NextGen for Airports, Volume 1: Understanding the Airport’s Role in Performance-Based Navigation: Resource Guide (2016)

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ACRP REPORT 150 Understanding the Airport’s Role in Performance-Based Navigation Resource Guide ACRP REPORT 150 TRB Vo lu m e 1: U n d erstan d in g th e A irp o rt’s R o le in P erfo rm an ce-B ased N avig atio n Volume 1 NextGEN for Airports AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM

ACRP OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE* CHAIR Kitty Freidheim Freidheim Consulting VICE CHAIR Kelly Johnson Northwest Arkansas Regional Airport Authority MEMBERS Gloria Bender TransSolutions Thella Bowens San Diego International Airport Benito De Leon Federal Aviation Administration Deborah Flint Los Angeles World Airports F. Paul Martinez AvAOL, LLC Scott McMahon Morristown Municipal Airport Frank Miller San Antonio International Airport Bob Montgomery Southwest Airlines Eric Potts Freese and Nichols, Inc. Megan S. Ryerson University of Pennsylvania EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Sabrina Johnson U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Laura McKee Airlines for America Christopher Oswald Airports Council International—North America Neil J. Pedersen Transportation Research Board Gregory Principato National Association of State Aviation Officials Melissa Sabatine American Association of Airport Executives T.J. Schulz Airport Consultants Council SECRETARY Christopher W. Jenks Transportation Research Board TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2016 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE* OFFICERS Chair: James M. Crites, Executive Vice President of Operations, Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport, TX ViCe Chair: Paul Trombino III, Director, Iowa Department of Transportation, Ames exeCutiVe DireCtor: Neil J. Pedersen, Transportation Research Board MEMBERS Victoria A. Arroyo, Executive Director, Georgetown Climate Center; Assistant Dean, Centers and Institutes; and Professor and Director, Environmental Law Program, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC Scott E. Bennett, Director, Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department, Little Rock Jennifer Cohan, Secretary, Delaware DOT, Dover Malcolm Dougherty, Director, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento A. Stewart Fotheringham, Professor, School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe John S. Halikowski, Director, Arizona DOT, Phoenix Susan Hanson, Distinguished University Professor Emerita, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, MA Steve Heminger, Executive Director, Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Oakland, CA Chris T. Hendrickson, Hamerschlag Professor of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA Jeffrey D. Holt, Managing Director, Power, Energy, and Infrastructure Group, BMO Capital Markets Corporation, New York S. Jack Hu, Vice President for Research and J. Reid and Polly Anderson Professor of Manufacturing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Roger B. Huff, President, HGLC, LLC, Farmington Hills, MI Geraldine Knatz, Professor, Sol Price School of Public Policy, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles Ysela Llort, Consultant, Miami, FL Melinda McGrath, Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson James P. Redeker, Commissioner, Connecticut DOT, Newington Mark L. Rosenberg, Executive Director, The Task Force for Global Health, Inc., Decatur, GA Kumares C. Sinha, Olson Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan DOT, Lansing Gary C. Thomas, President and Executive Director, Dallas Area Rapid Transit, Dallas, TX Pat Thomas, Senior Vice President of State Government Affairs, United Parcel Service, Washington, DC Katherine F. Turnbull, Executive Associate Director and Research Scientist, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station Dean Wise, Vice President of Network Strategy, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway, Fort Worth, TX EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Thomas P. Bostick (Lieutenant General, U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC James C. Card (Vice Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, retired), Maritime Consultant, The Woodlands, Texas, and Chair, TRB Marine Board T. F. Scott Darling III, Acting Administrator and Chief Counsel, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S. DOT Marie Therese Dominguez, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S. DOT Sarah Feinberg, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. DOT Carolyn Flowers, Acting Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S. DOT LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC John T. Gray II, Senior Vice President, Policy and Economics, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC Michael P. Huerta, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. DOT Paul N. Jaenichen, Sr., Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S. DOT Bevan B. Kirley, Research Associate, University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, Chapel Hill, and Chair, TRB Young Members Council Michael P. Melaniphy, President and CEO, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC Gregory G. Nadeau, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. DOT Wayne Nastri, Acting Executive Officer, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA Mark R. Rosekind, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. DOT Craig A. Rutland, U.S. Air Force Pavement Engineer, U.S. Air Force Civil Engineer Center, Tyndall Air Force Base, FL Reuben Sarkar, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Transportation, U.S. Department of Energy Gregory D. Winfree, Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, Office of the Secretary, U.S. DOT Frederick G. (Bud) Wright, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC Paul F. Zukunft (Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security * Membership as of April 2016.* Membership as of January 2016.

AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Volume 1NextGEN for Airports ACRP REPORT 150 Understanding the Airport’s Role in Performance-Based Navigation Resource Guide Sebastian Timar ARCHITECTURE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION Minneapolis, Minnesota Robb Varani RICONDO & ASSOCIATES, INC. Chicago, Illinois Brian Townsend BT AERONAUTICAL, INC. Henderson, NV Wayne MacKenzie AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT CONSULTING, INC. Las Vegas, Nevada T R A N S P O R T A T I O N R E S E A R C H B O A R D WASHINGTON, D.C. 2016 www.TRB.org Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation, Environment, Planning and Forecasting

AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in transporta- tion of people and goods and in regional, national, and international com- merce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal responsibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is nec- essary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Re- search Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agencies and not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. ACRP is modeled after the successful National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) and Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP). ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in various airport subject areas, including design, construction, legal, maintenance, operations, safety, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. ACRP provides a forum where airport operators can cooperatively address common operational problems. ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100— Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary participants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport operating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), the American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), Airlines for America (A4A), and the Airport Consultants Council (ACC) as vital links to the airport community; (2) TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as pro- gram sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the Na- tional Academy of Sciences formally initiating the program. ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport profes- sionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equip- ment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research organizations. Each of these participants has different interests and responsibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by identifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel ap- pointed by TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport profession- als, the intended users of the research products. The panels prepare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and pro- vide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooperative re- search programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the in- tended users of the research: airport operating agencies, service pro- viders, and academic institutions. ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties; industry associations may arrange for workshops, training aids, field visits, webinars, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport industry practitioners. ACRP REPORT 150, Volume I Project 03-34 ISSN 1935-9802 ISBN 978-0-309-37546-7 Library of Congress Control Number 2016941099 © 2016 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FRA, FTA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, PHMSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to pro- cedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the pro- gram sponsors. The Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medi- cine; and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet by going to http://www.national-academies.org and then searching for TRB Printed in the United States of America

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to increase the benefits that transportation contributes to society by providing leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied committees, task forces, and panels annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 150, Volume I Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Lawrence D. Goldstein, Senior Program Officer Anthony P. Avery, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Scott E. Hitchcock, Editor ACRP PROJECT 03-34 PANEL ACRP 3: Policy and Planning Jason L. Schwartz, Port of Portland, Portland, OR (Chair) Gregory H. Albjerg, HNTB Corporation, Minneapolis, MN Laurence Audenaerd, The MITRE Corporation, Evanston, IL Jeff Hamiel, Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN Glenn Morse, United Airlines, Massapequa, NY John Novelli, GE Aviation, Dallas, TX Marcia Adams, FAA Liaison Pat Moran, FAA Liaison Christopher J. Oswald, Airports Council International - North America Liaison Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The team would like to thank the following individuals and organizations for contributing their time, effort and knowledge to creating the Airport PBN Resource Guide: • Daniel Allen, FedEx • Jim Allerdice, retired Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Air Traffic Control • Todd Amerman, FAA • Gabriel Andino, Teterboro Airport (TEB) • Tom Becher, The MITRE Corporation • Randy Berg, Salt Lake City International Airport (SLC) • John Bergener, San Francisco International Airport (SFO) • Kevin Bleach, Port Authority of New York/New Jersey (PANYNJ) • Kent Duffy, Federal Aviation Administration • Ben Dwyer, Frontier Airlines • Keith Gordon, National Business Aviation Association (NBAA) • John-Paul Gorsky, Honeywell • Charles Hall, Clark County Department of Aviation • Jeff Hamiel, Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Airports Commission • Darren Harris, PSA Airlines • Marc Henegar, Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA) • Mike Hines, Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA) • Bill Keller, ATAC, Inc. • Chad Leqve, Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Airport Commission (MAC) • Mike Loghides, retired Clark County Department of Aviation (CCDOA) • Mike McKee, Denver International Airport (DIA) • Richard Miller, Reno-Tahoe International Airport • Glenn Morse, United Airlines • Thomas Nissalke, City of Atlanta Department of Aviation (ADOA) • Mark Phipps, FAA Metroplex Program Office • Joseph Post, FAA NAS Systems Engineering & Integration • Juran Rylan, Minnesota Department of Transportation (MDOT) • Harry Swenson, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) • Dave Tomber, Port of Seattle • Emily Tranter, Lockridge Grindal Nauen, P.L.L.P. • Jeffrey Woods, National Air Traffic Controllers Association (NATCA)-National • Dale Wright, NATCA-PBN

