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A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP REPORT 158 TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2016 www.TRB.org Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation ⢠Environment Deriving Benefits from Alternative Aircraft-Taxi Systems Damon Fordham Mia Stephens Ashley Chymiy The Cadmus Group, InC. Arlington, VA Hazel Peace Gareth Horton Charles Walker rICardo enerGy & envIronmenT/rICardo, LTd. Didcot, Oxfordshire, U.K. Mike Kenney Clint Morrow KB envIronmenTaL sCIenCes, InC. St. Petersburg, FL Mikhail Chester arIzona sTaTe unIversITy Tempe, AZ Yu Zhang L&z ConsuLTInG, LLC Tampa, FL Paul Sichko mInneapoLIs-sT. pauL InTernaTIonaL aIrporT Minneapolis, MN
AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans- portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and interna- tional commerce. They are where the nationâs aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal responsibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agen- cies and not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. ACRP is modeled after the successful National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) and Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP). ACRP undertakes research and other technical activi- ties in various airport subject areas, including design, construction, legal, maintenance, operations, safety, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. ACRP provides a forum where airport operators can cooperatively address common operational problems. ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100â Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary participants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport operating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), the American Associa- tion of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), Airlines for America (A4A), and the Airport Consultants Council (ACC) as vital links to the airport community; (2) TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academy of Sciences formally initiating the program. ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research organi- zations. Each of these participants has different interests and responsibili- ties, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by identifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel appointed by TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport professionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels prepare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing coop- erative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended users of the research: airport operating agencies, service pro- viders, and academic institutions. ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties; industry associations may arrange for workshops, training aids, field visits, webinars, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport industry practitioners. ACRP REPORT 158 Project 02-50 ISSN 1935-9802 ISBN 978-0-309-37559-7 Library of Congress Control Number 2016946036 © 2016 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FRA, FTA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, PHMSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturersâ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet by going to http://www.national-academies.org and then searching for TRB Printed in the United States of America
The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to increase the benefits that transportation contributes to society by providing leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Boardâs varied committees, task forces, and panels annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.
C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 158 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Jeff Oser, Program Coordinator Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Doug English, Editor ACRP PROJECT 02-50 PANEL Field of Environment Somnath Mukherjee, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Eng. Department, New York, NY (Chair) Andrew S. Alden, Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI), Blacksburg, VA Rudolph Dudebout, Honeywell Aerospace, Phoenix, AZ Eric Moore, Mecklenburg County (NC) Air Quality, Charlotte, NC John Novelli, GE Aviation, Dallas, TX Christopher Dorbian, FAA Liaison Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison
As demand for air travel continues to grow, airports are facing increased pressure to reduce their contributions to local air emissions and noise. Airport managers, environmen- tal agencies, and other parties in the aviation industry are becoming increasingly aware of the contribution of airport-related activities to local air quality, greenhouse gas emissions, and noise. Moreover, as the price of fuel fluctuates, aircraft operators are driven to consider operational alternatives that reduce fuel consumption cost. Fuel is one of the key costs that airlines have to consider, and any fuel price volatility can adversely affect profit margins. The majority of aircraft fuel is consumed during the cruise phase of flight, and there is very little that an airport or airline can do to reduce these costs. However, airlines can reduce fuel use, emissions, and costs while aircraft are on the ground. Alternative approaches to taxiing aircraft in movement areas may offer needed relief. By removing the need for using aircraft main engines during the majority of the taxi phase of operation in aircraft movement areas, there may be an overall net benefit for both the airport and aircraft operator. Recently, non-main-engine aircraft-taxiing (alternative aircraft-taxiing) systems have attracted the interest of industry and government research organizations. These systems include, among other alternative systems, an electric motor permanently fixed to the aircraft, or an electric tug. While many of these alternatives may provide energy and environmental benefits, their use may introduce potential challenges to aircraft operators and air traffic control, as well as place new demands on airport infra- structure. This report helps to address those challenges. Under ACRP Project 02-50, the research team, led by The Cadmus Group, Inc., devel- oped a resource guide focused on alternative aircraft-taxiing systems at U.S. airports; how- ever, a large body of research from Europe has been incorporated where relevant. For con- text, some estimates show that a typical short-to-medium-range aircraft in Europe spends between 10% and 30% of its total flight time taxiing, constituting about 10% of its fuel consumption. It is assumed that similar proportions would also apply in the United States. F O R E W O R D By Michael R. Salamone Staff Officer Transportation Research Board
Note: Photographs, figures, and tables in this report may have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions. 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 4 Chapter 2 Alternative Taxiing Assessment Matrix (ATAM) 4 2.1 Instructions 4 2.2 ATAM 5 2.3 Fuel and Emissions 7 Chapter 3 Discussion 11 Appendix A Detailed Description of Information in the ATAM 18 Appendix B Acronyms and Abbreviations 19 Appendix C References C O N T E N T S
