Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
15-127 Table 15-61 Model Coefficients for Predicting Mode Share of Rockridge and Lafayette Residents Variables Work Model Coefficients Non-Work Model Coefficients Dependent Variable (mode share of:) Non-SOV Trips Non-Auto Trips Rockridge neighborhood (Rockridge=1, Lafayette=0) 0.2749 0.8291 Persons per household â 0.3067 San Francisco destination (yes=1, no=0) 3.2448 â Berkeley destination (yes=1, no=0) 1.2634 â Vehicles per household (cars, vans, utility trucks) -0.3236 -0.7798 Annual Salary of Respondent (in $10,000s) â -0.0149 Male Respondent (yes=1, no=0) 0.4549 â Age of Respondent (years) -0.0317 â Constant 0.4537 0.0798 Note: âââ indicates variable not included in model. The Rockridge neighborhood variable gives some feel for the importance of the fine-grained texture and pedestrian-friendly environment of Rockridge as compared to the coarser land use mix and road network, and auto-oriented environment, of Lafayette. A graspable comparison offered within each model individually is the closeness in the absolute of the Rockridge coefficient and the vehicles per household coefficient. This may be taken as indicating that living in Rockridgeâs traditional neighborhood environment is as important to selecting a non-SOV (or non-auto) travel mode as having one less vehicle in the household, for either work purpose or non-work travel. Sources: Cervero, R., and Radisch, C., Travel Choices in Pedestrian Versus Automobile Oriented Neighborhoods. Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California; Working Paper 644, Berkeley, CA (1995). ⢠NTI â National Transit Institute, âCoordinating Transportation and Land Use Course Manual.â Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, [2000]. ⢠Added trip distance observations and model coefficient interpretations by the Handbook authors. For additional case studies that are closely related, see âCase Studiesâ in both Chapter 16, âPedestrian and Bicycle Facilities,â and Chapter 17, âTransit Oriented Development.â REFERENCES Special Note: In addition to primary sources, this chapterâs âReferencesâ section covers those secondary sources included among primary sources in the first-column identifications of research projects in summary Tables 15-3, 15-7, 15-9, 15-10, 15-14, 15-16, 15-22, 15-23, 15-30, 15-32, and 15-41. Primary table sources are those identified in the âSourcesâ listing under the tables in question. 1000 Friends of Oregon, âMaking the Connections â A Summary of the LUTRAQ Project.â Vol. 7, Portland, OR (February, 1997).
15-128 Bradley, M., Outwater, M. L., Jonnalagadda, N., and Ruiter, E., Estimation of an Activity-Based Microsimulation Model for San Francisco. Paper presented at the 80th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. Preprint CD-ROM. Washington, DC (2001). Brosnan, R., âTransit Oriented Development,â The Smart Growth Speaker Series. Oral presentation and visuals (updated 2001). Sponsored by the U.S. EPA, ICMA, the National Building Museum and the Smart Growth Network, Washington, DC (September 5, 2000). Burchell, R. W., and Listokin, D., Land, Infrastructure, Housing Costs, and Fiscal Impacts Associated with Growth. Rail-Volution Conference 1996: Building Successful Communities with Rail. Rutgers University (September 1996). Burchell, R. W., Lowenstein, G., Dolphin, W. R., Galley, C. C., Downs, A., Seskin, S., Still, K. G., Moore, T., âThe Costs of Sprawl â 2000.â TCRP Report 74 (2002). Burchell, R. W., Shad, N. A., Listoken, D., Phillips, H., Downs, A., Seskin, S., Davis, J. S., Moore, T., Helton, D., Gall, M., âThe Costs of Sprawl Revisited.â TCRP Report 39 (1998). Cambridge Systematics, Inc., Parsons Brinckerhoff, Mark Bradley Research & Consulting, CCS Planning & Engineering, Inc., Hausrath Economics Group, Hunt Analytics Incorporated, Lawton Consulting, and Corey, Canapary & Galanis, âSan Francisco Travel Demand Forecasting Model Development.â Final Report. Prepared for San Francisco County Transportation Authority, San Francisco, CA (2002). Cambridge Systematics, âThe Effects of Land Use and Travel Demand Strategies On Commuting Behavior.â Federal Highway Administration, Travel Model Improvement Program, Washington, DC (1994). Cambridge Systematics, S. H. Putman Associates, and Calthorpe Associates, âModel Modifications.â LUTRAQ Project, Vol. 4, 1000 Friends of Oregon, Portland, OR (1992). Cervero, R., Americaâs Suburban Centers: A Study of the Land Use â Transportation Link. Urban Mass Transit Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC (1988). Cervero, R., Americaâs Suburban Centers: The Land Use â Transportation Link. Unwin-Hyman, Boston, MA (1989). Cervero, R., âJob-Housing Balance as Public Policy,â Urban Land, Vol. 50, No. 10 (1991a). Cervero, R., âJobs-Housing Balance Revisited: Trends and Impacts in the San Francisco Bay Area,â Journal of the American Planning Association (1996a). Cervero, R., âLand Uses and Travel At Suburban Activity Centers.â Transportation Quarterly, Vol. 45, No. 4 (1991b). Cervero, R., âMixed Land Uses and Commuting: Evidence from the American Housing Survey,â Transportation Research, Vol. 30A, No. 5 (1996b). Cervero, R., Urban Design Issues Related to Transportation Modes, Designs and Services for Neo- Traditional Developments. Urban Design, Telecommuting and Travel Forecasting Conference,
15-129 Williamsburg, VA: Summary, Recommendations and Compendium of Papers. Prepared by Day, L., Texas Transportation Institute, for the U.S. Department of Transportation (1997). Cervero, R., and Kockelman, M., âTravel Demand and the 3Ds: Density, Diversity, and Design.â Transportation Research, Part D, Vol. 2, No. 3 (1997). Cervero, R., and Radisch, C., Travel Choices in Pedestrian Versus Automobile Oriented Neighborhoods. Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California; Working Paper 644, Berkeley, CA (1995). Comsis Corporation, âTask 2 Working Paper: An Examination of Cost/Benefit and Other Decision Factors Used in Design of Employer-Based TDM Programs.â TCRP Project B-4, Cost Effectiveness of TDM Programs; unpublished research findings (1994). Crane, R., âCars and Drivers in the New Suburbs â Linking Access to Travel in Neotraditional Planning.â Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 62, No. 1 (1996). Criterion Planners/Engineers and Fehr & Peers Associates, âSmart Growth Index®.â Reference Guide, prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (June, 2001). Deakin, E. A., University of California. Email attachment to the Handbook authors. Berkeley, CA (March 28, 2002). Downs, A., New Visions for Metropolitan America. The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC (1994). Downs, A., Stuck in Traffic: Coping with Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion. The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC (1992). Dunphy, R. T., and Fisher, K., âTransportation, Congestion, and Density: New Insights.â Transportation Research Record 1552 (1996). Eager, B., TDA, Inc. Email to Dunphy, R. T., Urban Land Institute (December 11, 2002). Ewing, R., and Cervero, R. Email to the authors (February 25 and 22, 2002, respectively). Ewing, R., and Cervero, R., âTravel and the Built Environment â A Synthesis.â Transportation Research Record 1780 (2001). Ewing, R., Best Development Practices â Doing the Right Thing and Making Money at the Same Time. Planners Press, American Planning Association, Chicago, IL (1996). Ewing, R., âIs Los Angeles Sprawl Desirable?â Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 63, No. 1 (Winter 1997). Ewing, R., Transportation & Land Use Innovations â When you canât pave your way out of congestion. Planners Press, American Planning Association, Chicago, IL (1997). Ewing, R., DeAnna, M., and Li, S., âLand Use Impacts On Trip Generation Rates.â Transportation Research Record 1518 (1996).
