412 Drive without a licence

1419 Driver licence offences, not elsewhere classified

142 Vehicle registration and roadworthiness offences

1421 Registration offences

1422 Roadworthiness offences

143 Regulatory driving offences

1431 Exceed the prescribed content of alcohol or other substance limit

1432 Exceed the legal speed limit

1433 Parking offences

1439 Regulatory driving offences, not elsewhere classified

144 Pedestrian offences

15 Offences against Justice Procedures, Government Security and Government Operations

151 Breach of custodial order offences

1511 Escape custody offences

1512 Breach of home detention

1513 Breach of suspended sentence

152 Breach of community-based order

1521 Breach of community service order

1522 Breach of parole

1523 Breach of bail

1524 Breach of bond - probation

1525 Breach of bond - other

1529 Breach of community-based order, not elsewhere classified

153 Breach of violence and non-violence restraining orders

1531 Breach of violence order

1532 Breach of non-violence orders

154 Offences against government operations

1541 Resist or hinder government official (excluding police officer, justice official or government security officer)

1542 Bribery involving government officials

1543 Immigration offences

1549 Offences against government operations, not elsewhere classified

155 Offences against government security

1551 Resist or hinder government officer concerned with government security

1559 Offences against government security, not elsewhere classified

156 Offences against justice procedures

1561 Subvert the course of justice

1562 Resist or hinder police officer or justice official

1563 Prison regulation offences

1569 Offences against justice procedures, not elsewhere classified

16 Miscellaneous Offences

161 Defamation, libel and privacy offences

1611 Defamation and libel

1612 Offences against privacy

162 Public health and safety offences

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
×

1621 Sanitation offences

1622 Disease prevention offences

1623 Occupational health and safety offences

1624 Transport regulation offences

1625 Dangerous substances offences

1626 Licit drug offences

1629 Public health and safety offences, not elsewhere classified

163 1631 Commercial/industry/financial regulation

169 Other miscellaneous offences

1691 Environmental regulation offences

1692 Bribery excluding government officials

1693 Quarantine offences

1694 Import/export regulations

1695 Procure or commit illegal abortion

1699 Other miscellaneous offences, not elsewhere classified

C.3 VICTORIA CRIME STATISTICS AGENCY (CSA) CLASSIFICATION, 2015

See Section 4.1.3 for discussion of the Victoria CSA classification, relative to the Australian and New Zealand standard. This code list is adapted from Crime Statistics Agency, Government of Victoria (2015).

