Investing in Young Children
for PEACEFUL SOCIETIES

Proceedings of a Joint Workshop
by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine;
UNICEF; and the King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz International Center
for Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue (KAICIID)

Jocelyn Widmer, Rapporteur

Forum on Investing in Young Children Globally

Board on Global Health

Board on Children, Youth, and Families

Health and Medicine Division

Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS500 Fifth Street, NWWashington, DC 20001

This activity was supported by grants from Autism Speaks (unnumbered award); the Bernard van Leer Foundation (222-2012-043); The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1084405); the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation; the Fraser Mustard Institute for Human Development; Fundação Maria Cecilia Souto Vidigal (unnumbered); Grand Challenges Canada (unnumbered); HighScope Educational Research Foundation (unnumbered); the Inter-American Development Bank (unnumbered); the Jacobs Foundation (2013-1079); the National Institutes of Health—Fogarty International Center, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and the National Institute of Mental Health; Nestlé Nutrition Institute (unnumbered); the Open Society Institute–Budapest Foundation (OR2013-10010); ReadyNation; the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; the Society for Research in Child Development (unnumbered); UNICEF (unnumbered); the U.S. Agency for International Development; the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; and the World Bank (unnumbered). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-44930-4
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-44930-8
Digital Object Identifier: 10.17226/23637

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Copyright 2016 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Investing in young children for peaceful societies: Individual and structural transformation: Proceedings of a joint workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23637.

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PLANNING COMMITTEE ON INVESTING IN YOUNG CHILDREN FOR PEACEFUL SOCIETIES: INDIVIDUAL AND STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION¹

MOHAMMED ABU-NIMER (Workshop Co-Chair), Senior Advisor, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz International Center for Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue (KAICIID)

PIA REBELLO BRITTO (Workshop Co-Chair), Global Chief and Senior Advisor, Early Childhood Development Unit, UNICEF

J. LAWRENCE ABER, Willner Family Professor of Psychology and Public Policy, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, and University Professor, New York University

ZULFIQAR A. BHUTTA, Co-Director, SickKids Centre for Global Child Health, Toronto, and Founding Director, Center of Excellence for Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University

PAMELA COLLINS, Director, Office for Research on Disparities, Director, Global Mental Health & Office of Rural Mental Health Research, National Institute of Mental Health

GILLIAN HUEBNER, Senior Associate, Maestral International

JOAN LOMBARDI, Senior Advisor, Bernard van Leer Foundation

ANN MASTEN, Distinguished McKnight University Professor, Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis

RIMA SALAH, Chair, Early Childhood Peacebuilding Consortium

LORRAINE SHERR, Professor of Clinical and Health Psychology, University College London

ANDY SHIH, Senior Vice President, Scientific Affairs, Autism Speaks

SELCUK SIRIN, Associate Professor of Applied Psychology, New York University

AMALIA WAXMAN, Senior Adviser, Teva Pharmaceuticals

___________________

¹ The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteur and the institution.

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FORUM ON INVESTING IN YOUNG CHILDREN GLOBALLY¹

ZULFIQAR A. BHUTTA (Co-Chair), Co-Director, SickKids Centre for Global Child Health, Toronto, and Founding Director, Center of Excellence for Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University

ANN MASTEN (Co-Chair), Distinguished McKnight University Professor, Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis

J. LAWRENCE ABER, Willner Family Professor of Psychology and Public Policy, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, and University Professor, New York University

AMINA ABUBAKAR, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research—Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme

LOLA ADEDOKUN, Program Director, Child Well-being and Director, African Health Initiative, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation

CONSTANZA ALARCÓN, Director, Fundación Alpina

RAQUEL BERNAL, Professor and Director of the Center for Research on Economic Development, Universidad de los Andes

FLORENCIA LOPEZ BOO, Senior Social Protection Economist, Inter-American Development Bank

PIA REBELLO BRITTO, Senior Advisor, Early Childhood Development Unit, UNICEF

PAMELA Y. COLLINS, Director, Office for Research on Disparities, Director, Global Mental Health & Office of Rural Mental Health Research, National Institute of Mental Health

TRACY COSTIGAN, Senior Program Officer, Research Evaluation Learning Unit, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation

GARY DARMSTADT, Associate Dean for Maternal and Child Health and Professor in the Division of Neonatal and Developmental Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine

ANGELA DIAZ, Jean C. and James W. Crystal Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and Director, Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center

RANA HAJJEH, Director, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

JODY HEYMANN, Dean, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles

___________________

¹ The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s forums and roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteur and the institution.

