Water Efficiency Management Strategies for Airports (2016)

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A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP REPORT 154 TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2016 www.TRB.org Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation • Energy • Environment Water Efficiency Management Strategies for Airports Richard A. Krop Michelle L. Young James Jolley The Cadmus Group, InC. Waltham, MA William Davis Cdm smITh, InC. Waltham, MA

AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans- portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and interna- tional commerce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal responsibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agen- cies and not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. ACRP is modeled after the successful National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) and Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP). ACRP undertakes research and other technical activi- ties in various airport subject areas, including design, construction, legal, maintenance, operations, safety, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. ACRP provides a forum where airport operators can cooperatively address common operational problems. ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100— Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary participants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport operating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), the American Associa- tion of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), Airlines for America (A4A), and the Airport Consultants Council (ACC) as vital links to the airport community; (2) TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academy of Sciences formally initiating the program. ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research organi- zations. Each of these participants has different interests and responsibili- ties, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by identifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel appointed by TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport professionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels prepare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing coop- erative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended users of the research: airport operating agencies, service pro- viders, and academic institutions. ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties; industry associations may arrange for workshops, training aids, field visits, webinars, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport industry practitioners. ACRP REPORT 154 Project 02-59 ISSN 1935-9802 ISBN 978-0-309-37542-9 Library of Congress Control Number 2016939077 © 2016 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FRA, FTA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, PHMSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. Cover graphic © iStock.com/MrIncredible. NOTICE The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet by going to http://www.national-academies.org and then searching for TRB Printed in the United States of America

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to increase the benefits that transportation contributes to society by providing leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied committees, task forces, and panels annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 154 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Theresia H. Schatz, Senior Program Officer Terri Baker, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Natalie Barnes, Senior Editor ACRP PROJECT 02-59 PANEL Field of Environment Cynthia Parker, City of Phoenix Aviation Department, Phoenix, AZ (Chair) Mark Cassalia, Denver Water, Denver, CO Christopher Cieciek, LimnoTech, Ann Arbor, MI Charles F. Marshall, Department of Aviation, City of Atlanta, College Park, GA “Dean” E. Mericas, Mead & Hunt, Inc., Austin, TX Bryan C. Wagoner, Wayne County Airport Authority, Detroit, MI Thomas Cuddy, FAA Liaison Stephanie Tanner, WaterSense Program / Environmental Protection Agency Liaison Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research upon which this report is based was performed under ACRP Project 02-59 by The Cadmus Group, Inc. Cadmus was supported by CDM Smith, Inc. Richard A. Krop, Ph.D. was the principal investigator. Damon Fordham was the principal in charge of the project. The other authors of this report are Michelle L. Young and James Jolley of Cadmus and William Davis of CDM Smith. Grey Benjamin, K. Erina Keefe, Jaime Rooke, and Jessica Sokolow contributed to the report. The research team would like to thank the airports that participated in the study: Austin Bergstrom International Airport, Austin, Texas Barkley Regional Airport, Paducah, Kentucky Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Texas El Paso International Airport, El Paso, Texas Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Atlanta, Georgia Manchester-Boston Regional Airport, Manchester, New Hampshire Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport, Minneapolis, Minnesota Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport, Newport News, Virginia Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, Phoenix, Arizona Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Aviation Department Raleigh-Durham International Airport, Morrisville, North Carolina San Diego County Regional Airport Authority, San Diego, California San Francisco International Airport, San Francisco, California Santa Monica Municipal Airport, Santa Monica, California Southwest Oregon Regional Airport, North Bend, Oregon T.F. Green Airport, Warwick, Rhode Island Tulsa International Airport, Tulsa, Oklahoma Victoria Regional Airport, Victoria, Texas

ACRP Report 154: Water Efficiency Management Strategies for Airports provides a guidebook and tools that airport operators can use to design and institute a water efficiency management program specific to their facility. This report enables airport operators to understand water uses and usage at airports to generate a baseline water use profile specific to their airport activi- ties, and to define appropriate water use targets. It will also help to evaluate appropriate water efficiency measures including their direct and indirect costs and benefits and develop a water efficiency management action plan. Among the many topics this report addresses are appli- cable water management tools and practices used worldwide within and outside of the airport industry; methods for collection, management, and analysis of data relevant to airport water management; collaboration and communication with the public and stakeholders, including water providers; program implementation strategies, including motivation for decision makers; infrastructure operation and maintenance considerations; and drought planning considerations. Large amounts of water are consumed at airports during the course of daily operations to support terminal operations such as restrooms, food service, and heating, ventilating, and air conditioning; airfield services such as deicing, construction, and firefighting; and maintenance activities such as vehicle cleaning and landscaping. These operations can use millions of gallons of water annually. These numbers are significant when one considers that water supplies may be limited, for example, due to drought conditions. Further, water consumption at airports is expected to increase with growing air travel demand, accentuating the importance of increased water efficiency and stewardship. In addition, there are significant amounts of energy associated with water use. In response, airports have begun to implement common water efficiency measures, such as installing water-efficient fixtures, planting native vegetation, and using non-potable water sources. Although the nature of airport facilities and activity presents opportunities for imple- menting water efficiency practices, there are also challenges due to a lack of awareness or a lack of guidance in terms of identifying, evaluating, selecting, and implementing the most appropriate practices. Under ACRP Project 02-59, research was conducted by The Cadmus Group, Inc. in association with CDM Smith, Inc. The research team conducted interviews at 15 airports across the United States, visited six of these airports, and collected detailed information about their water use. The End Use Water Audit Tool, which can be used to estimate an airport’s baseline water footprint, and a Microsoft® Powerpoint presentation, which provides an overview of the guidebook and the toolbox, are provided on the accompanying CD-ROM and are also available on the TRB website by searching for “ACRP Report 154.” F O R E W O R D By Theresia H. Schatz Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