A: Crimes against the person

A10 Homicide and related offences

A11 Murder

A12 Attempted murder

A13 Accessory or conspiracy to murder

A14 Manslaughter

A15 Driving causing death

A20 Assault and related offences

A21 Serious assault

A22 Assault police, emergency services or other authorised officer

A23 Common assault

A30 Sexual offences

A31 Rape

A32 Indecent assault

A33 Incest

A34 Sexual offences against children

A39 Other sexual offences

A40 Abduction and related offences

A41 Abduction

A42 False imprisonment

A43 Slavery and sexual servitude offences

A50 Robbery

A51 Aggravated robbery

A52 Non-Aggravated robbery

A60 Blackmail and extortion

A61 Blackmail

A62 Extortion

A70 Stalking, harassment and threatening behaviour

A71 Stalking

A72 Harassment and private nuisance

A73 Threatening behaviour

A80 Dangerous and negligent acts endangering people

A81 Dangerous driving

A82 Neglect or ill treatment of people

A83 Throw or discharge object endangering people

A89 Other dangerous or negligent acts endangering people

B: Property and deception offences

B10 Arson

B11 Cause damage by fire

B12 Cause a bushfire

B19 Other fire related offences

B20 Property damage

B21 Criminal damage

B22 Graffiti

B29 Other property damage offences

B30 Burglary/Break and enter

B31 Aggravated burglary

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
×

B32 Non-aggravated burglary

B40 Theft

B41 Motor vehicle theft

B42 Steal from a motor vehicle

B43 Steal from a retail store

B44 Theft of a bicycle

B45 Receiving or handling stolen goods

B46 Fare evasion

B49 Other theft

B50 Deception

B51 Forgery and counterfeiting

B52 Possess equipment to make false instrument

B53 Obtain benefit by deception

B54 State false information

B55 Deceptive business practices

B56 Professional malpractice and misrepresentation

B59 Other deception offences

B60 Bribery

B61 Bribery of officials

C: Drug offences

C10 Drug dealing and trafficking

C11 Drug dealing

C12 Drug trafficking

C20 Cultivate or manufacture drugs

C21 Cultivate drugs

C22 Manufacture drugs

C23 Possess drug manufacturing equipment or precursor

C30 Drug use and possession

C31 Drug use

C32 Drug possession

C90 Other drug offences

C99 Other drug offences

D: Public order and security offences

D10 Weapons and explosives offences

D11 Firearms offences

D12 Prohibited and controlled weapons offences

D13 Explosives offences

D20 Disorderly and offensive conduct

D21 Riot and affray

D22 Drunk and disorderly in public

D23 Offensive conduct

D24 Disorderly conduct

D25 Offensive language

D26 Criminal intent

D30 Public nuisance offences

D31 Privacy offences

D32 Hoaxes

D33 Begging

D34 Defamation and libel

D35 Improper movement on public or private space

D36 Other public nuisance offences

D40 Public security offences

D41 Immigration offences

D42 Sabotage

D43 Hacking

D44 Terrorism offences

D49 Other public security offences

E: Justice procedures offences

E10 Justice procedures

E11 Escape custody

E12 Fail to appear

E13 Resist or hinder officer

E14 Pervert the course of justice or commit perjury

E15 Prison regulation offences

E19 Other justice procedures offences

E20 Breaches of orders

E21 Breach family violence order

E22 Breach intervention order

E23 Breach bail conditions

E29 Breach of other orders

F: Other offences

F10 Regulatory driving offences

F11 Drink driving

F12 Drug driving

F13 Speeding offences

F14 Parking offences

F15 Licensing offences

F16 Registration and roadworthiness offences

F19 Other regulatory driving offences

F20 Transport regulation offences

F21 Public transport

F22 Aviation regulations offences

F23 Maritime regulations offences

F24 Pedestrian offences

F29 Other transport regulation offences

F30 Other government regulatory offences

F31 Betting and gaming offences

F32 Commercial regulation offences

F33 Liquor and tobacco licensing offences

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
×

F34 Pornography and censorship offences

F35 Intellectual property

F36 Prostitution offences

F39 Other government regulatory offences

F90 Miscellaneous offences

F91 Environmental offences

F92 Public health and safety offences

F93 Cruelty to animals

F94 Dangerous substance offences

F99 Other miscellaneous offences

C.4 IRISH CRIME CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM, FULL AND CONDENSED, 2008

See Section 4.1.4 for discussion of the development of the Irish Crime Classification System. This code list is adapted from Central Statistics Office (2008). In the Irish classification system, standard, “full” offense codes are represented by four-digit strings, one for each hierarchical level. For tabulation and presentation, the “condensed” (and so-called ICCSc) codes comprised of two digits and one lower case letter are used. Four-digit offenses that are collapsed into a “condensed” code—include combining from other branches in the hierarchy—are rendered in italics.

01 Homicide Offences

01a 0111Murder

01b 0112 Manslaughter

01c 0113 Infanticide

01d Dangerous driving leading to death

0121 Manslaughter (traffic fatality)

0122 Dangerous driving causing death

02 Sexual Offences

02a 0211 Rape of a male or female

02b 0212 Defilement of a boy or girl less than 17 years old

02c 0213 Sexual offence involving mentally impaired person

02d 0214 Aggravated sexual assault

02e 0215 Sexual assault (not aggravated)

