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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Long-Term Field Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24708.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Long-Term Field Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24708.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Long-Term Field Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24708.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Long-Term Field Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24708.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Long-Term Field Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24708.
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2017 N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 843 Long-Term Field Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies Washington State University Pullman, WA Pennsylvania State University–Altoona Altoona, PA Louisiana Transportation Research Center Louisiana state university Baton Rouge, LA Subscriber Categories Construction • Materials • Pavements Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration

NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed research is the most effective way to solve many problems facing highway administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation results in increasingly complex problems of wide inter- est to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. Recognizing this need, the leadership of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1962 ini- tiated an objective national highway research program using modern scientific techniques—the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). NCHRP is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of AASHTO and receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation. The Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was requested by AASHTO to administer the research program because of TRB’s recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. TRB is uniquely suited for this purpose for many reasons: TRB maintains an extensive com- mittee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; TRB possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, univer- sities, and industry; TRB’s relationship to the Academies is an insurance of objectivity; and TRB maintains a full-time staff of specialists in high- way transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified by chief administrators and other staff of the highway and transporta- tion departments and by committees of AASHTO. Topics of the highest merit are selected by the AASHTO Standing Committee on Research (SCOR), and each year SCOR’s recommendations are proposed to the AASHTO Board of Directors and the Academies. Research projects to address these topics are defined by NCHRP, and qualified research agencies are selected from submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the Acad- emies and TRB. The needs for highway research are many, and NCHRP can make significant contributions to solving highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement, rather than to substitute for or duplicate, other highway research programs. Published research reports of the NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet by going to http://www.national-academies.org and then searching for TRB Printed in the United States of America NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 843 Project 9-49A ISSN 2572-3766 (Print) ISSN 2572-3774 (Online) ISBN 978-0-309-44633-4 Library of Congress Control Number 2017938393 © 2017 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FRA, FTA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, PHMSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The research report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report.

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to increase the benefits that transportation contributes to society by providing leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied committees, task forces, and panels annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S ACkNOWLEdGMENT OF AuTHORS The research reported herein was performed under NCHRP Project 9-49A by researchers at Washington State University, Pennsylvania State University, and the Louisiana Transportation Research Center. TRB would like to thank the authors of this report who include Dr. Shihui Shen (Pennsylvania State University– Altoona), Dr. Shenghua Wu (University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign), Dr. Weiguang Zhang (Purdue University), Dr. Louay Mohammad (Louisiana State University and Louisiana Transportation Research Center), and Dr. Balasingam Muhunthan (Washington State University). Other contributors to this project are Mr. Valbon Latifi (Bloom Companies, LLC), Dr. Ahmed Faheem (Temple University), Mr. Neil Lund (Braun Intertec, LLC), and statisticians from Pennsylvania State University and Washington State University. TRB would also like to thank the state and federal highway agencies and contractors, university partners, as well as many graduate and undergraduate students, for their valuable assistance during the laboratory work, field- work, and data collection. In addition, the partnership with the Federal Highway Administration Mobile Asphalt Laboratory and other NCHRP warm mix asphalt projects was essential to this work and is greatly appreciated. The following agencies were collaborative partners on NCHRP Project 9-49A: Colorado Department of Trans- portation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Iowa Department of Transportation, Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development, Maryland Department of Transportation, Minnesota Department of Transpor- tation, Missouri Department of Transportation, Montana Department of Transportation, Nebraska Department of Roads, Nevada Department of Transportation, Ohio Department of Transportation, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, South Carolina Department of Transportation, Tennessee Department of Transportation, Texas Department of Transportation, Virginia Department of Transportation, Washington State Department of Transportation, University of California Pavement Research Center, and the University of Tennessee. CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 843 Christopher J. Hedges, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Lori L. Sundstrom, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Edward T. Harrigan, Senior Program Officer Anthony P. Avery, Program Associate Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Kami Cabral, Editor NCHRP PROJECT 9-49A PANEL Field of Materials and Construction—Area of Bituminous Materials Kim A. Willoughby, Washington State DOT, Olympia, WA (Chair) E. Ray Brown, Auburn, AL Ravi V. Chandran, Connecticut DOT, Rocky Hill, CT Matthew Corrigan, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC Dale S. Decker, Dale S. Decker, LLC, Eagle, CO Stacey D. Diefenderfer, Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, VA Syed W. Haider, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI James L. Horn, Alaska DOT and Public Facilities, Anchorage, AK Rita B. Leahy, California Asphalt Pavement Association, Sacramento, CA Scott A. Schram, Iowa DOT, Ames, IA Dean C. Weitzel, Carson City, NV Jack H. Springer, FHWA Liaison