P a r t 1 Water Efficiency Management Program Guidebook 3 Introduction 3 Why Is Water Efficiency Important? 4 Factors Affecting Airport Water Management 7 About This Guidebook 11 Chapter 1 Why Should an Airport Reduce Its Water Usage? 13 Drought Management 14 Evaluation of an Airport’s Water Efficiency 14 Challenge: Low Priorities for Water Efficiency 15 Chapter 2 Generating a Water Footprint Baseline 17 Water End Uses 18 Notes for Understanding Water Use 19 Tenants, Leaseholders, and Third Parties 20 Challenge: Information Issues 21 Chapter 3 Defining Targets 24 Using the Baseline to Identify Potential Areas for Conservation 28 Summary 28 Challenges 29 Chapter 4 Evaluating and Choosing Water Efficiency Measures and Strategies 29 Implement Water Efficiency Measures 31 The Five Steps to a Cost-Benefit Analysis 32 Accounting for Costs and Benefits 33 Evaluating the Effect of Water Efficiency Programs on the Bottom Line 35 Challenge: Water Use Related to Safety 36 Chapter 5 How to Design a Program 36 Convene a Water Efficiency Management Team 37 Prepare an Action Plan 37 Consider Financial Resources 38 Employee and Tenant Education and Participation 39 Next Steps 39 Challenges 41 Chapter 6 Implementing the Water Efficiency Program 41 Design a Successful Strategy 42 Develop Employee Training 44 Create Communication Strategies 48 Next Steps C O N T E N T S

49 Chapter 7 Maintaining, Evaluating, and Revising the Water Efficiency Program 50 Challenge: Strategies and Goals 51 Appendix An Example Cost-Benefit Analysis of Water Efficiency Measures P a r t 2 Water Efficiency Management Toolbox 65 Tool 1 End Use Water Audit Tool—User’s Guide 65 The Purpose of the End Use Water Audit Tool 65 Getting Started 66 The Layout of the Tool 69 Data Entry 82 Review Initial Results 85 Calibrate and Verify 85 Is It Reasonable or Is Something Off? Revisiting Assumptions and Calibrating the Results 91 Summary Tables and Graphics 93 Saving Files for Later 98 Tool 2 WaterSense Commercial Buildings Website 100 Tool 3 Best Management Practices for Industrial Water Users 102 Tool 4 Water Efficiency Manual for Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional Facilities 103 Tool 5 Facility Manager’s Guide to Water Management 104 Tool 6 Water Efficiency and Self-Conducted Water Audits at Commercial and Institutional Facilities: A Guide for Facility Managers (Second Edition) 106 Tool 7 EDF-GEMI WaterMAPP 107 Tool 8 Water and Energy Efficiency Program for Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional Customer Classes in Southern California 108 Tool 9 Federal Water Efficiency Best Management Practices 109 Tool 10 Water Efficiency Opportunities: Airports— Best Practice Guide 110 Tool 11 Guidebook for Incorporating Sustainability into Traditional Airport Projects 111 Tool 12 Sustainable Airport Planning, Design, and Construction Guidelines for Implementation on All Airport Projects 112 Tool 13 AWWA Water Loss Control Committee Free Water Audit Software 113 Tool 14 Alliance for Water Efficiency Resource Library 114 Tool 15 WaterSense Smart Outdoor Practices

115 Tool 16 COOL TUNES: Run an Efficient Cooling Tower (Version 1.0) Water Smart Technology Program 116 Tool 17 Cooling Towers: Understanding Key Components of Cooling Towers and How to Improve Water Efficiency 117 Tool 18 Increasing Cooling Tower Water Efficiency 118 Tool 19 WaterSense Rebates Finder 119 Tool 20 Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency 120 Tool 21 A Comprehensive Guide to Water Conservation: The Bottom Line Impacts, Challenges, and Rewards 121 Tool 22 Getting in Step: A Guide for Conducting Watershed Outreach Campaigns 122 Tool 23 Getting in Step: Engaging Stakeholders in Your Watershed 123 Tool 24 M52 Water Conservation Programs— A Planning Manual (First Edition) 124 Tool 25 Water Resources in the Phoenix Metro Area 125 Tool 26 Sustainable Water Management, Northwest Perspective, Seattle-Tacoma International Airport 126 Tool 27 Great Lakes/St. Lawrence River Water Conservation Model Policies & Measures 127 Tool 28 Survival Guide: Public Communications for Water Professionals 128 Tool 29 A Water Conservation Guide for Commercial, Institutional, and Industrial Users 129 Tool 30 2012 Guidelines for Water Reuse 130 Tool 31 RSMeans Construction Cost Indices 131 Tool 32 Guidelines for Estimating Unmetered Landscaping Water Use 133 Tool 33 National Integrated Drought Information System 134 Tool 34 Benefit-Cost Analysis for the Airport Improvement Program Airports