NextGen for Airports, Volume 1: Understanding the Airport’s Role in Performance-Based Navigation: Resource Guide (2016)

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86 | UNDERSTANDING THE AIRPORT’S ROLE IN PERFORMANCE-BASED NAVIGATION TERM DEFINITION Above Ground Level (AGL) The altitude expressed in the actual number of feet measured with respect to the underlying ground surface. The distance of the aircraft above the ground. Administrator for Airports The Federal Aviation Administration’s office responsible for reviewing and deciding on projects involving airports, overseeing their construction and operations, and ensuring compliance with federal regulations. Air Traffic Control (ATC) A service provided by ground-based controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and through controlled airspace, and can provide advisory services to aircraft in non-controlled airspace. The primary purpose of ATC is to promote the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic. Air Traffic Noise Screening (ATNS) A computer program that evaluates the potential noise impacts resulting from changes in airport arrivals and departures by screening proposed changes to determine whether new or increased noise is likely to exceed permissible levels over communities beneath the aircraft route. ATNS is a computerized version of the former FAA Notice N 7210.360, “Noise Screening Procedure for Certain Air Traffic Actions Above 3,000 Feet AGL.” Airport Arrival Rate (AAR) A parameter specifying the number of arrival aircraft that an airport, in conjunction with terminal airspace, can accept under specific conditions throughout any consecutive 60-minute period. Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) An applied research program that develops practical solutions to problems faced by airport operators. ACRP is managed by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and sponsored by the FAA. Area Navigation (RNAV) A method of navigation that allows an aircraft to choose any course within a network of navigation beacons, rather than navigating directly to and from the beacons. This can conserve flight distance, reduce congestion, and allow flights into airports without beacons. Authorization Required (AR) Refers to Required Navigation Performance (RNP) Instrument Approach Procedures (IAP) with Authorization Required (AR). Authorization is typically associated with aircraft avionics equipment, operator requirements, and pilot training. These were previously known as RNP Special Aircraft and Aircrew Authorization Required (SAAAR) operations. Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) An element of the U.S. Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen), ADS-B is an air traffic surveillance technology that enables aircraft to be accurately tracked by air traffic controllers and other pilots without the need for conventional radar. Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT) A comprehensive software system that dynamically models aircraft performance in space and time to produce estimates of noise, fuel burn and emissions at global, regional, and local levels. AEDT is currently used by the U.S. government to consider the interdependencies between aviation-related noise, hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and fuel consumption. Glossary of TermsB

Appendix B: Glossary of Terms | 87 TERM DEFINITION Clean Air Act (CAA) A United States federal law, first enacted in 1955, with major revisions in 1970 and 1977, designed to protect human health and the environment from the effects of air pollution. Under the CAA, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is required to establish national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health and welfare and to regulate emissions of hazardous air pollutants. State and local governments monitor and enforce CAA regulations, with oversight by the EPA. Closely Spaced Parallel Runway Operations (CSPO) A procedure used by air traffic controllers to space aircraft closer together on takeoff and landing at major U.S. airports for the purpose of increasing airspace capacity. Under CSPO, aircraft pairs arriving at an airport with parallel runways that are separated by 2,500 feet or less are staggered to observe 1.5 nm diagonal separations between leading and trailing aircraft on the separate runways. Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI) A CDTI is a generic display that provides the flight crew with surveillance information about other aircraft, including their position. Traffic information for a CDTI may be obtained from one or multiple sources, including ADS-B, traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS), and traffic information services- broadcast (TIS-B). Direct air-to-air transmission of ADS-B messages supports display of proximate aircraft on a CDTI. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) The codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the federal government of the United States. Core Working Group (CWG) A group established in Phase One of the Performance-Based Navigation Implementation Process—FAA Order 7100.14 to perform the baseline analysis and to finalize the project’s mission statement. Day-Night Average Sound Level (DNL) Expressed in decibels (dB), DNL is a 24-hour average noise level used to define the level of noise exposure on a community. The DNL represents the average sound exposure during a 24-hour period and does not represent the sound level for a specific noise event. A 10 dB correction is applied to nighttime (10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.) sound levels to account for increased annoyance due to noise during the night hours. Decibels (dB) The logarithmic unit used to measure the intensity of a sound measuring from the threshold of human hearing, 0 dB, upward towards the threshold of pain, about 120 to 140 dB. An increase of 10 dB is perceived by human ears as a doubling of noise. Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Equipment (ground and airborne) used to measure and report to the pilot the slant range distance, in nautical miles, of an aircraft from the DME navigational aid. Distance of Turn Anticipation (DTA) The distance from a waypoint that an aircraft is expected to start a turn in order to intercept the course/track of the next segment. Environmental Assessment (EA) Assessment performed under the National Enviromental Policy Act (NEPA) used to predict the environmental consequences of a plan, policy, program, or project prior to the decision to move forward with the proposed action. The EA will determine either the need to prepare an environmental impact statement (EIS) or justify a finding of no significant impact (FONSI). Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) A document required by NEPA for certain actions that may significantly affect the quality of the human environment. The purpose of an EIS is to analyze and disclose the significant effects resulting from a federal action and also list alternative actions that may be chosen instead of the action described in the EIS.