02f Other sexual offences

0221 Incest

0222 Child pornography offences

0223 Child
pornography—obstruction of
warrant

0224 Gross indecency

03 Attempts/Threats to Murder, Assaults, Harassments and Related Offences

03a 0311 Murder-attempt

03b 0312 Murder-threat

03c Assault causing harm, poisoning

0321 Assault causing harm

0322 Poisoning

03d Other assault

0323 Assault or obstruction of Garda/official, resisting arrest

0324 Minor assault

03e Harassment and related offences

0331 Harassment, stalking, threats

0332 Coercion

0333 Menacing phone calls

0334 Incitement to hatred offences

0335 Demanding payment of debt causing alarm

04 Dangerous or Negligent Acts

04a 0411 Dangerous driving causing serious bodily harm

04b 0412 Driving/In charge of a vehicle while over legal alcohol limit

04c 0413 Driving/In charge of a vehicle under the influence of drugs

04d 0414 Dangerous/careless driving and motorway offences

04e 0415 Speeding

04f 0421 Endangerment with potential for serious harm/death

04g 0422 Abandoning a child, child neglect and cruelty

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
×

04h Dangerous use of vessel (air, sea) or facilities

0423 Unseaworthy/Dangerous use of boat or ship

0424 False alarm/Interference with aircraft or air transport facilities

04i 0425 Endangering traffic offences

05 Kidnapping and Related Offences

05a 0511 False Imprisonment

05b 0512 Abduction of person under 16 years of age

06 Robbery, Extortion and Hijacking Offences

06a 0611 Robbery of an establishment or institution

06b 0612 Robbery of cash or goods in transit

06c 0613 Robbery from the person

06d 0621 Blackmail or extortion

06e 0631 Carjacking, hijacking/unlawful seizure of aircraft/vessel

07 Burglary and Related Offences

07a 0711 Aggravated burglary

07b 0712 Burglary (not aggravated)

07c 0713 Possession of an article (with intent to burgle, steal, demand)

08 Theft and Related Offences

08a Theft/taking of vehicle and related offences

0811 Theft/Unauthorised taking of vehicle

0812 Interfering with vehicle (with intent to steal item or vehicle)

08b 0821 Theft from person

08c 0822 Theft from shop

08d Other thefts, handling stolen property

0823 Theft from vehicle

0824 Theft/Unauthorised taking of a pedal cycle

0826 Theft of, or interference with mail

0827 Theft of other property

0831 Handling or possession of stolen property

09 Fraud, Deception and Related Offences

09a Fraud, deception and related offences

0911 Fraud, deception, false pretence offences

0912 Forging an instrument to defraud

0913 Possession of an article for use in fraud, deception or extortion

0914 Falsification of accounts

0915 Offences under the Companies Act

0916 Offences under the Investment Intermediaries Act

0917 Offences under the Stock Exchange Act

0921 Money laundering

0922 Embezzlement

0923 Fraud against the European Union

0924 Importation/Sale/Supply of tobacco offences

0931 Counterfeiting notes and coins

0941 Corruption (involving public office holder)

10 Controlled Drug Offences

10a 1011 Importation of drugs

10b 1012 Cultivation or manufacture of drugs

10c 1021 Possession of drugs for sale or supply

10d 1022 Possession of drugs for personal use

10e Other drug offences

1031 Forged or altered prescription offences

1032 Obstruction under the Drugs Act

11 Weapons and Explosives Offences

11a Explosives, chemical weapons offences

1111 Causing an explosion

1112 Making of explosives

1113 Possession of explosives

1114 Chemical weapons offences

11b 1121 Discharging a firearm

11c 1122 Possession of a firearm

11d 1131 Possession of offensive weapons (not firearms)

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
×

11e 1141 Fireworks offences (for sale, igniting etc.)

12 Damage to Property and to the Environment

12a 1211 Arson

12b 1212 Criminal damage (not arson)