GILLIAN HUEBNER, Senior Associate, Maestral International

VENITA KAUL, Director, School of Education Studies and Director, Center for Early Childhood Education and Development, Ambedkar University, Delhi

SARAH KLAUS, Director, Early Childhood Program, London, Open Society Foundation

VESNA KUTLESIC, Director, Office of Global Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health

ALBERT LEE, Professor (Clinical), Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, and Director, Centre for Health, Education, and Health Promotion, Chinese University of Hong Kong

JOAN LOMBARDI, Senior Advisor, Bernard van Leer Foundation

STEPHEN LYE, Executive Director, Fraser Mustard Institute of Human Development, University of Toronto

KOFI MARFO, Professor and Foundation Director, Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University (South-Central Asia, East Africa, United Kingdom)

MARK MILLER, Director, Division of International and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health

HELIA MOLINA MILMAN, Vice Dean, Research and Development, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University de Santiago de Chile and Former Minister of Health, Chile

ARIEL PABLOS-MÉNDEZ, Assistant Administrator for Global Health, U.S. Agency for International Development

JANNA PATTERSON, Senior Program Officer, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

ALAN PENCE, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Chair, Early Childhood, Education, Care and Development and Professor, School of Child and Youth Care, University of Victoria

RUTH PEROU, Lead Behavioral Scientist, Office of the Director, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CHERYL POLK, President, HighScope Educational Research Foundation

EDUARDO QUEIROZ, Executive Director, Fundação Maria Cecilia Souto Vidigal

JOSE SAAVEDRA, Global Chief Medical Officer, Nestlé Nutrition

LORRAINE SHERR, Professor of Clinical and Health Psychology, University College London

ANDY SHIH, Senior Vice President, Scientific Affairs, Autism Speaks

KARLEE SILVER, President of Targeted Challenges, Grand Challenges Canada

SIMON SOMMER, Head of Research, Jacobs Foundation

TAHA E. TAHA, Professor, Epidemiology and Population, Family and Reproductive Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University

SUSAN WALKER, Professor of Nutrition and Director, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Epidemiology Research Unit, University of the West Indies

SARA WATSON, National Director, ReadyNation, Council for a Strong America

AMALIA WAXMAN, Consultant

HIROKAZU YOSHIKAWA, Courtney Sale Ross University Professor of Globalization and Education, New York University

Forum Staff

KIMBER BOGARD, Director, Forum on Investing in Young Children Globally

CHARLEE ALEXANDER, Associate Program Officer

CARRIE VERGEL DE DIOS, Senior Program Assistant

FAYE HILLMAN, Financial Officer

PATRICK W. KELLEY, Director, Board on Global Health

Consultant

JOCELYN WIDMER, University of Florida

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BOARD ON GLOBAL HEALTH¹

THOMAS C. QUINN (Chair), National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

GARY DARMSTADT, Stanford University School of Medicine

JACOB A. GAYLE, Community Affairs, Medtronic Foundation

GLENDA E. GRAY, South African Medical Research Council

MARGARET A. HAMBURG, National Academy of Medicine

CLARION JOHNSON, Private consultant

ALAN I. LESHNER, American Association for the Advancement of Science

MYRON M. LEVINE, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine

GUY H. PALMER, School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University

ANNE C. PETERSEN, Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan

DAVID VLAHOV, University of California, San Francisco, Schools of Nursing and Medicine

___________________

¹ The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s boards do not review or approve individual products. The responsibility for the content of this Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteur and the institution.

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BOARD ON CHILDREN, YOUTH, AND FAMILIES¹

ANGELA DIAZ (Chair), Departments of Pediatrics and Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

SHARI BARKIN, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital, Vanderbilt University

THOMAS F. BOAT, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati

W. THOMAS BOYCE, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia

DAVID A. BRENT, Western Psychiatric Institute and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

DAVID V. B. BRITT, Retired CEO, Sesame Workshop

DEBBIE I. CHANG, Nemours Health and Prevention Services

PATRICK H. DELEON, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine and Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

ELENA FUENTES-AFFLICK, University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco General Hospital

EUGENE E. GARCIA, Mary Lou Fulton Teachers’ College, Arizona State University

J. DAVID HAWKINS, School of Social Work, University of Washington

JEFFREY W. HUTCHINSON, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

JACQUELINE JONES, Foundation for Child Development

ANN S. MASTEN, Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota

VELMA McBRIDE MURRY, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University

BRUCE S. McEWEN, Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University

MARTIN J. SEPULVEDA, IBM Fellow (retired), Research Division, IBM Corporation

TAHA E. TAHA, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University

___________________

¹ The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s boards do not review or approve individual products. The responsibility for the content of this Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteur and the institution.

