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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Methods and Technologies for Pedestrian and Bicycle Volume Data Collection: Phase 2. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24732.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Methods and Technologies for Pedestrian and Bicycle Volume Data Collection: Phase 2. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24732.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Methods and Technologies for Pedestrian and Bicycle Volume Data Collection: Phase 2. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24732.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Methods and Technologies for Pedestrian and Bicycle Volume Data Collection: Phase 2. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24732.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Methods and Technologies for Pedestrian and Bicycle Volume Data Collection: Phase 2. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24732.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Methods and Technologies for Pedestrian and Bicycle Volume Data Collection: Phase 2. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24732.
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 Method Paul Kittel Resto Frank Safe T Educ Unive Berke ACKNOWEDG This work was with the Feder which is admin Medicine. COPYRIGHT I Authors herein persons who o Cooperative R purposes. Per FMCSA, FRA, product, metho uses will give a request permis DISCLAIMER The opinions a are not necess or the program The informatio edited by TRB s and T Ryus and An son & Assoc n, VA R. Proulx ransportati ation Center rsity of Cali ley, CA MENT sponsored by t al Highway Adm istered by the T NFORMATION are responsibl wn the copyrigh esearch Progra mission is give FTA, Office of d, or practice. ppropriate ack sion from CRP nd conclusions arily those of th sponsors. n contained in t . W echnol Da drew Butsic iates, Inc. on Research (SafeTREC) fornia he American As inistration, and ransportation R e for the authen t to any previo ms (CRP) gran n with the unde the Assistant Se It is expected th nowledgment o . expressed or im e Transportatio his document w NC eb-Only ogies fo ta Colle k & sociation of St was conducted esearch Board ticity of their m usly published o ts permission to rstanding that n cretary for Res at those reprod f the source of a plied in this re n Research Bo as taken direct HR Docume r Pede ction: P ate Highway an in the Nationa (TRB) of the N aterials and for r copyrighted m reproduce ma one of the mate earch and Tec ucing the mate ny reprinted or port are those o ard; the Nation ly from the subm P nt 229: strian a hase 2 Robert J Universit Milwauke Tony Hu Freelanc Minneap Contractor’s d Transportatio l Cooperative H ational Academ obtaining writte aterial used he terial in this pub rial will be used hnology, PHMS rial in this docu reproduced ma f the researche al Academies o ission of the a nd Bicy . Schneider y of Wiscon e, WI ll e Transporta olis, MN Final Report fo n Officials (AAS ighway Resea ies of Science n permissions f rein. lication for clas to imply TRB, A, or TDC endo ment for educat terial. For oth rs who perform f Sciences, Eng uthor(s). This m cle Vo sin tion Consu r NCHRP Proje Submitted Dece HTO), in coop rch Program (N s, Engineering, rom publishers sroom and not AASHTO, FAA rsement of a p ional and not-fo er uses of the m ed the researc ineering, and M aterial has not lume ltant ct 07-19(2) mber 2016 eration CHRP), and or -for-profit , FHWA, articular r-profit aterial, h. They edicine; been

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to increase the benefits that transportation contributes to society by providing leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied committees, task forces, and panels annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

NCHRP 07‐19(02) Final Report iv Table of Contents  List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................................. vi  List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................................... vii  Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................................... 1  Summary ....................................................................................................................................................................... 2  Counting Technologies Tested ....................................................................................................................................... 2  Site Selection .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4  Evaluation Criteria .............................................................................................................................................................. 5  Overall Findings from Phases 1 and 2 ......................................................................................................................... 5  Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................................................... 10  Chapter 1: Background ......................................................................................................................................... 14  Overview .............................................................................................................................................................................. 14  Research Problem Statement ...................................................................................................................................... 15  Phase 2 Research Approach ......................................................................................................................................... 16  Chapter 2: Research Approach .......................................................................................................................... 17  Technology Testing Objectives ................................................................................................................................... 17  Sensor Technology Selection ....................................................................................................................................... 18  Site Selection ....................................................................................................................................................................... 18  Summary of Test Sites and Technologies ............................................................................................................... 24  Evaluation Method ........................................................................................................................................................... 24  Video Data Reduction Process to Generate Ground Truth Counts ............................................................... 26  Interrater Reliability ....................................................................................................................................................... 26  Data Storage ........................................................................................................................................................................ 27 

NCHRP 07‐19(02) Final Report v Weather Data Sources..................................................................................................................................................... 27  Data Cleaning ...................................................................................................................................................................... 28  Summary of Data Collected and Evaluated ............................................................................................................ 30  Chapter 3: Combined Findings from Phases 1 and 2 ................................................................................. 31  Data Analysis ...................................................................................................................................................................... 31  Analysis by Technology Type ...................................................................................................................................... 35  Summary .............................................................................................................................................................................. 65  Chapter 4: Conclusions and Suggested Research ........................................................................................ 68  Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................................................... 68  Suggested Research ......................................................................................................................................................... 70  Chapter 5: References ........................................................................................................................................... 72 