12c 1221 Litter offences

13 Public Order and other Social Code Offences

13a Disorderly conduct

1311 Affray/riot/violent disorder

1312 Public order offences

1313 Drunkenness offences

1314 Air rage—disruptive or drunken behaviour on aircraft

13b Trespass offences

1321 Forcible entry and occupation (not burglary)

1322 Trespass on lands or enclosed areas

13c Liquor licensing offences

1331 Liquor licensing offences

1332 Registered clubs offences

1333 Special restaurant offences

13d Prostitution offences

1341 Brothel keeping

1342 Organisation of prostitution

1343 Prostitution, including soliciting etc.

13e Regulated betting/money, collection/trading offences

1351 Offences under the Betting Acts

1352 Collecting money without permit, unauthorised collection

1353 Offences under Gaming and Lotteries Acts

1354 Permit/License offences for casual/street trading

13f Other social code offences, not elsewhere classified

1361 Bestiality

1362 Indecency

1363 Allowing a child (under 16 years) to beg

1364 Bigamy

1365 Begging

14 Road and Traffic Offences, not elsewhere classified

14a Driving licence/insurance offences

1411 Driving licence—failure to have, produce, etc.

1412 Insurance—failure to have, produce, display, etc.

14b Vehicle tax/registration offences

1421 No tax, non-display of tax, unregistered vehicle etc.

1422 Misuse of Trade Licence

14c Roadworthiness/regulatory offences

1431 Misuse of trailers, weight and other offences

1432 Obstruction under Road Traffic Acts

1433 Other road offences

14d Road transport/public service vehicle offences

1441 Road Transport—carriage of goods offences

1442 Public Service Vehicle offences

1443 Light rail offences (Luas)

15 Offences against Government, Justice Procedures and Organisation of Crime

15a Offences against government and its agents

1511 Treason

1512 Breaches of Offences against the State Acts

1513 Breaches of Official Secrets Act

1514 Impersonating member of An Garda Síochána

1515 Electoral offences including personation

1516 Public mischief—annoying phone calls and wasting police time

1517 Criminal Assets Bureau offences

1518 Non compliance with Garda direction

15b Organisation of crime and conspiracy to commit crime

1521 Criminal organisation offences (organised crime)

1522 Conspiracy to commit a crime

15c Perverting the course of justice

1531 Perjury

1532 Interfering with a jury (embracery)

1533 Assisting offenders

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
×

1534 Public mischief, pervert course of justice, conceal offence

15d Offences while in custody, breach of court orders

1541 Escape or help to escape from custody

1542 Prison offences

1551 Breach of Domestic Violence Order (protection, safety, barring)

1552 Breach of bail

1553 Failure to comply under Sex Offenders Act

1554 Breach of Order under Family Law Act

1555 Other failure to comply with court order, jury summons, warrant etc.

16 Offences Not Elsewhere Classified

16a Importation/control/welfare of animals offences

1611 Illegal importation of animals

1612 Control of horses offences

1613 Dog ownership offences (licence, control, etc.)

1614 Offences against animals

16b Fisheries/maritime offences

1621 Breaches of EU fishing quota and related EU regulation

1622 Merchant shipping/maritime safety offences

16c Use of data, electronic counterfeit, and broadcasting offences

1631 Unauthorised accessing of data

1632 Recording, possession or distribution of counterfeit material

1633 Unauthorised broadcasting and illegal signal reception

16d Miscellaneous offences

1641 Abortion

1642 Procuring or assisting in abortion

1643 Concealment of birth

1644 Destroying/disposing of a dead body

1645 Pawnbroking offences

1646 Offences in connection with rail travel

1647 Employment permit offences (relating to non-Irish national)

1648 Immigration offences/carrier liability

C.5 INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME FOR STATISTICAL PURPOSES

See Section 4.1.5 for discussion of the development of the International Classification of Crime for Statistical Purposes, maintained by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. This code list is adapted from United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2015).

01 Acts leading to death or intending to cause death

0101 Intentional homicide

0102 Attempted intentional homicide

0103 Non-intentional homicide

01031 Non-negligent manslaughter

01032 Negligent manslaughter
010321 Vehicular homicide; 010322 Non-vehicular homicide

0104 Assisting or instigating suicide

01041 Assisting suicide

01049 Other acts of assisting or instigating suicide

0105 Euthanasia

0106 Illegal feticide

0107 Unlawful killing associated with armed conflict

0109 Other acts leading to death or intending to cause death

02 Acts causing harm or intending to cause harm to the person

0201 Assaults and threats

02011 Assault

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
×


020111 Serious assault;
020112 Minor assault

02012 Threat
020121 Serious threat;
020122 Minor threat

02019 Other assaults or threats

0202 Acts against liberty

02021 Abduction of a minor
020211 Parental abduction; 020212 Abduction by another family member; 020213 Abduction by a legal guardian; 020219 Other abduction of a minor

02022 Deprivation of liberty
020221 Kidnapping; 020222 Illegal restraint; 020223 Hijacking; 020229 Other deprivation of liberty

02029 Other acts against liberty
020291 Illegal adoption; 020292 Forced marriage; 020299 Other acts against liberty

0203 Slavery and exploitation

02031 Slavery

02032 Forced labour
020321 Forced labour for domestic services; 020322 Forced labour for industrial services; 020323 Forced labour for the State or armed forces; 020329 Other forced labour