v The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) refers to the federal programs (predomi- nately airspace, air traffic, or avionics related) that are designed to modernize the National Airspace System (NAS). ACRP’s NextGen initiative aims to inform airport operators about some of these pro- grams and how the enabling practices, data, and technologies resulting from them will affect airports and change how they operate. ACRP Report 150: NextGen for Airports, Volume I: Understanding the Airport’s Role in Performance-Based Navigation: Resource Guide, the first report in this series, provides comprehensive information to practitioners concerning all aspects of Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) and how implementation affects overall airport operations. This Resource Guide encompasses background information, descrip- tion of effects on short- and long-term airport development, impacts on safety and performance mea- sures, and other critical factors affecting future airport operations. In addition to providing guidance to users on available resources for additional assistance, this volume also includes lessons learned and best practices based on findings from case studies that examined the airport operator’s role in PBN implementation. “NextGen” is an umbrella term for the ongoing transformation of the National Airspace System (NAS) and is the focus of this ACRP NextGen initiative. The comprehensive ACRP initiative encompasses five distinct projects which have been conducted simultaneously. ACRP Report 150, Volume I concentrates on performance-based improvements of the overall program. The other supporting and coordinated initiatives in the ACRP series include the following: • ACRP Project 01-27, NextGen—A Primer; • ACRP Project 01-28, NextGen—Guidance for Engaging Airport Stakeholders; • ACRP Project 03-33, NextGen—Airport Planning and Development; and • ACRP Project 09-12, NextGen—Leveraging NextGen Spatial Data to Benefit Airports. Some of the known or anticipated airport-relevant effects that are expected from implementation of NextGen procedures include the following: • Safety—situational/proximity awareness, incident recovery; • Efficiency—aircraft fuel savings, airspace utilization, landside operations and performance, airside operations and maintenance; By Lawrence D. Goldstein Staff Officer Transportation Research Board Foreword