NCHRP 07‐19(02) Final Report vi List of Tables  Table S‐1.  Counting Technologies Tested in Phase 2 by Environmental and User Volume  Conditions ........................................................................................................................... 4  Table S‐2.  Counting Technology Key Findings: Combined Results from Phases 1 and 2 .................... 6  Table S‐3.  Example Counter Adjustment Factors: Combined Results from Phases 1 and 2 ............. 11  Table 2‐2.  Dates of Video Collection for All Sites Used in Phase 2 .................................................... 26  Table 2‐3.   Results of Interrater Reliability Evaluation (Concordance Correlation  Coefficients): Phases 1 and 2 Combined ........................................................................... 27  Table 2‐4.  Weather Stations Used as Sources of Weather Data for Equipment Testing .................. 27  Table 2‐5.  Summary of Data Removed from Analysis in Phases 1 and 2 .......................................... 29  Table 2‐6.  Summary of All Data Evaluated in Phases 1 and 2 ........................................................... 30  Table 3‐1.  Accuracy and Consistency Values for Radar Sensor ......................................................... 37  Table 3‐2.  Correction Functions for Active Infrared Sensor .............................................................. 39  Table 3‐3.   Accuracy and Consistency Metrics on a Site‐ and Device‐Specific Basis for  Passive Infrared Sensors ................................................................................................... 42  Table 3‐4.  Regression Correction Functions Tested for Passive Infrared Sensors ............................. 43  Table 3‐5.  Correction Functions for Active Infrared Sensor .............................................................. 46  Table 3‐6.  Accuracy and Consistency Values for Pneumatic Tubes by Product and Site .................. 52  Table 3‐7.  Correction Functions for Pneumatic Tubes ...................................................................... 53  Table 3‐8.  Accuracy and Consistency Values for Radio Beam Product B .......................................... 55  Table 3‐9.  Accuracy and Consistency Values for Inductive Loops (Detection Zone Accuracy) ......... 58  Table 3‐10.  Accuracy and Consistency Values for Inductive Loops (Facility‐Level Accuracy) ............. 59  Table 3‐11.  Accuracy and Consistency Values for Piezoelectric Strips ................................................ 61  Table 3‐12.  Accuracy and Consistency Metrics for Pedestrian Volumes from Combination  Counters ............................................................................................................................ 64  Table 3‐13.  Correction Functions Estimated for Pedestrian Volumes from Combination  Counters ............................................................................................................................ 64  Table 3‐14.  Accuracy and Consistency Values for all Technologies by Site and Product .................... 65  Table 3‐15.  Counter Sample Adjustment Factors Developed by NCHRP Project 07‐19 ...................... 67 

NCHRP 07‐19(02) Final Report vii List of Figures  Figure S‐1.  Phase 2 Counting Technologies Illustrated ......................................................................... 3  Figure 2‐1.  Arlington and Washington, D.C. Sites (Aerial View) ......................................................... 20  Figure 2‐2.  Four Mile Run Trail (Ground View) ................................................................................... 20  Figure 2‐3.  15th Street NW (Ground View) ......................................................................................... 21  Figure 2‐4.  15th Street NW (Thermal Camera Field of View) ............................................................. 22  Figure 2‐5.  Oakland Site (Aerial View) ................................................................................................ 23  Figure 2‐6.  Oakland Site (Ground View) ............................................................................................. 23  Figure 3‐1.   Example of a Graphical Display of Count Data ................................................................. 32  Figure 3‐2.   Before and After Comparison of Pneumatic Tube Accuracy with Sensitivity  Adjustment ....................................................................................................................... 32  Figure 3‐3.  Accuracy Plots for Radar ................................................................................................... 36  Figure 3‐4.  Accuracy Plot for Thermal Imaging Sensors ..................................................................... 38  Figure 3‐5.  Accuracy Plots of Passive Infrared Sensors ....................................................................... 41  Figure 3‐6.  Passive Infrared Accuracy as a Function of Temperature ................................................ 44  Figure 3‐7.  Accuracy Comparison for Passive Infrared Sensors by Rain and Temperature  Range ................................................................................................................................ 45  Figure 3‐8.  Accuracy Plot for Active Infrared Sensor .......................................................................... 46  Figure 3‐9.  Accuracy Plot for Pneumatic Tubes at 15th Avenue Site ................................................. 48  Figure 3‐10.  Accuracy Plot for Pneumatic Tubes .................................................................................. 49  Figure 3‐11.  Accuracy Plot for Pneumatic Tubes by Product ................................................................ 50  Figure 3‐12.  Accuracy Plot for Pneumatic Tubes by Product and Site .................................................. 51  Figure 3‐13.  Accuracy Plot for Radio Beam Product B .......................................................................... 55  Figure 3‐14.  Potential Bypass Error Sources on Fell Street ................................................................... 56  Figure 3‐15.  Inductive Loop Testing on Key Bridge ............................................................................... 57  Figure 3‐16.  Accuracy Plots for Inductive Loops ................................................................................... 58  Figure 3‐17.  Accuracy Plot for Piezoelectric Strips ............................................................................... 61  Figure 3‐18.   Accuracy Plot for Pedestrian Volumes Estimated from Combination Counters .............. 63  Figure 3‐19.   Accuracy and Consistency Plots for Pedestrian Volumes from Combination  Counters Comparing Two Products .................................................................................. 63 

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TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 229: Methods and Technologies for Pedestrian and Bicycle Volume Data Collection: Phase 2 explores automated count technologies that capture pedestrian and bicycle volume data. The publication focuses on technologies that came onto the market too late to be included in previous Phase 1 research. Findings from Phase 1 are documented in NCHRP Report 797: Guidebook on Pedestrian and Bicycle Volume Data Collection and NCHRP Web-Only Document 205: Methods and Technologies for Pedestrian and Bicycle Volume Data Collection.

The report presents combined results for a range of technologies tested by both the Phase 1 research and the continuation research (Phase 2). The research evaluated automated nonmotorized count technologies in different settings, including ranges of temperature, varying weather conditions, mixed traffic conditions, mixed travel directions, and facility types (e.g., roadways, multiuse paths), to determine their accuracy and reliability in different contexts. This report documents the research findings on the accuracy and consistency found for the different automated count technologies. It provides an account of the process used to select technologies for testing, identifies test sites, and evaluates the effectiveness of the technologies.

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