02039 Other acts of slavery and exploitation

0204 Trafficking in persons (TIP)

02041 TIP for sexual exploitation

02042 TIP for forced labour or services

02043 TIP for organ removal

02049 TIP for other purposes

0205 Coercion

02051 Extortion or blackmail

02059 Other acts of coercion

0206 Negligence

02061 Negligence in situations of persons under care
020611 Negligence in situations of children under care; 020612 Negligence in situations of other dependent persons under care; 020619 Other negligence in situations of persons under care

02062 Professional negligence

02063 Negligence related to driving a vehicle

02069 Other acts of negligence

0207 Dangerous acts

02071 Acts that endanger health

02072 Operating a vehicle under the influence of psychoactive substances
020721 Operating a vehicle under the influence of alcohol; 020722 Operating a vehicle under the influence of illicit drugs; 020729 Operating a vehicle under the influence of other psychoactive substances

02079 Other dangerous acts

0208 Acts intended to induce fear or emotional distress

02081 Harassment
020811 Harassment in the workplace; 020819 Other harassment

02082 Stalking

02089 Other acts intended to induce fear or emotional distress

0209 Defamation or insult

02091 Defamation or insult due to the victim’s characteristics or ascribed attributes

02092 Defamation or insult due to the victim’s ascribed beliefs or values

02099 Other defamation or insult

0210 Discrimination

02101 Personal discrimination

02102 Group discrimination

02109 Other discrimination

0211 Acts that trespass against the person

02111 Invasion of privacy

02119 Other acts that trespass against the person

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
×

0219 Other acts causing harm or intending to cause harm to the person

03 Injurious acts of a sexual nature

0301 Sexual violence

03011 Rape
030111 Rape with force; 030112 Rape without force; 030113 Statutory rape; 030119 Other rape

03012 Sexual assault
030121 Physical sexual assault; 030122 Non-physical sexual assault; 030129 Other sexual assault not elsewhere classified

03019 Other acts of sexual violence

0302 Sexual exploitation

03021 Sexual exploitation of adults

03022 Sexual exploitation of children
030221 Child pornography; 030222 Child prostitution; 030223 Sexual grooming of children; 030229 Other sexual exploitation of children

03029 Other acts of sexual exploitation

0309 Other injurious acts of a sexual nature

04 Acts against property involving violence or threat against a person

0401 Robbery

04011 Robbery from the person
040111 Robbery from the person in a public location; 040112 Robbery from the person in a private location; 040119 Other robbery from the person

04012 Robbery of valuables or goods in transit
040121 Robbery of a car or vehicle; 040129 Other robbery of valuables or goods in transit

04013 Robbery of an establishment or institution
040131 Robbery of a financial institution; 040132 Robbery of a non-financial institution

04014 Robbery of livestock

04019 Other acts of robbery

0409 Other acts against property involving violence or threat against a person

05 Acts against property only

0501 Burglary

05011 Burglary of business premises

05012 Burglary of private residential premises
050121 Burglary of permanent private residences; 050122 Burglary of non-permanent private residences

05013 Burglary of public premises

05019 Other acts of burglary

0502 Theft

05021 Theft of a motorized vehicle or parts thereof
050211 Theft of a motorized land vehicle; 050212 Illegal use of a motorized land vehicle; 050213 Theft of parts of a motorized land vehicle; 050219 Other theft of a motorized vehicle or parts thereof

05022 Theft of personal property
050221 Theft of personal property from a person; 050222 Theft of personal property from a vehicle; 050229 Other theft of personal property

05023 Theft of business property
050231 Theft from a shop; 050239 Other theft of business property

05024 Theft of public property

05025 Theft of livestock

05026 Theft of services

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
×

05029 Other acts of theft

0503 Intellectual property offences

0504 Property damage

05041 Damage of public property

05042 Damage of personal property

05043 Damage of business property

05049 Other damage of property

0509 Other acts against property only

06 Acts involving controlled drugs or other psychoactive substances

0601 Unlawful acts involving controlled drugs or precursors

06011 Unlawful possession, purchase, use, cultivation or production of controlled drugs for personal consumption
060111 Unlawful possession, purchase or use of controlled drugs for personal consumption; 060112 Unlawful cultivation or production of controlled drugs for personal consumption