F O R E W O R D By Edward T. Harrigan Staff Officer Transportation Research Board This research report compares material properties and field performance of warm mix asphalt (WMA) and control hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavement sections constructed at 28 locations across the United States between 2005 and 2012 and evaluated in the period 2012 through 2015. The research report will be of immediate interest to materials engineers in state highway agencies and the asphalt pavement construction industry. Over the past decade, the use of WMA for asphalt pavement construction has dramatically increased in the United States. WMA is seen as an alternative to HMA, and offers the potential to lower energy demand during production and construction, reduce emissions at the plant and the paver, and increase allowable haul distances. However, questions remain about the long-term performance and durability of WMA pavements. The objectives of NCHRP Project 9-49A were to (1) compare the long-term field perfor- mance of WMA and HMA and (2) identify material and engineering properties of WMA pavements that are significant determinants of their long-term field performance. The research was performed by the Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, under the direc- tion of Dr. Shihui Shen, now of the Pennsylvania State University, Altoona, Pennsylvania. Major assistance was provided to Washington State University by the Louisiana Trans- portation Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Bloom Companies, LLC, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Braun Intertec, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Pavement performance and material property data were obtained from 28 field projects. Five projects were documented and sampled at their initial construction in 2011 and 2012 and between 2 and 3 years in service. Another 23 “in-service” projects constructed between 2005 and 2010 were documented and evaluated twice, in the periods 2012 through 2013 and 2014 through 2015. Each of the 28 projects consisted of single- or multiple-WMA technology pavement sections and an HMA control section. A total of 17 WMA technologies were used in the field projects, including asphalt foaming additives, plant foaming units, chemical additives, and organic additives. In-service performance of WMA and HMA in all projects was practically identical, with little or no rutting, no evidence of moisture damage, and some indication of transverse and longitudinal cracking. Overall, no disadvantage in performance accrued in the long term from replacing HMA with WMA on these projects. A key goal of the laboratory testing of the WMA binders and mixtures from the field projects was identifying potential material and engineering properties of WMA pavements that are significant determinants of their long-term field performance. Paired ranking analysis and statistical partial least square and binary logistic regression modeling of the experimental data were successful in identifying several materials properties of asphalt

binders and mixtures that could be correlated with the performance of the WMA sections in the 28 field projects. This report fully documents the research and includes seven appendixes: Appendix A: Project Mix Design Information Appendix B: Summary of Field Performance Appendix C: Summary of Significant Material Properties Appendix D: Proposed Test Methods Appendix E: AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design Analysis Results Appendix F: Material Properties and Performance Evolution for New Projects Appendix G: A Framework for Development of Performance Predictive Models Based on Statistical Methods In addition, spreadsheet databases presenting all materials properties and distress measure- ments from the 28 field projects are available to download at http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/ TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3013.

C O N T E N T S 1 Summary 3 Chapter 1 Introduction 3 Background 3 Objectives and Scope 4 Summary of Literature Review and Survey Results 6 Organization of the Research Report 7 Chapter 2 Research Approach 7 Overview 7 Selection of WMA Field Projects 13 Field and Laboratory Characterization of WMA Projects 18 Data Analysis 21 Chapter 3 Transverse Cracking 21 Introduction 21 Comparisons of Transverse Cracking in the Field 26 Paired Ranking Analysis for Transverse Cracking 28 Statistical Predictive Models for Transverse Cracking 30 Potential Significant Determinants for Transverse Cracking 31 Chapter 4 Wheel-Path Longitudinal Cracking 31 Introduction 31 Wheel-Path Longitudinal Cracking in the Field 36 Paired Ranking Analysis for Wheel-Path Longitudinal Cracking 37 Statistical Predictive Models for Wheel-Path Longitudinal Cracking 40 Potential Significant Determinants for Wheel-Path Longitudinal Cracking 41 Chapter 5 Rutting and Moisture Susceptibility 41 Introduction 41 Rutting in the Field 41 Paired Ranking Analysis for Rutting 41 Statistical Predictive Models for Rut Depth 45 Potential Significant Determinants for Rutting 46 Moisture Susceptibility 47 Chapter 6 Findings 47 Transverse Cracking 47 Wheel-Path Longitudinal Cracking 48 Rutting and Moisture Susceptibility 48 Proposed Best Practices for WMA Technologies and Future Research 50 References 53 Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Initialisms

55 Appendix A Project Mix Design Information 58 Appendix B Summary of Field Performance 66 Appendix C Summary of Significant Material Properties 69 Appendix D Proposed Test Methods 83 Appendix E AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design Analysis Results 88 Appendix F Material Properties and Performance Evolution for New Projects 109 Appendix G A Framework for Development of Performance Predictive Models Based on Statistical Methods

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TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Report 843: Long-Term Field Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies compares material properties and field performance of warm mix asphalt (WMA) and control hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavement sections constructed at 28 locations across the United States. It explores significant determinants for each type of distress and potential practices regarding the use of WMA technologies.

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