References

Brooks, S. E., R. L. Carter, S. C. Plaxe, K. M. Basen-Engquist, M. Rodriguez, J. Kauderer, J. L. Walker, T. K. Myers, J. G. Drake, L. J. Havrilesky, L. Van Le, L. M. Landdrum, and C. L. Brown. 2015. Patient and physician factors associated with participation in cervical and uterine cancer trials: An NRG/GOG247 study. Gynecologic Oncology 138(1):101-108.

Chalela, P., L. Suarez, E. Muñoz, K. J. Gallion, B. H. Pollock, S. D. Weitman, A. Karnad, and A. G. Ramirez. 2014. Promoting factors and barriers to participation in early phase clinical trials: Patient perspectives. Journal of Community Medicine & Health Education 4(3):100281.

Chen, M. S., Jr., P. N. Lara, J. H. Dang, D. A. Paterniti, and K. Kelly. 2014. Twenty years post-NIH Revitalization Act: Enhancing minority participation in clinical trials (EMPaCT): Laying the groundwork for improving minority clinical trial accrual: Renewing the case for enhancing minority participation in cancer clinical trials. Cancer 120(Suppl 7):1091-1096.

Dang, J. H. T., E. M. Rodriguez, J. S. Luque, D. O. Erwin, C. D. Meade, and M. S. Chen, Jr. 2014. Engaging diverse populations about biospecimen donation for cancer research. Journal of Community Genetics 5(4):313-327.

FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). 2014. FDA action plan to enhance the collection and availability of demographic subgroup data. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Fisher, J. A., and C. A. Kalbaugh. 2011. Challenging assumptions about minority participation in U.S. clinical research. American Journal of Public Health (101):2217-2222.

Glickman, S. W., A. Ndubuizu, K. P. Weinfurt, C. D. Hamilton, L. T. Glickman, K. A. Schulman, and C. B. Cairns. 2011. Perspective: The case for research justice: Inclusion of patients with limited English proficiency in clinical research. Academic Medicine 86(3):389-393.

Haggstrom, D. A., C. Quale, and R. Smith-Bindman. 2005. Differences in the quality of breast cancer care among vulnerable populations. Cancer 104(11):2347-2358.

IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2003. Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

IOM. 2010. Women’s health research: Progress, pitfalls, and promise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Lund, M. J., O. P. Brawley, K. C. Ward, J. L. Young, S. S. Gabram, and J. W. Eley. 2008. Parity and disparity in first course treatment of invasive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 109(3):545-557.

McCaskill-Stevens, W., J. W. Wilson, E. D. Cook, C. L. Edwards, R. V. Gibson, D. L. McElwain, C. D. Figueroa-Moseley, E. D. Paskett, N. L. Roberson, D. L. Wickerham, and N. Wolmark. 2013. National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project study of tamoxifen and raloxifene trial: Advancing the science of recruitment and breast cancer risk assessment in minority communities. Clinical Trials 10(2):280-291.

NRC (National Research Council). 2001. America becoming: Racial trends and their consequences, volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Pp. 243-263.

Public Health Service Task Force on Women’s Health Issues. 1985. Women’s health. Public Health Reports 100(1):73-106.

Ramirez, A. G., P. Chalela, L. Suarez, E. Muñoz, B. H. Pollock, S. D. Weitman, and K. Gallion. 2012. Early phase clinical trials: Referral barriers and promoters among physicians. Journal of Community Medicine & Health Education 2(173):1000173.

Rotimi, C. N. 2012. Health disparities in the genomic era: The case for diversifying ethnic representation. Genome Medicine 4(8):65.

Rotimi, C. N., and L. B. Jorde. 2010. Ancestry and disease in the age of genomic medicine. New England Journal of Medicine 363(16):1551-1558.

Shriner, D., A. Adeyemo, E. Ramos, G. Chen, and C. N. Rotimi. 2011. Mapping of disease-associated variants in admixed populations. Genome Biology 12(5):223.

Shriner, D., F. Tekola-Ayele, A. Adeyemo, and C. N. Rotimi. 2014. Genome-wide genotype and sequence-based reconstruction of the 140,000 year history of modern human ancestry. Science Reports 4:6055.

Smedley, A., and B. D. Smedley. 2005. Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race. American Psychologist 60(1):16-26.

Task Force on Black and Minority Health. 1985. Report of the Secretary’s Task Force on Black and Minority Health. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Tejeda, H. A., S. B. Green, E. L. Trimble, L. Ford, J. L. High, R. S. Ungerleider, M. A. Friedman, and O. W. Brawley. 1996. Representation of African-Americans, Hispanics, and whites in National Cancer Institute cancer treatment trials. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 88(12):812-816.

Thorpe, K. E., M. Zwarenstein, A.D. Oxman, S. Treweek, C. D. Furberg, D. G. Altman, S. Tunis, E. Bergel, I. Harvey, D. J. Magid, and K. Chalkidou. 2009. A pragmatic-explanatory continuum indicator summary (PRECIS): A tool to help trial designers. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 62(5):464-475.

Ulrich, C. M., J. L. James, E. M. Walker. 2010. RTOG physician and research associate attitudes, beliefs and practices regarding clinical trials: Implications for improving patient recruitment. Contemporary Clinical Trials 31:221-228.

Ulrich, C. M., K. A. Knafl, S. Ratcliffe, T. Richmond, C. Grady, C. Miller-Davis, and G. R. Wallen. 2012. Developing a model of the benefits and burdens of research participation in cancer clinical trials. American Journal of Bioethics Primary Research 3(2):10-23.

Ulrich, C. M., S. J. Ratcliffe, G. R. Wallen, Q. Zhou, K. Knafl, and C. Grady. 2015. Cancer clinical trial participants’ assessment of risk and benefit. AJOB Empirical Bioethics 7:8-16.

Wendler, D., R. Kington, J. Madans, G. Van Wye, H. Christ-Schmidt, L. A. Pratt, O. W. Brawley, C. P. Gross, and E. Emanuel. 2006. Are racial and ethnic minorities less willing to participate in health research? PLoS Medicine 3(2):e19.

Wittenburg, C., A. G. Ramirez, A. Langevin, J. G. Cole, and C. Johnson. 2010. Using patient navigation and outreach to boost minority clinical trial accrual. Poster presentation, American Society for Clinical Oncology Annual Conference, Bethesda, MD.