15-130 Ewing, R., Haliyur, P., and Page, G. W., âGetting Around a Traditional City, a Suburban Planned Unit Development, and Everything in Between.â Transportation Research Record 1466 (1994). Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) â1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey; Early Results.â U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC (1991) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), âHighway Statistics â 1998.â U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC (2000). Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), âOur Nationâs Travel: 1995 NPTS Early Results Report.â U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC (September, 1997). Fehr & Peers Associates, âTravel Forecasting Approach for Smart Growth Twin Cities.â Executive Summary, prepared for Calthorpe Associates and Metropolitan Council, Lafayette, CA (January 14, 2002). Frank, L. D., An Analysis of Relationships between Urban Form (Density, Mix and Jobs:Housing Balance) and Travel Behavior (Mode Choice, Trip Generation, Trip Length and Travel Time). Prepared for the Washington State DOT by the Washington State Transportation Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (1994). Frank, L. D., and Pivo, G., âImpacts of Mixed Use and Density on Utilization of Three Modes of Travel: Single Occupant Vehicle, Transit and Walking.â Transportation Research Record 1466 (1994a). Frank, L. D., and Pivo, G., Relationships between Land Use and Travel Behavior in the Puget Sound Region. Prepared for the Washington State DOT by the Washington State Transportation Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (1994b). Frank, L. D., Stone, B., Jr., and Bachman, W., âLinking Land Use with Household Vehicle Emissions in the Central Puget Sound: Methodological Framework and Findings.â Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 5, Issue 3 (May, 2000). Friedman, B., Gordon, S. P., and Peers, J. B., âEffect of Neotraditional Neighborhood Design On Travel Characteristics.â Transportation Research Record 1466 (1994). Giuliano, G., âThe Weakening Transportation â Land Use Connection.â Access, No. 6 (Spring, 1995). Gordon, P., and Richardson, H. W., âAre Compact Cities a Desirable Planning Goal?â Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 63, No. 1 (Winter 1997). Handy, S., âRegional Versus Local Accessibility: Implications for Nonwork Travel.â Transportation Research Record 1400 (1993). Handy, S., Travel Behavior Issues Related to Neo-Traditional Developments â A Review of the Research. Urban Design, Telecommuting and Travel Forecasting Conference, Williamsburg, VA: Summary, Recommendations and Compendium of Papers. Prepared by Day, L., Texas Transportation Institute, for the U.S. Department of Transportation (1997).
15-131 Holtzclaw, J., Explaining Urban Density and Transit Impacts On Auto Use. Prepared for State of California Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission by the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Sierra Club, San Francisco, CA (1990). Holtzclaw, J., Using Residential Patterns and Transit to Decrease Auto Dependence and Costs. Natural Resources Defense Council, San Francisco, CA (1994). Hooper, K. G., âTravel Characteristics At Large-Scale Suburban Activity Centers.â NCHRP Report 323 (1989). Hu, P., and Young, J., Summary of Travel Trends: 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC (1999). Institute of Transportation Engineers, âA Toolbox for Alleviating Traffic Congestion.â Washington, DC (1989). JHK and Associates and K.T. Analytics, Inc., âAnalysis of Indirect Source Trip Activity: Regional Shopping Centers.â California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA (1993). Kitamura, R., Mokhtarian, P. L., and Laidet, L., A Micro-Analysis of Land Use and Travel in Five Neighborhoods in the San Francisco Bay Area. Prepared for the California Air Resources Board by the University of California at Davis, CA (1994). Kockelman, K. M., Travel Behavior As a Function of Accessibility, Land Use Mixing, and Land Use Balance: Evidence from the San Francisco Bay Area. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, CA (1996). Kockelman, K. M., âTravel Behavior As a Function of Accessibility, Land Use Mixing, and Land Use Balance â Evidence from the San Francisco Bay Area.â Transportation Research Record 1607 (1997). Kulash, W., et al., Traditional Neighborhood Development: Will the Traffic Work? Prepared for the American Society of Civil Engineers, Successful Land Development: Quality and Profits Conference, Reston, VA (March, 1990). Levine, J. C., âDecentralization of Jobs and Emerging Suburban Commute.â Transportation Research Record 1364 (1992). Levinson, D., and Kumar, A., âThe Rational Locator: Why Travel Times Have Remained Stable.â Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 60, No. 3 (1994). Litman, T., Evaluating Criticism of Smart Growth. Draft. Victoria Transport Policy Institute. http://www.vtpi.org/0_land.htm (pdf document dated September 16, 2003). Marks, H., âSubdividing for Traffic Safety.â Traffic Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 3 (1957). Maryland National Capital Park and Planning Commission, âTransit and Pedestrian Oriented Neighborhoods.â Silver Spring, MD (1992).
15-132 McNally, M. G., âHow Neighborhood Design Affects Travel.â ITS Review, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Nov. 1995/Feb. 1996). McNally, M. G., and Kulkarni, A., âAssessment of Influence of Land UseâTransportation System on Travel Behavior.â Transportation Research Record 1607 (1997). McNally, M. G., and Ryan, S., âComparative Assessment of Travel Characteristics for Neotraditional Designs.â Transportation Research Record 1400 (1993). Messenger, T., and Ewing, R., âTransit-Oriented Development in the Sun Belt.â Transportation Research Record 1552 (1996). Miller, E. J., and Ibrahim, A. I., âUrban Form and Vehicular Travel: Some Empirical Findings.â Transportation Research Record 1617 (1998). NTI â National Transit Institute, âCoordinating Transportation and Land Use Course Manual.â Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, [2000]. Nelson, A. C., âEffects of Urban Containment on Housing Prices and Landowner Behavior.â Land Lines, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy (May, 2000). Nelson, A. C., Estimating Residential Land Use Needs. Prepared for American Planning Association. Unpublished (2002). Nelson/Nygaard Consulting Services, âLand Use and Transit Demand: The Transit Orientation Index.â Primary Transit Network Study â Draft. Tri-Met, Portland, OR (1995). Newman, P. W. G., and Kenworthy, J. R., Cities and Automobile Dependence: An International Sourcebook. Gower Technical, Aldershot, England (1989). Nowlan, D., and Stewart, G., âDowntown Population Growth and Commuting Trips: Recent Experience in Toronto.â Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 57, No. 2 (1991). OâToole, R., The Vanishing Automobile and Other Urban Myths â How Smart Growth Will Harm American Cities. The Thoreau Institute, Bandon, OR (2001) Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc., Cervero, R., Howard Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc., and Zupan, J., âInfluence of Land Use Mix and Neighborhood Design on Transit Demand.â TCRP Project H-1 Unpublished Research Findings, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, (1996a). Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc., Cervero, R., Howard Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc., and Zupan, J., âMode of Access and Catchment Areas of Rail Transit.â TCRP Project H-1 Unpublished Research Findings, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, (1996b). Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc., âThe Pedestrian Environment.â LUTRAQ Project, Vol. 4A, 1000 Friends of Oregon, Portland, OR (1993). Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc., âTransit and Urban Form.â Vol. 1, Part I, TCRP Report 16. Washington, DC (1996a).
15-133 Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc., âTransit and Urban Form.â Vol. 1, Part II, TCRP Report 16. Washington, DC (1996b). Pivo, G., Hess, P., and Thatte, A., Land Use Trends Affecting Auto Dependence in Washingtonâs Metropolitan Areas, 1979-1990. Prepared for the Washington State DOT by the Washington State Transportation Center (TRAC), Seattle, WA (1995). Pratt, R. H., âA Utilitarian Theory of Travel Mode Choice.â Highway Research Record 322 (1970). Pratt, R. H., Associates, Inc., âDevelopment and Calibration of the Washington Mode Choice Models.â Prepared for the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments. Kensington, MD (June, 1973). Prevedouros, P. D., and Schofer, J. L., âTrip Characteristics and Travel Patterns of Suburban Residents.â Transportation Research Record 1328 (1991). Pushkarev, B. S., and Zupan, J. M., Public Transportation and Land Use Policy. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN (1977). Pushkarev, B. S., and Zupan, J. M., âWhere Transit Works: Urban Densities for Public Transportation.â Urban Transportation: Perspectives and Prospects. Eno Foundation, Westport, CT (1982). Research Triangle Institute and Federal Highway Administration, âUserâs Guide for the Public Use Data Files â 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey.â U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC (October, 1997). Rutherford, G. S., McCormack, E., and Wilkinson, M., Travel Impacts of Urban Form: Implications from an Analysis of Two Seattle Area Travel Diaries. Urban Design, Telecommuting and Travel Forecasting Conference, Williamsburg, VA: Summary, Recommendations and Compendium of Papers. Prepared by Day, L., Texas Transportation Institute, for the U.S. Department of Transportation (1997). Schimek, P., âHousehold Motor Vehicle Ownership and Use: How Much Does Residential Density Really Matter?â Transportation Research Record 1552 (1996). Steiner, R. L., âResidential Density and Travel Patterns: Review of the Literature.â Transportation Research Record 1466 (1994). Steiner, R. L., âTrip Generation and Parking Requirements in Traditional Shopping Districts.â Transportation Research Record 1617 (1998). Sun, X., Wilmot, C. G., and Kasturi, T., âHousehold Travel, Household Characteristics, and Land Use: An Empirical Study from the 1994 Portland Activity-Based Travel Survey.â Transportation Research Record 1617 (1998). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, âOur Built and Natural Environments.â Washington, DC (January 2001). Walters, J., Fehr & Peers Associates. Email to the authors (March 22, 2002).