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Reviewers

This Proceedings of a Workshop has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published Proceedings of a Workshop as sound as possible and to ensure that the Proceedings of a Workshop meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this Proceedings of a Workshop:

Shatha El Nakib, Columbia University

Rana Hajjeh, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Kathleen Hamill, Harvard FXB Center for Health and Human Rights

Samer Laila, International Medical Corps

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of this Proceedings of a Workshop before its release. The review of this Proceedings of a Workshop was overseen by David R. Challoner, Vice President for Health Affairs, Emeritus, University of Florida. He was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this Proceedings of a Workshop was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this Proceedings of a Workshop rests entirely with the rapporteur and the institution.

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Acknowledgments

The planning committee and project staff deeply appreciate the many valuable contributions from individuals who assisted us with this project. First, we offer our profound thanks to all of the presenters and discussants at the workshop who gave so generously of their time and expertise. These individuals are listed in full in the workshop agenda in Appendix B. We are also grateful to the many participants who attended the workshop. The engagement of all those in attendance was robust and vital to the success of the event.

In addition, the forum wishes to recognize the sponsors that supported this activity. Financial support for this project was provided by Autism Speaks; the Bernard van Leer Foundation; The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation; the Fraser Mustard Institute for Human Development; Fundação Maria Cecilia Souto Vidigal; Grand Challenges Canada; HighScope Educational Research Foundation; the Inter-American Development Bank; the Jacobs Foundation; the National Institutes of Health—Fogarty International Center, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and the National Institute of Mental Health; Nestlé Nutrition Institute; the Open Society Institute–Budapest Foundation; ReadyNation; the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; the Society for Research in Child Development; UNICEF; the U.S. Agency for International Development; the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; and the World Bank.

A NOTE ABOUT THE COVER ART

The Forum on Investing in Young Children Globally is committed to confronting the challenges and harnessing the opportunities surrounding the global nature of integrating the science of health, education, nutrition, and social protection. One of the ways the forum has committed itself to being global in scope is through the workshops that occur in different regions throughout the world. The cover design is intended to embrace the diversity in place, culture, challenges, and opportunities associated with forum activities at each of the workshops, but this global trajectory is done keeping in mind the momentum that comes in connecting these diverse locales to one another through the work of the forum. The bright orange dot represents the location of the workshop this report summarizes, and the lighter orange dots represent workshop locations across the first 3 years of the forum. The dotted orange line suggests that the forum will link what was gleaned from the convening activities from this workshop to the next. We would like to thank Jocelyn Widmer for her contributions to the cover design.

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION

Workshop Overview

Organization of This Proceedings of a Workshop

2 EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT DURING TIMES OF CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE

Migration Patterns and Demographic Shifts of Refugees in the Middle East

A Generation of Refugees

Three Regional Trends Affecting Early Childhood Development

Displaced Children in Turkey

3 LINKING THE SCIENCE OF EARLY CHILDHOOD WITH CONFLICT AND PEACE

Connections Between Early Childhood and Peace

The Resiliency of Children During Times of Conflict

Children, Violence, and War

4 EXAMPLES OF POLICY AND PROGRAM STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING VIOLENCE AND PROMOTING CITIZENSHIP ENGAGEMENT AND PEACE

Existing Policy Strategies for Children in Conflict

Programs Targeting Violence Against Children

Perspectives from the Ground

5 EXAMPLES OF TOOLS FOR REDUCING VIOLENCE AND PROMOTING CITIZENSHIP ENGAGEMENT AND PEACE

Dialogue and Conflict Resolution Tools

Messaging and Technology

6 MESSAGES OF HOPE FROM #THENEXTGENERATION

REFERENCES

APPENDIXES

A Abbreviations and Acronyms

B Workshop Agenda

C Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers