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Page 61
Suggested Citation:"Attachment 1 - Proposed Specifications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24694.
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Suggested Citation:"Attachment 1 - Proposed Specifications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24694.
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Suggested Citation:"Attachment 1 - Proposed Specifications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24694.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Attachment 1 - Proposed Specifications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24694.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Attachment 1 - Proposed Specifications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24694.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Attachment 1 - Proposed Specifications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24694.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Attachment 1 - Proposed Specifications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24694.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Attachment 1 - Proposed Specifications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24694.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Attachment 1 - Proposed Specifications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24694.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Attachment 1 - Proposed Specifications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24694.
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Suggested Citation:"Attachment 1 - Proposed Specifications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24694.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Attachment 1 - Proposed Specifications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24694.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Attachment 1 - Proposed Specifications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24694.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Attachment 1 - Proposed Specifications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24694.
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Suggested Citation:"Attachment 1 - Proposed Specifications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24694.
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Suggested Citation:"Attachment 1 - Proposed Specifications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24694.
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Suggested Citation:"Attachment 1 - Proposed Specifications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24694.
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Suggested Citation:"Attachment 1 - Proposed Specifications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24694.
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Suggested Citation:"Attachment 1 - Proposed Specifications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24694.
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Suggested Citation:"Attachment 1 - Proposed Specifications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24694.
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Suggested Citation:"Attachment 1 - Proposed Specifications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24694.
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Suggested Citation:"Attachment 1 - Proposed Specifications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24694.
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Suggested Citation:"Attachment 1 - Proposed Specifications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24694.
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61 A T T A C H M E N T 1 This attachment describes three proposed performance-related specifications for determin- ing the asphalt emulsion and binder residue properties that are related to surface treatment performance. • Proposed Standard Specifications for Performance-Graded Emulsions Used in Chip Seal Sur- face Treatments • Proposed Standard Specifications for Performance-Graded Emulsions Used in Micro- surfacing Treatments • Proposed Standard Specifications for Performance-Graded Emulsions Used in Spray Seal Treatments These proposed specifications are the suggestions of the NCHRP Project 9-50 research team. These specifications have not been approved by the NCHRP or any AASHTO committee nor have they been formally accepted for AASHTO specifications. Proposed Specifications

62 Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments Proposed Standard Specifications for Performance-Graded Emulsions Used in Chip Seal Surface Treatments AASHTO Designation: M-XX 1. SCOPE 1.1 These specifications cover the performance grading of asphalt emulsions used in constructing chip seal surface treatments. Grading designations are related to the average seven-day maximum pavement surface design temperature, minimum pavement surface design temperature, and design traffic level. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1 AASHTO Standards: M 140, Standard Specification for Emulsified Asphalt M 208, Standard Specification for Cationic Emulsified Asphalt M 316, Standard Specification for Polymer-Modified Cationic Emulsified Asphalt T 40, Test Method for Sampling Bituminous Materials T 44, Test Method for Solubility of Bituminous Materials TP 48, Test Method for Viscosity Determination of Asphalt Binder Using Rotational Viscometer T 49, Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials T 50, Test Method for Float Test for Bituminous Materials T 51, Standard Specification for Ductility of Asphalt Materials T 53, Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus) T 59, Test Method for Emulsified Asphalts T 350, Test Method for Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) Test of Asphalt Binder Using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer TP 91, Test Method for Determining Asphalt Binder Bond Strength By Means of the Asphalt Bond Strength Test T 200, Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions with the Glass Electrode T 300, Test Method for Force Ductility Test of Asphalt Materials T 301, Test Method for Elastic Recovery Test of Asphalt Materials by Means of a Ductilometer

Proposed Specifications 63 2.2 ASTM Standards: D5, Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials D8, Standard Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pavements D977, Standard Specification for Emulsified Asphalt D5546, Test Method for Solubility of Asphalt Binders in Toluene by Centrifuge D6930, Test Method for Settlement and Storage Stability of Emulsified Asphalts D7497, Standard Practice for Recovering Residue from Emulsified Asphalt Using Low Temperature Evaporative Techniques 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1 Definitions of terms common to asphalt emulsions are found in ASTM D8. 4. ORDERING INFORMATION 4.1 When ordering under these specifications, include in the purchase order the prevailing charge of the emulsifying agent and setting rate (e.g., CRS, RS, etc.), the performance grade (PG), and the traffic level (i.e., low, medium, or high) for the asphalt emulsion required. 5. MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE 5.1 Asphalt emulsions shall be manufactured by the emulsification of asphalt prepared by the refinement of crude petroleum using suitable methods, with or without the addition of modifiers. 5.2 Modifiers may be any organic material of suitable manufacture that is used in a virgin or recycled condition and that is dissolved, dispersed, or reacted in asphalt emulsion to enhance its performance. 5.3 The asphalt emulsion shall conform to the requirements detailed in M 140 for anionic and high float emulsions, M 208 for cationic emulsions, and M 316 for modified emulsions. 6. REQUIREMENTS 6.1 As specified in M 140, the emulsified asphalt shall be tested within 14 days of delivery. The emulsified asphalt shall be homogenous after thorough mixing, provided separation has not been caused by freezing. Emulsified asphalts separated by freezing shall not be tested. 6.2 Emulsified asphalt shall conform to the requirements prescribed in Table 1. T 302, Test Method for Polymer Content of Polymer-Modified Emulsified Asphalt Residue and Asphalt Binders

64 Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments 8. TEST METHODS 8.1 The properties outlined in Section 6.2 shall be determined in accordance with TP 48, T 350, ASTM D 6930, and the proposed “Standard Test Method for Determining Dynamic Shear Modulus of Emulsion Residues at Critical Phase Angle Values Using the Dynamic Shear Rheometer” specifications provided in NCHRP Research Report 837. 9. INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION 9.1 Inspection and certification of the material(s) shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller. Specific requirements shall be made part of the purchase contract. The seller shall provide material handling and storage procedures to the purchaser for each asphalt binder grade certified. 10. REJECTION AND RETESTING 10.1 If the results of any test do not conform to the requirements of these specifications, retesting to determine conformity must be performed as indicated in the purchase order or as otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller. 11. KEYWORDS 11.1 Asphalt binder, asphalt cement, asphalt emulsion, modifier, performance specifications, rheology 7. SAMPLING 7.1 The material shall be sampled in accordance with T 40.

Proposed Specifications 65 Table 1. Performance-Graded Chip Seal Emulsion Specifications Chip Seal Emulsion Performance Grade EPG 49 EPG 55 EPG 61 -7 -13 -19 -25 -7 -13 -19 -25 -7 -13 -19 -25 Average 7-day Maximum Pavement Surface Design Temperature, °Ca <49 <55 <61 Minimum Pavement Surface Design Temperature, °Ca >-7 >-13 >-19 >-25 >-7 >-13 >-19 >-25 >-7 >-13 >-19 >-25 Proposed Test Methodsb Proposed Testing Temperature (°C) Tests on Original Emulsion Storage Stability Modified AASHTO T 59 Measured responses: Rotational viscosity, η, A – 24-hour separation ratio (Rs): 0.5 to 1.5 B – 24-hour stability ratio (Rd): max. 2 60 Sprayability Modified AASHTO TP 48 Measured response: Viscosity @ 3 shear rates, Max. 400 cP @ high shear rate (150 rpm) 60 Resistance to Drainout Modified AASHTO TP 48 Measured response: Viscosity @ 3 shear rates, Min. 50 cP @ low shear rate (5 rpm) 60 Demulsibility AASHTO T 59 Measured response: % demulsibility Min. 40% (anionic) Min. 60% (cationic) 25 Particle Charge AASHTO T 59 Measured response: particle charge Positive (cationic) 25 Sieve Test AASHTO T 59 Measured response: % mass Max. 0.1% 25 Solubility AASHTO T 44 Measured response: % solubility Min. 97.5% 25 Floatc AASHTO T 50 Measured response: float time Min. 1200 seconds 60 Percent Residue AASHTO PP72 Measured response: % residue Min. 65% (cationic) Min. 63% (anionic) 25 Tests on Residue Recovered Using AASHTO PP 72- Method B Resistance to Bleeding and Rutting AASHTO T 350 Measured response: Non recoverable creep compliance, Jnr Max Jnr @ 3.2 kPa, 8 kPa-1 (low traffic) d Max Jnr @ 3.2 kPa, 5.5 kPa-1 (medium traffic) e Max Jnr @ 3.2 kPa, 3.5 kPa-1 (high traffic) f 49 55 61 Resistance to Low Temperature Raveling DSR Temperature Frequency Sweep Measured response: G* at critical phase angle, δc Max. G* @ δc: 30 MPa (low traffic) d Max. G* @ δc: 20 MPa (medium traffic) e Max. G* @ δc: 12 MPa (high traffic) f 5°C and 15°C Critical phase angle, δc (°) 54 51 48 45 54 51 48 45 54 51 48 45 a Pavement surface temperatures are estimated from air temperatures using an algorithm contained in the LTPP Bind program or may be provided by the specifying agency.

66 Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments d Low traffic is defined as any roadway with an AADT between 0 and 500 vehicles. e Medium traffic is defined as any roadway with an AADT between 501 and 2,500 vehicles. f High traffic is defined as any roadway with an AADT between 2,501 and 20,000 vehicles. b Bitumen bond strength (BBS) should be used in accordance with AASHTO TP 91 to measure resistance to aggregate loss due to compatibility issues between aggregate and emulsion at the intermediate temperature grade, which is the average of the high and low emulsion performance grades, plus 4 degrees. c For high float emulsions only.

Proposed Specifications 67 Table 1 (continued) Chip Seal Emulsion Performance Grade EPG 49 EPG 55 EPG 61 -31 -37 -43 -49 -31 -37 -43 -49 -31 -37 -43 -49 Average 7-day Maximum Pavement Surface Design Temperature, °Ca <49 <55 <61 Minimum Pavement Surface Design Temperature, °Ca >-31 >-37 >-43 >-49 >-31 >-37 >-43 >-49 >-31 >-37 >-43 >-49 Proposed Test Methodsb Proposed Testing Temperature (°C) Tests on Original Emulsion Storage Stability Modified AASHTO T 59 Measured responses: Rotational viscosity, η, A – 24-hour separation ratio (Rs): 0.5 to 1.5 B – 24-hour stability ratio (Rd): max. 2 60 Sprayability Modified AASHTO TP 48 Measured response: Viscosity @ 3 shear rates, Max. 400 cP @ high shear rate (150 rpm) 60 Resistance to Drainout Modified AASHTO TP 48 Measured response: Viscosity @ 3 shear rates, Min. 50 cP @ low shear rate (5 rpm) 60 Demulsibility AASHTO T 59 Measured response: % demulsibility Min. 40% (anionic) Min. 60% (cationic) 25 Particle Charge AASHTO T 59 Measured response: particle charge Positive (cationic) 25 Sieve Test AASHTO T 59 Measured response: % mass Max. 0.1% 25 Solubility AASHTO T 44 Measured response: % solubility Min. 97.5% 25 Floatc AASHTO T 50 Measured response: float time Min. 1200 seconds 60 Percent Residue AASHTO PP72 Measured response: % residue Min. 65% (cationic) Min. 63% (anionic) 25 Tests on Residue Recovered Using AASHTO PP 72- Method B Resistance to Bleeding and Rutting AASHTO T 350 Measured response: Non recoverable creep compliance, Jnr Max Jnr @ 3.2 kPa, 8 kPa-1 (low traffic) d Max Jnr @ 3.2 kPa, 5.5 kPa-1 (medium traffic) e Max Jnr @ 3.2 kPa, 3.5 kPa-1 (high traffic) f 49 55 61 Resistance to Low Temperature Raveling DSR Temperature Frequency Sweep Measured response: G* at critical phase angle, δc Max. G* @ δc: 30 MPa (low traffic) d Max. G* @ δc: 20 MPa (medium traffic) e Max. G* @ δc: 12 MPa (high traffic) f 5°C and 15°C Critical phase angle, δc (°) 42 39 36 33 42 39 36 33 42 39 36 33

68 Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments c For high float emulsions only. d Low traffic is defined as any roadway with an AADT between 0 and 500 vehicles. e Medium traffic is defined as any roadway with an AADT between 501 and 2,500 vehicles. f High traffic is defined as any roadway with an AADT between 2,501 and 20,000 vehicles. a Pavement surface temperatures are estimated from air temperatures using an algorithm contained in the LTPP Bind program or may be provided by the specifying agency. b Bitumen bond strength (BBS) should be used in accordance with AASHTO TP 91 to measure resistance to aggregate loss due to compatibility issues between aggregate and emulsion at the intermediate temperature grade which is the average of the high and low emulsion performance grade, plus 4 degrees.

Proposed Specifications 69 Table 1 (continued) Chip Seal Emulsion Performance Grade EPG 67 EPG 73 EPG 79 -7 -13 -19 -25 -7 -13 -19 -25 -7 -13 -19 -25 Average 7-day Maximum Pavement Surface Design Temperature, °Ca <67 <73 <79 Minimum Pavement Surface Design Temperature, °Ca >-7 >-13 >-19 >-25 >-7 >-13 >-19 >-25 >-7 >-13 >-19 >-25 Proposed Test Methodsb Proposed Testing Temperature (°C) Tests on Original Emulsion Storage Stability Modified AASHTO T 59 Measured responses: Rotational viscosity, η, A – 24-hour separation ratio (Rs): 0.5 to 1.5 B – 24-hour stability ratio (Rd): max. 2 60 Sprayability Modified AASHTO TP 48 Measured response: Viscosity @ 3 shear rates, Max. 400 cP @ high shear rate (150 rpm) 60 Resistance to Drainout Modified AASHTO TP 48 Measured response: Viscosity @ 3 shear rates, Min. 50 cP @ low shear rate (5 rpm) 60 Demulsibility AASHTO T 59 Measured response: % demulsibility Min. 40% (anionic) Min. 60% (cationic) 25 Particle Charge AASHTO T 59 Measured response: particle charge Positive (cationic) 25 Sieve Test AASHTO T 59 Measured response: % mass Max. 0.1% 25 Solubility AASHTO T 44 Measured response: % solubility Min. 97.5% 25 Floatc AASHTO T 50 Measured response: float time Min. 1200 seconds 60 Percent Residue AASHTO PP72 Measured response: % residue Min. 65% (cationic) Min. 63% (anionic) 25 Tests on Residue Recovered Using AASHTO PP 72- Method B Resistance to Bleeding and Rutting AASHTO T 350 Measured response: Non recoverable creep compliance, Jnr Max Jnr @ 3.2 kPa, 8 kPa-1 (low traffic) d Max Jnr @ 3.2 kPa, 5.5 kPa-1 (medium traffic) e Max Jnr @ 3.2 kPa, 3.5 kPa-1 (high traffic) f 67 73 79 Resistance to Low Temperature Raveling DSR Temperature Frequency Sweep Measured response: G* at critical phase angle, δc Max. G* @ δc: 30 MPa (low traffic) d Max. G* @ δc: 20 MPa (medium traffic) e Max. G* @ δc: 12 MPa (high traffic) f 5°C and 15°C Critical phase angle, δc (°) 54 51 48 45 54 51 48 45 54 51 48 45

70 Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments c For high float emulsions only. d Low traffic is defined as any roadway with an AADT between 0 and 500 vehicles. e Medium traffic is defined as any roadway with an AADT between 501 and 2,500 vehicles. f High traffic is defined as any roadway with an AADT between 2,501 and 20,000 vehicles. a Pavement surface temperatures are estimated from air temperatures using an algorithm contained in the LTPP Bind program or may be provided by the specifying agency. b Bitumen bond strength (BBS) should be used in accordance with AASHTO TP 91 to measure resistance to aggregate loss due to compatibility issues between aggregate and emulsion at the intermediate temperature grade which is the average of the high and low emulsion performance grade, plus 4 degrees.

Proposed Specifications 71 Table 1 (continued) Chip Seal Emulsion Performance Grade EPG 67 EPG 73 EPG 79 -31 -37 -43 -49 -31 -37 -43 -49 -31 -37 -43 -49 Average 7-day Maximum Pavement Surface Design Temperature, °Ca <67 <73 <79 Minimum Pavement Surface Design Temperature, °Ca >-31 >-37 >-43 >-49 >-31 >-37 >-43 >-49 >-31 >-37 >-43 >-49 Proposed Test Methodsb Proposed Testing Temperature (°C) Tests on Original Emulsion Storage Stability Modified AASHTO T 59 Measured responses: Rotational viscosity, η, A – 24-hour separation ratio (Rs): 0.5 to 1.5 B – 24-hour stability ratio (Rd): max. 2 60 Sprayability Modified AASHTO TP 48 Measured response: Viscosity @ 3 shear rates, Max. 400 cP @ high shear rate (150 rpm) 60 Resistance to Drainout Modified AASHTO TP 48 Measured response: Viscosity @ 3 shear rates, Min. 50 cP @ low shear rate (5 rpm) 60 Demulsibility AASHTO T 59 Measured response: % demulsibility Min. 40% (anionic) Min. 60% (cationic) 25 Particle Charge AASHTO T 59 Measured response: particle charge Positive (cationic) 25 Sieve Test AASHTO T 59 Measured response: % mass Max. 0.1% 25 Solubility AASHTO T 44 Measured response: % solubility Min. 97.5% 25 Floatc AASHTO T 50 Measured response: float time Min. 1200 seconds 60 Percent Residue AASHTO PP72 Measured response: % residue Min. 65% (cationic) Min. 63% (anionic) 25 Tests on Residue Recovered Using AASHTO PP 72- Method B Resistance to Bleeding and Rutting AASHTO T 350 Measured response: Non recoverable creep compliance, Jnr Max Jnr @ 3.2 kPa, 8 kPa-1 (low traffic) d Max Jnr @ 3.2 kPa, 5.5 kPa-1 (medium traffic) e Max Jnr @ 3.2 kPa, 3.5 kPa-1 (high traffic) f 67 73 79 Resistance to Low Temperature Raveling DSR Temperature Frequency Sweep Measured response: G* at critical phase angle, δc Max. G* @ δc: 30 MPa (low traffic) d Max. G* @ δc: 20 MPa (medium traffic) e Max. G* @ δc: 12 MPa (high traffic) f 5°C and 15°C Critical phase angle, δc (°) 42 39 36 33 42 39 36 33 42 39 36 33

72 Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments c For high float emulsions only. d Low traffic is defined as any roadway with an AADT between 0 and 500 vehicles. e Medium traffic is defined as any roadway with an AADT between 501 and 2,500 vehicles. f High traffic is defined as any roadway with an AADT between 2,501 and 20,000 vehicles. a Pavement surface temperatures are estimated from air temperatures using an algorithm contained in the LTPP Bind program or may be provided by the specifying agency. b Bitumen bond strength (BBS) should be used in accordance with AASHTO TP 91 to measure resistance to aggregate loss due to compatibility issues between aggregate and emulsion at the intermediate temperature grade which is the average of the high and low emulsion performance grades, plus 4 degrees.

Proposed Specifications 73 Proposed Standard Specifications for Performance-Graded Emulsions Used in Microsurfacing Treatments AASHTO Designation: M-XX 1. SCOPE 1.1 These specifications cover the performance grading of asphalt emulsions used in constructing microsurfacing and slurry surface treatments. Grading designations are related to the average seven-day maximum pavement surface design temperature, minimum pavement surface design temperature, and design traffic level. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1 AASHTO Standards: M 140, Standard Specification for Emulsified Asphalt M 208, Standard Specification for Cationic Emulsified Asphalt M 316, Standard Specification for Polymer-Modified Cationic Emulsified Asphalt T 40, Test Method for Sampling Bituminous Materials T 44, Test Method for Solubility of Bituminous Materials T 49, Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials T 50, Test Method for Float Test for Bituminous Materials T 51, Standard Specification for Ductility of Asphalt Materials T 53, Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus) T 59, Test Method for Emulsified Asphalts T 350, Test Method for Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) Test of Asphalt Binder Using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer T 200, Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions with the Glass Electrode T 300, Test Method for Force Ductility Test of Asphalt Materials T 301, Test Method for Elastic Recovery Test of Asphalt Materials by Means of a Ductilometer T 302, Test Method for Polymer Content of Polymer-Modified Emulsified Asphalt Residue and Asphalt Binders 2.2 ASTM Standards:

74 Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments D5, Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials D8, Standard Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pavements D242, Specification for Mineral Filler for Bituminous Paving Mixtures D977, Standard Specification for Emulsified Asphalt D3910, Standard Practices for Design, Testing, and Construction of Slurry Seal D6930, Test Method for Settlement and Storage Stability of Emulsified Asphalts D7497, Standard Practice for Recovering Residue from Emulsified Asphalt Using Low Temperature Evaporative Techniques 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1 Definitions of terms common to asphalt emulsions are found in ASTM D8. 4. ORDERING INFORMATION 4.1 When ordering under these specifications, include in the purchase order the prevailing charge of the emulsifying agent and setting rate (e.g., CQS, CSS, SS, etc.), the performance grade (PG), and the traffic level (i.e., low, medium, or high) for the asphalt emulsion required. 5. MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE 5.1 Asphalt emulsions shall be manufactured by the emulsification of asphalt prepared by the refinement of crude petroleum using suitable methods, with or without the addition of modifiers. 5.2 Modifiers may be any organic material of suitable manufacture that is used in a virgin or recycled condition and that is dissolved, dispersed, or reacted in asphalt emulsion to enhance its performance. 5.3 Mineral filler used in microsurfacing shall meet the requirements of ASTM D242. 5.4 The asphalt emulsion shall conform to the requirements detailed in M 140 for anionic and high float emulsions, M 208 for cationic emulsions, and M 316 for modified emulsions. 6. REQUIREMENTS 6.1 As specified in M 140, the emulsified asphalt shall be tested within 14 days of delivery. The emulsified asphalt shall be homogenous after thorough mixing, provided separation has not been caused by freezing. Emulsified asphalts separated by freezing shall not be tested. 6.2 Emulsified asphalt shall conform to the requirements prescribed in Table 1.

Proposed Specifications 75 7. SAMPLING 7.1 The material shall be sampled in accordance with T 40. 8. TEST METHODS 8.1 The properties outlined in Section 6.2 shall be determined in accordance with T350, ASTM D6930, and the proposed “Standard Test Method for Determining Dynamic Shear Modulus of Emulsion Residues at Critical Phase Angle Values Using the Dynamic Shear Rheometer” specifications provided in NCHRP Research Report 837. 9. INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION 9.1 Inspection and certification of the material(s) shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller. Specific requirements shall be made part of the purchase contract. The seller shall provide material handling and storage procedures to the purchaser for each asphalt binder grade certified. 10. REJECTION AND RETESTING 10.1 If the results of any test do not conform to the requirements of these specifications, retesting to determine conformity must be performed as indicated in the purchase order or as otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller. 11. KEYWORDS 11.1 Asphalt binder, asphalt cement, asphalt emulsion, modifier, performance specifications, rheology, microsurfacing, slurry surfacing

76 Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments Table 1. Performance-Graded Microsurfacing Emulsion Specifications Microsurfacing Emulsion Performance Grade EPG 49 EPG 55 EPG 61 -7 -13 -19 -25 -7 -13 -19 -25 -7 -13 -19 -25 Average 7-day Maximum Pavement Surface Design Temperature, °Ca <49 <55 <61 Minimum Pavement Surface Design Temperature, °Ca >-7 >-13 >-19 >-25 >-7 >-13 >-19 >-25 >-7 >-13 >-19 >-25 Proposed Test Methods b Proposed Testing Temperature (°C) Tests on Original Emulsion Storage Stability Modified AASHTO T 59 Measured responses: Rotational viscosity, η, A – 24-hour separation ratio (Rs): 0.2 to 1.5 B – 24-hour stability ratio (Rd): max. 1.5 25 Emulsion Viscosity Rotational viscometer Measured response: Rotational viscosity, η Mixability: Viscosity @ 5 rpm, Viscosity: max. 600 cP 25 Particle Charge AASHTO T 59 Measured response: particle charge Positive (cationic) 25 Sieve Test AASHTO T 59 Measured response: % mass Max. 0.1% 25 Solubility AASHTO T 44 Measured response: % solubility Min. 97.5% 25 Floate AASHTO T 50 Measured response: float time Min. 1200 seconds 60 Percent Residue AASHTO PP72 Measured response: % residue Min. 57% 25 Tests on Residue Recovered Using AASHTO PP 72- Method B Resistance to Rutting and Bleeding AASHTO T 350 Measured response: Non recoverable creep compliance, Jnr Max Jnr @ 3.2kPa, 5 kPa-1 (low traffic)c Max Jnr @ 3.2 kPa, 1.5 kPa-1 (medium-high traffic)d 49 55 61 Resistance to Thermal Cracking DSR Temperature Frequency Sweep Measured response: G* at critical phase angle, δc Max. G* @ δc: 16 MPa 5°C and 15°C Critical phase angle, δc (°) 50 48 46 44 50 48 46 44 50 48 46 44 a Pavement surface temperatures are estimated from air temperatures using an algorithm contained in the LTPP Bind program or may be provided by the specifying agency. b Wet Track Abrasion Test (WTAT) should be used in accordance with ASTM D3910 to measure the resistance to abrasion loss due to chemistry issues between aggregate and emulsion at the intermediate temperature grade. c Low traffic is defined as any roadway with an AADT between 0 and 500 vehicles. d Medium-high traffic is defined as any roadway with an AADT between 501 and 20,000 vehicles. e For high float emulsions only.

Proposed Specifications 77 Microsurfacing Emulsion Performance Grade EPG 49 EPG 55 EPG 61 -31 -37 -43 -49 -31 -37 -43 -49 -31 -37 -43 -49 Average 7-day Maximum Pavement Surface Design Temperature, °Ca <49 <55 <61 Minimum Pavement Surface Design Temperature, °Ca >-31 >-37 >-43 >-49 >-31 >-37 >-43 >-49 >-31 >-37 >-43 >-49 Proposed Test Methods b Proposed Testing Temperature (°C) Tests on Original Emulsion Storage Stability Modified AASHTO T 59 Measured responses: Rotational viscosity, η, A – 24-hour separation ratio (Rs): 0.2 to 1.5 B – 24-hour stability ratio (Rd): max. 1.5 25 Emulsion Viscosity Rotational viscometer Measured response: Rotational viscosity, η Mixability: Viscosity @ 5 rpm, Viscosity: max. 600 cP 25 Particle Charge AASHTO T 59 Measured response: particle charge Positive (cationic) 25 Sieve Test AASHTO T 59 Measured response: % mass Max. 0.1% 25 Solubility AASHTO T 44 Measured response: % solubility Min. 97.5% 25 Floate AASHTO T 50 Measured response: float time Min. 1200 seconds 60 Percent Residue AASHTO PP72 Measured response: % residue Min. 57% 25 Tests on Residue Recovered Using AASHTO PP 72- Method B Resistance to Rutting and Bleeding AASHTO T 350 Measured response: Non recoverable creep compliance, Jnr Max Jnr @ 3.2kPa, 5 kPa-1 (low traffic)c Max Jnr @ 3.2 kPa, 1.5 kPa-1 (medium-high traffic)d 49 55 61 Resistance to Thermal Cracking DSR Temperature Frequency Sweep Measured response: G* at critical phase angle, δc Max. G* @ δc: 16 MPa 5°C and 15°C Critical phase angle, δc (°) 42 40 38 36 42 40 38 36 42 40 38 36 a Pavement surface temperatures are estimated from air temperatures using an algorithm contained in the LTPP Bind program or may be provided by the specifying agency. b Wet Track Abrasion Test (WTAT) should be used in accordance with ASTM D3910 to measure the resistance to abrasion loss due to chemistry issues between aggregate and emulsion at the intermediate temperature grade. c Low traffic is defined as any roadway with an AADT between 0 and 500 vehicles. d Medium-high traffic is defined as any roadway with an AADT between 501 and 20,000 vehicles. e For high float emulsions only. Table 1 (continued)

78 Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments Table 1 (continued) Microsurfacing Emulsion Performance Grade EPG 67 EPG 73 EPG 79 -7 -13 -19 -25 -7 -13 -19 -25 -7 -13 -19 -25 Average 7-day Maximum Pavement Surface Design Temperature, °Ca <67 <73 <79 Minimum Pavement Surface Design Temperature, °Ca >-7 >-13 >-19 >-25 >-7 >-13 >-19 >-25 >-7 >-13 >-19 >-25 Proposed Test Methods b Proposed Testing Temperature (°C) Tests on Original Emulsion Storage Stability Modified AASHTO T 59 Measured responses: Rotational viscosity, η, A – 24-hour separation ratio (Rs): 0.2 to 1.5 B – 24-hour stability ratio (Rd): max. 1.5 25 Emulsion Viscosity Rotational viscometer Measured response: Rotational viscosity, η Mixability: Viscosity @ 5 rpm, Viscosity: max. 600 cP 25 Particle Charge AASHTO T 59 Measured response: particle charge Positive (cationic) 25 Sieve Test AASHTO T 59 Measured response: % mass Max. 0.1% 25 Solubility AASHTO T 44 Measured response: % solubility Min. 97.5% 25 Floate AASHTO T 50 Measured response: float time Min. 1200 seconds 60 Percent Residue AASHTO PP72 Measured response: % residue Min. 57% 25 Tests on Residue Recovered Using AASHTO PP 72- Method B Resistance to Rutting and Bleeding AASHTO T 350 Measured response: Non recoverable creep compliance, Jnr Max Jnr @ 3.2kPa, 5 kPa-1 (low traffic)c Max Jnr @ 3.2 kPa, 1.5 kPa-1 (medium-high traffic)d 67 73 79 Resistance to Thermal Cracking DSR Temperature Frequency Sweep Measured response: G* at critical phase angle, δc Max. G* @ δc: 16 MPa 5°C and 15°C Critical phase angle, δc (°) 50 48 46 44 50 48 46 44 50 48 46 44 a Pavement surface temperatures are estimated from air temperatures using an algorithm contained in the LTPP Bind program or may be provided by the specifying agency. b Wet Track Abrasion Test (WTAT) should be used in accordance with ASTM D 3910 to measure the resistance to abrasion loss due to chemistry issues between aggregate and emulsion at the intermediate temperature grade. c Low traffic is defined as any roadway with an AADT between 0 and 500 vehicles. d Medium-high traffic is defined as any roadway with an AADT between 501 and 20,000 vehicles. e For high float emulsions only.

Proposed Specifications 79 Table 1 (continued) Microsurfacing Emulsion Performance Grade EPG 67 EPG 73 EPG 79 -31 -37 -43 -49 -31 -37 -43 -49 -31 -37 -43 -49 Average 7-day Maximum Pavement Surface Design Temperature, °Ca <67 <73 <79 Minimum Pavement Surface Design Temperature, °Ca >-31 >-37 >-43 >-49 >-31 >-37 >-43 >-49 >-31 >-37 >-43 >-49 Proposed Test Methods b Proposed Testing Temperature (°C) Tests on Original Emulsion Storage Stability Modified AASHTO T 59 Measured responses: Rotational viscosity, η, A – 24-hour separation ratio (Rs): 0.2 to 1.5 B – 24-hour stability ratio (Rd): max. 1.5 25 Emulsion Viscosity Rotational viscometer Measured response: Rotational viscosity, η Mixability: Viscosity @ 5 rpm, Viscosity: max. 600 cP 25 Particle Charge AASHTO T 59 Measured response: particle charge Positive (cationic) 25 Sieve Test AASHTO T 59 Measured response: % mass Max. 0.1% 25 Solubility AASHTO T 44 Measured response: % solubility Min. 97.5% 25 Floate AASHTO T 50 Measured response: float time Min. 1200 seconds 60 Percent Residue AASHTO PP72 Measured response: % residue Min. 57% 25 Tests on Residue Recovered Using AASHTO PP 72- Method B Resistance to Rutting and Bleeding AASHTO T 350 Measured response: Non recoverable creep compliance, Jnr Max Jnr @ 3.2kPa, 5 kPa-1 (low traffic)c Max Jnr @ 3.2 kPa, 1.5 kPa-1 (medium-high traffic)d 67 73 79 Resistance to Thermal Cracking DSR Temperature Frequency Sweep Measured response: G* at critical phase angle, δc Max. G* @ δc: 16 MPa 5°C and 15°C Critical phase angle, δc (°) 42 40 38 36 42 40 38 36 42 40 38 36 a Pavement surface temperatures are estimated from air temperatures using an algorithm contained in the LTPP Bind program or may be provided by the specifying agency. b Wet Track Abrasion Test (WTAT) should be used in accordance with ASTM D3910 to measure resistance to abrasion loss due to chemistry issues between aggregate and emulsion at the intermediate temperature grade. c Low traffic is defined as any roadway with an AADT between 0 and 500 vehicles. d Medium-high traffic is defined as any roadway with an AADT between 501 and 20000 vehicles. e For high float emulsions only.