06012 Unlawful trafficking, cultivation or production of controlled drugs or precursors not for personal consumption
060121 Unlawful trafficking of controlled drugs not for personal consumption; 060122 Unlawful manufacture of controlled drugs not for personal consumption; 060123 Unlawful cultivation of controlled drugs not for personal consumption; 060124 Unlawful diversion of precursors not for personal consumption; 060129 Other unlawful trafficking, cultivation or production of controlled drugs or precursors not for personal consumption

06019 Other unlawful acts involving controlled drugs or precursors

0602 Unlawful acts involving alcohol, tobacco or other controlled substances

06021 Unlawful production, handling, possession or use of alcohol products
060211 Unlawful possession or use of alcohol products; 060212 Unlawful production, trafficking or distribution of alcohol products; 060219 Other unlawful production, handling, possession or use of alcohol products

06022 Unlawful production, handling, possession or use of tobacco products
060221 Unlawful possession or use of tobacco products; 060222 Unlawful production, trafficking or distribution of tobacco products; 060229 Other unlawful production, handling, possession or use of tobacco products

06029 Other unlawful acts involving alcohol, tobacco or other controlled substances

0609 Other acts involving controlled drugs or other psychoactive substances

07 Acts involving fraud, deception or corruption

0701 Fraud

07011 Financial fraud
070111 Financial fraud against the State; 070112 Financial fraud against natural or legal persons

07019 Other acts of fraud

0702 Forgery/counterfeiting

07021 Counterfeiting means of payment

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
×


070211 Counterfeiting means of cash payment; 070212 Counterfeiting means of non-cash payment

07022 Counterfeit product offences

07023 Acts of forgery/counterfeiting documents

07029 Other acts of forgery/counterfeiting

0703 Corruption

07031 Bribery
070311 Active bribery; 070312 Passive bribery

07032 Embezzlement

07033 Abuse of functions

07034 Trading in influence

07035 Illicit enrichment

07039 Other acts of corruption

0704 Acts involving the proceeds of crime

07041 Money laundering

07042 Illicit trafficking in cultural property

07049 Other acts involving the proceeds of crime

08 Acts against public order, authority and provisions of the State

0801 Acts against public order behavioural standards

08011 Violent public disorder offences

08012 Acts related to social and religious public order norms and standards

08019 Other acts against public order behavioural standards

0802 Acts against public order sexual standards

08021 Prostitution offences

08022 Pornography offences

08029 Other acts against public order sexual standards

0803 Acts related to freedom of expression or control of expression

08031 Acts against freedom of expression

08032 Acts related to expressions of controlled social beliefs and norms
080321 Violations of norms on religious beliefs/views; 080322 Violations of norms on intolerance and incitement to hatred; 080329 Other acts related to expressions of controlled social beliefs and norms

08039 Other acts related to freedom of expression or control of expression

0804 Acts contrary to public revenue or regulatory provisions

08041 Acts against public revenue provisions

08042 Acts against commercial or financial regulations

08043 Acts against regulations on betting

08044 Smuggling of goods

08045 Market manipulations or insider trading

08049 Other acts against public administration or regulatory provisions

0805 Acts related to migration

08051 Smuggling of migrants offences

08059 Other unlawful acts related to migration

0806 Acts against the justice system

08061 Obstruction of justice

08062 Breach of justice order

08063 Criminal intent

08064 Conspiracy

08069 Other acts against the justice system

0807 Acts related to democratic elections

08071 Acts intended to unduly influence voters at elections

08079 Other acts related to democratic elections

0808 Acts contrary to labour law

08081 Collective labour law violations

08082 Individual labour law violations

0809 Other acts against public order, authority and provisions of the State

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
×

09 Acts against public safety and state security

0901 Acts involving weapons, explosives and other destructive materials

09011 Possession or use of weapons and explosives
090111 Unlawful possession or use of firearms; 090112 Unlawful possession or use of other weapons or explosives; 090113 Unlawful possession or use of chemical, biological or radioactive materials; 090119 Other acts related to possession or use of weapons and explosives

09012 Trafficking of weapons and explosives
090121 Trafficking of firearms; 090122 Trafficking of other weapons or explosives; 090123 Trafficking of chemical, biological or radioactive materials; 090129 Other acts related to trafficking of weapons and explosives