vi | UNDERSTANDING THE AIRPORT’S ROLE IN PERFORMANCE-BASED NAVIGATION • Environment—emissions reductions, noise distribution; • Reliability—consistency in practice, international aircraft procedure/avionics standardization, im- proved access to airports; and • Planning/design—customer service, facility use, demands for infrastructure. PBN, the subject of ACRP Report 150, Volume I, is a critical near-term component of the NextGen pro- gram. In the broader context, design and implementation of PBN will have significance for airports of all sizes. Development of PBN procedures is currently underway, or will be underway shortly, in a number of communities. Involvement by airport operators is essential for successful implementa- tion; and potential opportunities exist for realizing operational and environmental benefits as well as improvements to safety, reliability, and efficiencies of air services to the community. To maximize their productivity, airport operators need to have an understanding of the FAA design and implementation process and have the means to identify and monitor metrics of expected benefits and impacts of these procedures so they can report back to their communities. To help implement that program, the avia- tion community needs comprehensive and understandable information concerning PBN, presented in a usable and accessible format—describing implementation requirements, related benefits, and potential costs. In support of this comprehensive initiative to create an understandable description of NextGen PBN and its various components, Architecture Technology Corporation (under the direction of Sebastian Timar) in concert with Ricondo Associates, BT Aeronautical Consulting, and Air Traffic Management Consulting, has created this Resource Guide for airport practitioners based on information obtained through literature review, stakeholder outreach, and case studies. The literature review compiled fundamental information regarding PBN procedures: their technical foundations; previous, ongoing, and planned implementations; processes, personnel, tools, and environmental requirements for imple- mentation; and their impacts on the airport, local communities and other stakeholders. As part of the study, stakeholder outreach clarified the roles and potential contributions of the airport authorities, communities, aircraft operators, and others in, and challenges to, PBN implementation. Case studies evaluated PBN implementations at Atlanta, Seattle, Denver, Minneapolis, Henderson, and Houston Metroplex airports to identify lessons learned and best practices for airport authorities in PBN imple- mentation. An additional component of the research and as background for Report 150, the contrac- tor’s Final Report for ACRP Project 03-34 is available online at http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetPro- jectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3709. ACRP Report 150, Volume I is a usable and accessible guide for airport authorities to facilitate effective implementation of NextGen procedures in a complex environment.

vii Contents 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Purpose 2 Background 3 Document Structure 5 Chapter 2 PBN Components 5 Aircraft Navigation Aids 6 Aircraft Navigation Capabilities 8 Types of Procedures 13 Chapter 3 PBN Implementation 13 FAA Implementation Plans 16 Equipage Levels of Aircraft at Airports 18 Mixed Equipage of Aircraft at Airports 20 Chapter 4 Impact of PBN on Airports 20 Impacts of PBN Arrival, Departure, and Approach Procedures 22 Specific Examples 25 Chapter 5 Procedure Design Processes, Personnel, and Tools 25 Processes 25 5-Phase Process 27 Metroplex Process 28 Third-Party Vendor Process 29 Design Iteration to Address Noise 30 Personnel 32 Regional Airspace and Procedures Team (RAPT) 32 Tools 34 Chapter 6 Environmental Requirements for Procedures 34 National Environmental Policy Act 34 CatExs for Flight Procedures 35 Extraordinary Circumstances to CatExs 36 EAs and EISs 37 Summary of Requirements

viii | UNDERSTANDING THE AIRPORT’S ROLE IN PERFORMANCE-BASED NAVIGATION 38 Chapter 7 Stakeholders and Challenges in PBN Implementation 38 Stakeholders 38 Airport Operators 40 Communities 40 Aircraft Operators 41 Other Stakeholders 41 Challenges 44 Chapter 8 Potential Contributions of the Airport to the Procedural Development 44 Phase 1: Preliminary Activities 44 Phase 2: Development Work 45 Phase 3: Operational Preparations 45 Phase 4: Implementation 45 Phase 5: Post-Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation 47 Chapter 9 Lessons Learned and Best Practices 47 Summary of Case Studies 50 Lessons Learned and Best Practices 50 Initiation 51 Personnel 54 Process 56 EA 57 Outreach 59 Post-Implementation Assessment 60 Outcomes 61 Chapter 10 Metrics for Assessing the Impact of Procedures 63 Evaluating the Noise of PBN Procedures 64 Evaluating the Emissions of PBN Procedures 65 Chapter 11 Procedure Design and Execution 65 Flight Procedure Design 65 Phase of Flight and Segments of an IFP 65 Waypoints and Leg Types 69 Lateral Precision 70 Lateral Path and Vertical Profile 71 Aircraft Performance Variables 71 Navigation System Accuracy 71 Flight Path Planning 72 Flight Path Following 72 Flyability 73 Procedure Design Example 75 Chapter 12 Summary