88 | UNDERSTANDING THE AIRPORT’S ROLE IN PERFORMANCE-BASED NAVIGATION TERM DEFINITION Equivalent Lateral Spacing Operations (ELSO) A procedure used by air traffic controllers to space aircraft closer together on takeoff and landing at major U.S. airports for the purpose of increasing airspace capacity. ELSO reduce the divergence angle between the departure routes of aircraft on takeoff, therefore allowing controllers to space routes more closely together and clear aircraft for takeoff more efficiently. Established on RNP (EoR) A RNP AR with a radius-to-fix (RF) leg approach and parallel Instrument landing system (ILS) approach to parallel runways. The RNP AR approach comprises an RNP downwind leg, an RNP AR with RF turn on to final leg, and an RNP final approach. RNP lateral containment throughout the approach supplants current-day separation requirements of 3 nmi laterally or 1,000 foot vertically until established. This increases arrival throughput by reducing the required minimum inter-flight spacing. Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) A document required by the NEPA explaining why the proposed action will have no significant effects on the human environment. It is based on the EA and comments of agencies and the public. The FONSI is separate from the EA, and it is detailed enough in drawing from sections in the EA to stand alone. Flight Information Services–Broadcast (FIS-B) A component of ADS-B technology that provides free graphical National Weather Service products, temporary flight restrictions (TFRs), and special-use airspace information. Flight Management System (FMS) A suite of avionics programs on board an aircraft used to calculate the most economical flying speeds and altitudes during a flight and to identify possible choices in emergencies. General Aviation (GA) All civil aviation operations other than scheduled air services and non- scheduled air transport operations for remuneration or hire. The majority of the world’s air traffic falls into this category, and most of the world’s airports serve GA exclusively. Global Positioning System (GPS) A system of satellites, computers, and receivers that is able to determine the latitude and longitude of a receiver on Earth by calculating the time difference for signals from different satellites to reach the receiver. In aviation, GPS data allows pilots to obtain precise three-dimensional or four- dimensional location data. Government Accountability Office (GAO) An independent, nonpartisan agency established by the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 that investigates how the federal government spends taxpayer dollars. Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS) A system that provides differential corrections and integrity monitoring of global navigation satellite systems. GBAS provides navigation and precision approach service in the vicinity of the host airport, broadcasting its differential correction message via a very-high-frequency radio data link from a ground-based transmitter. GBAS yields the extremely high accuracy, availability, and integrity necessary for Category I, and eventually Category II and III precision approaches. Interval Management (IM) IM is a set of applications that enable more precise and consistent spacing between aircraft to increase throughput and efficiency. IM is composed of ground-based IM (GIM) and a flight-deck-based IM (FIM). GIM provides air traffic controllers with speed advisories to achieve and/or maintain a desired spacing interval with a target aircraft and also helps controllers initiate the flight-deck operation (FIM). FIM uses avionics to provide guidance to the flight crew to achieve and/or maintain a desired spacing interval with a target aircraft. Instrument Flight Procedure (IFP) A description of a series of predetermined flight maneuvers by reference to flight instruments, published by electronic and/or printed means.