80 Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments Proposed Standard Specifications for Performance-Graded Emulsions Used in Spray Seal Surface Treatments AASHTO Designation: M-XX 1. SCOPE 1.1 These specifications cover the performance grading of asphalt emulsions used in constructing spray seal surface treatments. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1 AASHTO Standards: M 140, Standard Specification for Emulsified Asphalt M 208, Standard Specification for Cationic Emulsified Asphalt M 316, Standard Specification for Polymer-Modified Cationic Emulsified Asphalt T 40, Test Method for Sampling Bituminous Materials T 44, Test Method for Solubility of Bituminous Materials TP 48, Test Method for Viscosity Determination of Asphalt Binder Using Rotational Viscometer T 49, Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials T 50, Test Method for Float Test for Bituminous Materials T 51, Standard Specification for Ductility of Asphalt Materials T 53, Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus) T 59, Test Method for Emulsified Asphalts T 200, Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions with the Glass Electrode T 300, Test Method for Force Ductility Test of Asphalt Materials T 301, Test Method for Elastic Recovery Test of Asphalt Materials by Means of a Ductilometer T 302, Test Method for Polymer Content of Polymer-Modified Emulsified Asphalt Residue and Asphalt Binders 2.2 ASTM Standards: D5, Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials

Proposed Specifications 81 D8, Standard Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pavements D977, Standard Specification for Emulsified Asphalt D3121, Test Method for Tack of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives by Rolling Ball D5546, Test Method for Solubility of Asphalt Binders in Toluene by Centrifuge 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1 Definitions of terms common to asphalt emulsions are found in ASTM D8. 4. ORDERING INFORMATION 4.1 When ordering under these specifications, include in the purchase order the prevailing charge of emulsifying agent and setting rate (e.g., CSS, RS, SS, etc.). 5. MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE 5.1 Asphalt emulsions shall be manufactured by the emulsification of asphalt prepared by the refining of crude petroleum using suitable methods, with or without the addition of modifiers. 5.2 Modifiers may be any organic material of suitable manufacture that is used in a virgin or recycled condition and that is dissolved, dispersed, or reacted in asphalt emulsion to enhance its performance. 5.3 The asphalt emulsion shall conform to the requirements detailed in M 140 for anionic and high float emulsions, M 208 for cationic emulsions, and M 316 for modified emulsions. 6. REQUIREMENTS 6.1 As specified in M 140, emulsified asphalt shall be tested within 14 days of delivery. The emulsified asphalt shall be homogenous after thorough mixing, provided separation has not been caused by freezing. Emulsified asphalts separated by freezing shall not be tested. 6.2 Emulsified asphalt shall conform to the requirements prescribed in Table 1. 7. SAMPLING 7.1 The material shall be sampled in accordance with T 40.

82 Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments 8. TEST METHODS 8.1 The properties outlined in Section 6.2 shall be determined in accordance with TP 48, ASTM D 6930, and ASTM D 3121. 9. INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION 9.1 Inspection and certification of the material shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller. Specific requirements shall be made part of the purchase contract. The seller shall provide material handling and storage procedures to the purchaser for each asphalt binder grade certified. 10. REJECTION AND RETESTING 10.1 If the results of any test do not conform to the requirements of these specifications, retesting to determine conformity must be performed as indicated in the purchase order or as otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller. 11. KEYWORDS 11.1 Asphalt binder, asphalt cement, asphalt emulsion, modifier, performance specifications, rheology, spray seal, fog seal

Proposed Specifications 83 Table 1. Spray Seal Emulsion Specifications Proposed Test Methods Proposed Testing Temperature (°C) Storage Stability Modified AASHTO T 59 Measured responses - Rotational Viscosity, η, A – 24-hour separation ratio (Rs): 0.5 to 1.5 B – 24-hour stability ratio (Rd): Max. 1.5 25 Sprayability Modified AASHTO TP 48 Measured response – Viscosity @ 3 shear rates, Max.100 cP @ high shear rate (150 rpm) 25 Resistance to Drainout Modified AASHTO TP 48 Measured response – Viscosity @ 3 shear rates, Min.100 cP @ low shear rate (5 rpm) 25 Curing Time to Resist Tracking Modified ASTM D 3121 Measured response: rolling distance, Time to 25 cm rolling distance 25 Demulsibility AASHTO T 59 Measured response: % demulsibility Min. 40% (anionic) Min. 60% (cationic) 25 Particle Charge AASHTO T 59 Measured response: particle charge Positive (cationic) 25 Sieve Test AASHTO T 59 Measured response: % mass Max. 0.1% 25 Solubility AASHTO T 44 Measured response: % solubility Min. 97.5% 25 Float AASHTO T 50 Measured response: float time Min. 1200 seconds 60 Percent Residue AASHTO PP 72 Measured response: % residue Min. 55% 25

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TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Report 837: Performance-Related Specifications for Emulsified Asphaltic Binders Used in Preservation Surface Treatments presents emulsion performance grade (EPG) specifications for asphalt emulsions used in three pavement preservation surface treatments (PSTs): chip seal, microsurfacing, and spray seals. These EPG specifications are climate-driven and applicable to traffic loads that are anticipated during the service life of each PST. The report also presents suggested test protocols for evaluating some of the properties of binders for which test methods are not readily available. Report appendices are available online.

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