09019 Other acts relating to weapons and explosives

0902 Acts against health and safety

09021 Acts against health and safety at work

09029 Other acts against health and safety

0903 Acts against computer systems

09031 Unlawful access to a computer system

09032 Unlawful interference with a computer system or computer data
090321 Unlawful interference with a computer system; 090322 Unlawful interference with computer data

09033 Unlawful interception or access of computer data

09039 Other acts against computer systems

0904 Acts against state security

0905 Acts related to an organized criminal group

09051 Participation in an organized criminal group

09059 Other acts related to an organized criminal group

0906 Terrorism

09061 Participation in a terrorist group

09062 Financing of terrorism

09069 Other acts related to the activities of a terrorist group

0907 Non-injurious traffic violations

0909 Other acts against public safety and state security

10 Acts against the natural environment

1001 Acts that cause environmental pollution or degradation

10011 Acts that cause the pollution or degradation of air

10012 Acts that cause the pollution or degradation of water

10013 Acts that cause the pollution or degradation of soil

10019 Other acts that cause environmental pollution or degradation

1002 Acts involving the movement or dumping of waste

10021 Acts involving the movement or dumping of waste within national borders

10022 Acts involving the movement or dumping of waste across national borders

1003 Trade or possession of protected or prohibited species of fauna and flora

10031 Trade or possession of protected species of wild fauna and flora
100311 Trade or possession of protected species within national borders; 100312 Trafficking

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
×


of protected species across national borders

10032 Trade or possession of prohibited or controlled species of animals

10039 Other trade or possession of protected or prohibited species of fauna and flora

1004 Acts that result in the depletion or degradation of natural resources

10041 Illegal logging

10042 Illegal hunting, fishing or gathering of wild fauna and flora

10043 Illegal mining

10049 Other acts that result in the depletion or degradation of natural resources

1009 Other acts against the natural environment

10091 Acts against animals

10099 Other acts against the natural environment

11 Other criminal acts not elsewhere classified

1101 Acts under universal jurisdiction

11011 Torture

11012 Piracy

11013 War crimes
110131 Unlawfully killing, causing or intending to cause death or serious injury associated with armed conflict; 110132 Unlawful destruction or damage to property associated with armed conflict; 110133 Sexual violence associated with armed conflict; 110134 Acts against liberty or human dignity associated with armed conflict; 110135 Conscripting or enlisting child soldiers; 110139 Other war crimes

11014 Genocide

11015 Crimes against humanity

11016 Crime of aggression

11019 Other acts under universal jurisdiction

1102 Acts contrary to youth regulations and acts on minors

11021 Status offences

11029 Other acts contrary to youth regulations and acts on minors

1109 Other criminal acts not elsewhere classified

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Alternative and Example Classifications of Crime." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23492.
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Next: Appendix D: Detailed Definitions and Exclusions, Panel's Proposed Classification of Crime »
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To derive statistics about crime – to estimate its levels and trends, assess its costs to and impacts on society, and inform law enforcement approaches to prevent it – a conceptual framework for defining and thinking about crime is virtually a prerequisite. Developing and maintaining such a framework is no easy task, because the mechanics of crime are ever evolving and shifting: tied to shifts and development in technology, society, and legislation.

Interest in understanding crime surged in the 1920s, which proved to be a pivotal decade for the collection of nationwide crime statistics. Now established as a permanent agency, the Census Bureau commissioned the drafting of a manual for preparing crime statistics—intended for use by the police, corrections departments, and courts alike. The new manual sought to solve a perennial problem by suggesting a standard taxonomy of crime. Shortly after the Census Bureau issued its manual, the International Association of Chiefs of Police in convention adopted a resolution to create a Committee on Uniform Crime Records —to begin the process of describing what a national system of data on crimes known to the police might look like.

The key distinction between the rigorous classification proposed in this report and the “classifications” that have come before in U.S. crime statistics is that it is intended to partition the entirety of behaviors that could be considered criminal offenses into mutually exclusive categories. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime assesses and makes recommendations for the development of a modern set of crime measures in the United States and the best means for obtaining them. This first report develops a new classification of crime by weighing various perspectives on how crime should be defined and organized with the needs and demands of the full array of crime data users and stakeholders.

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