Appendix B: Glossary of Terms | 89 TERM DEFINITION Instrument Landing System (ILS) A radar-based instrument approach system that provides precision lateral and vertical guidance to ILS-equipped aircraft approaching and landing on a runway, enabling a safe landing during instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), such as low ceilings or reduced visibility. Integrated Noise Model (INM) INM is a computer model that evaluates aircraft noise impacts in the vicinity of airports. The INM can output either noise contours for an area or noise level at pre-selected locations. In the U.S., INM is the preferred model used for Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) Part 150 noise compatibility planning and for FAA Order 1050 EAs and EISs. Inertial Reference Unit (IRU) A type of inertial sensor that uses only gyroscopes to determine a moving aircrafts change in angular direction over a period of time. In-trail Procedures (ITP) An ADS-B application developed by the FAA. The use of flight level change procedures, enabled by ADS-B ITP, enables flight level changes for aircraft operating in oceanic airspace and being held at non-optimal flight levels due to conflicting traffic. Lateral Navigation (LNAV) GPS-based non-precision instrument approach procedure that provides horizontal approach navigation without approved vertical guidance. The approach minimums for LNAV approaches are higher than that of ILS approaches, and RNAV approaches that incorporate vertical guidance. Localizer Performance (LP) An RNAV function using a final approach segment data block that computes, displays, and provides horizontal approach navigation using the horizontal accuracy and integrity of localizer performance with vertical guidance (LPV) without approved vertical guidance. The LP line of minima is provided at locations where issues prevent the use of vertical guidance and provides a higher probability of achieving the lowest minimum at these locations. Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance (LPV) An RNAV function using a final approach segment data block, which computes, displays and provides both horizontal and approved vertical approach navigation to minimums as low as 200 foot ceiling and ½-mile visibility. Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Airport Commission (MAC) The MAC is a Minnesota State government agency that owns and operates the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport and six other reliever airports in the region. National Airspace Procedures Team (NAPT) A team established at Washington headquarters to provide direction and guidance for regional airspace procedures team (RAPT)-related matters. National Airspace System (NAS) The FAA created the NAS to protect persons and property on the ground, and to establish a safe and efficient airspace environment for civil, commercial, and military aviation. The NAS is made up of a network of air navigation facilities, ATC facilities, airports, technology, and appropriate rules and regulations that are needed to operate the system. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Standards established by the EPA under authority of the CAA that apply for outdoor air throughout the country. Primary standards are designed to protect human health. Secondary standards are designed to protect public welfare from any known or anticipated adverse effects of a pollutant. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 A congressional act which established the national policy for disclosing the potential impacts of Federal actions. Compliance with NEPA requires the completion of an environmental document that outlines impacts that may significantly affect the quality of the human environment.

90 | UNDERSTANDING THE AIRPORT’S ROLE IN PERFORMANCE-BASED NAVIGATION TERM DEFINITION Noise Compatibility Programs (NCP) A program that promulgates recommendations on the abatement and/or mitigation of existing impacts of aviation noise, and the prevention of future incompatibilities in areas identified as being significantly impacted by aircraft noise. An NCP is created or updated as part of the FAR Part 150 process, following the completion of existing and future noise exposure maps (NEMs). Noise Exposure Map (NEM) Noise exposure contours overlaid on a background map which identifies existing or future noise exposure conditions at an airport. An NEM is typically developed as part of the FAR Part 150 process. Noise Oversight Committee (NOC) Committee established by MAC in August 2002 to bring industry and community representatives together to address aircraft noise issues and to bring policy recommendations to the MAC. Operational Evolution Plan (OEP) FAA-sponsored blueprint, first introduced in 2001 to enhance capacity of the NAS, formalizes a wide range of efforts such as automated controller tools, new weather systems, data link communications for pilots and controllers, airspace changes, new runways, and air traffic procedures. The OEP also establishes solution sets for problem areas, which include increasing airport arrival rates, minimizing congestion at high altitudes, and reducing the impact of bad weather at airports. Optimized Profile Descent (OPD) An aircraft approach method designed to reduce fuel consumption and noise compared to other conventional descents. Instead of approaching an airport in a stair-step fashion, OPD allows for a smooth, constant-angle descent to landing. Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) A term used to describe the broad range of technologies that move aviation away from a ground-based navigation system toward a system that relies more on the performance and capabilities of equipment on board the aircraft. PBN specifies that aircraft RNP and RNAV systems performance requirements be defined in terms of accuracy, integrity, availability, continuity and functionality required for the proposed operations. Radius-to-Fix (RF) A turn between two waypoints in the terminal/approach phase of flight using a constant turn radius commensurate with the maximum ground speed and the maximum allowable bank angle. The inbound and outbound legs are tangential to the arc. Regional Airspace Procedures Team (RAPT) A team established at each FAA region for the purpose of coordinating and processing requests for new or modified flight procedures and related airspace matters. Required Navigation Performance (RNP) A type of PBN that allows an aircraft to fly a specific path between two 3D-defined points in space. RNP equipment provides onboard navigation capability that allows crews to accurately fly aircraft along a precise flight path. RNP also refers to the level of performance required for a specific procedure or a specific block of airspace. An RNP of ten means that a navigation system must be able to calculate its position to within a circle with a radius of ten nautical miles. RNP Parallel Approach with Transition (RPAT) An RNP AR operation designed to improve arrival capacity of parallel runways with centerline separations less than 4,300 feet in marginal visual meteorological conditions when the airport acceptance rate is reduced due to discontinued use of simultaneous independent parallel approaches. Safety Risk Management (SRM) A component of the FAA’s Safety Management System, FAA Order 8000.369. The objective of SRM is to provide supporting information for decision makers by convening a panel of experts to identify hazards, analyze and assess safety risk, and develop controls and document processes.

Appendix B: Glossary of Terms | 91 TERM DEFINITION Sound Exposure Level (SEL) The most common metric for measuring cumulative noise exposure for a single aircraft flyover, computed from measured dB sound levels. The SEL metric measures the entire event, and, therefore, does not directly represent the sound level heard at any given time. Standard Instrument Approach Procedure (SIAP) A predetermined maneuver for the orderly transfer of an aircraft under instrument flight conditions from the beginning of the initial approach to a landing or to a point from which a landing may be made visually or the missed approach procedure is initiated. It is prescribed and approved for a specific airport by a competent authority. Standard Instrument Departure (SID) A preplanned instrument flight rule (IFR) departure procedure published for pilot use, in graphical or textual format, that provides obstruction clearance from the terminal area to the appropriate en route structure. Standard Terminal Arrival Route (STAR) A published IFR arrival procedure describing specific criteria for descent, routing, and communications for a specific runway at an airport. State Implementation Plan (SIP) An enforceable plan developed at the state level that explains how the state will comply with air quality standards according to the CAA. The CAA requires each state to produce and regularly update an SIP and requires that SIPs include a description of control strategies, or measures, to deal with pollution for areas that fail to achieve the NAAQS. Terminal Area Route Generation, Evaluation, and Simulation (TARGETS) A software application that offers a combination of capabilities for RNAV procedure design, flyability assessment, and air traffic service provider and operator evaluation. Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) An FAA ATC facility that uses radar and two-way radio communication to provide separation of air traffic within a specified geographic area in the vicinity of one or more large airports. Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) An aircraft collision avoidance system designed to reduce the incidence of mid-air collisions between aircraft. TCAS is based on secondary surveillance radar transponder signals and operates independently of ground-based equipment to provide advice to the pilot on potential conflicting aircraft. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) mandates that the system be fitted to all aircraft with a maximum take-off mass of over 5,700 kilograms (12,600 pounds) or authorized to carry more than 19 passengers. Traffic Information Services-Broadcast (TIS-B) TIS-B is the broadcast of ATC-derived traffic information to ADS-B-equipped (1090ES or UAT) aircraft from ground radio stations. The source of this traffic information is derived from ground-based air traffic surveillance radar sensors. TIS-B service will be available throughout the NAS where there are both adequate surveillance coverage (radar) from ground sensors and adequate broadcast coverage from ADS-B ground radio stations. Vertical Navigation (VNAV) A form of precise vertical (altitude) guidance using the aircraft FMS. VNAV is the vertical navigation flight profile that is the predicted flight trajectory of the airplane in the vertical plane as a function of distance along the horizontal flight path defined by the LNAV flight plan. Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) An air navigation aid developed by the FAA to augment the GPS, with the goal of improving its accuracy, integrity, and availability. WAAS is intended to enable aircraft to rely on GPS for all phases of flight, including precision approaches.