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NCHRP 07â19(02) Final Report iv Table of Contents List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................................... vii Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Summary ....................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Counting Technologies Tested ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Site Selection .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Evaluation Criteria .............................................................................................................................................................. 5 Overall Findings from Phases 1 and 2 ......................................................................................................................... 5 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 1: Background ......................................................................................................................................... 14 Overview .............................................................................................................................................................................. 14 Research Problem Statement ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Phase 2 Research Approach ......................................................................................................................................... 16 Chapter 2: Research Approach .......................................................................................................................... 17 Technology Testing Objectives ................................................................................................................................... 17 Sensor Technology Selection ....................................................................................................................................... 18 Site Selection ....................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Summary of Test Sites and Technologies ............................................................................................................... 24 Evaluation Method ........................................................................................................................................................... 24 Video Data Reduction Process to Generate Ground Truth Counts ............................................................... 26 Interrater Reliability ....................................................................................................................................................... 26 Data Storage ........................................................................................................................................................................ 27Â
NCHRP 07â19(02) Final Report v Weather Data Sources..................................................................................................................................................... 27Â Data Cleaning ...................................................................................................................................................................... 28Â Summary of Data Collected and Evaluated ............................................................................................................ 30Â Chapter 3: Combined Findings from Phases 1 and 2 ................................................................................. 31Â Data Analysis ...................................................................................................................................................................... 31Â Analysis by Technology Type ...................................................................................................................................... 35Â Summary .............................................................................................................................................................................. 65Â Chapter 4: Conclusions and Suggested Research ........................................................................................ 68Â Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................................................... 68Â Suggested Research ......................................................................................................................................................... 70Â Chapter 5: References ........................................................................................................................................... 72Â
NCHRP 07â19(02) Final Report vi List of Tables Table Sâ1. Counting Technologies Tested in Phase 2 by Environmental and User Volume Conditions ........................................................................................................................... 4 Table Sâ2. Counting Technology Key Findings: Combined Results from Phases 1 and 2 .................... 6 Table Sâ3. Example Counter Adjustment Factors: Combined Results from Phases 1 and 2 ............. 11 Table 2â2. Dates of Video Collection for All Sites Used in Phase 2 .................................................... 26 Table 2â3.  Results of Interrater Reliability Evaluation (Concordance Correlation Coefficients): Phases 1 and 2 Combined ........................................................................... 27 Table 2â4. Weather Stations Used as Sources of Weather Data for Equipment Testing .................. 27 Table 2â5. Summary of Data Removed from Analysis in Phases 1 and 2 .......................................... 29 Table 2â6. Summary of All Data Evaluated in Phases 1 and 2 ........................................................... 30 Table 3â1. Accuracy and Consistency Values for Radar Sensor ......................................................... 37 Table 3â2. Correction Functions for Active Infrared Sensor .............................................................. 39 Table 3â3.  Accuracy and Consistency Metrics on a Siteâ and DeviceâSpecific Basis for Passive Infrared Sensors ................................................................................................... 42 Table 3â4. Regression Correction Functions Tested for Passive Infrared Sensors ............................. 43 Table 3â5. Correction Functions for Active Infrared Sensor .............................................................. 46 Table 3â6. Accuracy and Consistency Values for Pneumatic Tubes by Product and Site .................. 52 Table 3â7. Correction Functions for Pneumatic Tubes ...................................................................... 53 Table 3â8. Accuracy and Consistency Values for Radio Beam Product B .......................................... 55 Table 3â9. Accuracy and Consistency Values for Inductive Loops (Detection Zone Accuracy) ......... 58 Table 3â10. Accuracy and Consistency Values for Inductive Loops (FacilityâLevel Accuracy) ............. 59 Table 3â11. Accuracy and Consistency Values for Piezoelectric Strips ................................................ 61 Table 3â12. Accuracy and Consistency Metrics for Pedestrian Volumes from Combination Counters ............................................................................................................................ 64 Table 3â13. Correction Functions Estimated for Pedestrian Volumes from Combination Counters ............................................................................................................................ 64 Table 3â14. Accuracy and Consistency Values for all Technologies by Site and Product .................... 65 Table 3â15. Counter Sample Adjustment Factors Developed by NCHRP Project 07â19 ...................... 67Â
NCHRP 07â19(02) Final Report vii List of Figures Figure Sâ1. Phase 2 Counting Technologies Illustrated ......................................................................... 3 Figure 2â1. Arlington and Washington, D.C. Sites (Aerial View) ......................................................... 20 Figure 2â2. Four Mile Run Trail (Ground View) ................................................................................... 20 Figure 2â3. 15th Street NW (Ground View) ......................................................................................... 21 Figure 2â4. 15th Street NW (Thermal Camera Field of View) ............................................................. 22 Figure 2â5. Oakland Site (Aerial View) ................................................................................................ 23 Figure 2â6. Oakland Site (Ground View) ............................................................................................. 23 Figure 3â1.  Example of a Graphical Display of Count Data ................................................................. 32 Figure 3â2.  Before and After Comparison of Pneumatic Tube Accuracy with Sensitivity Adjustment ....................................................................................................................... 32 Figure 3â3. Accuracy Plots for Radar ................................................................................................... 36 Figure 3â4. Accuracy Plot for Thermal Imaging Sensors ..................................................................... 38 Figure 3â5. Accuracy Plots of Passive Infrared Sensors ....................................................................... 41 Figure 3â6. Passive Infrared Accuracy as a Function of Temperature ................................................ 44 Figure 3â7. Accuracy Comparison for Passive Infrared Sensors by Rain and Temperature Range ................................................................................................................................ 45 Figure 3â8. Accuracy Plot for Active Infrared Sensor .......................................................................... 46 Figure 3â9. Accuracy Plot for Pneumatic Tubes at 15th Avenue Site ................................................. 48 Figure 3â10. Accuracy Plot for Pneumatic Tubes .................................................................................. 49 Figure 3â11. Accuracy Plot for Pneumatic Tubes by Product ................................................................ 50 Figure 3â12. Accuracy Plot for Pneumatic Tubes by Product and Site .................................................. 51 Figure 3â13. Accuracy Plot for Radio Beam Product B .......................................................................... 55 Figure 3â14. Potential Bypass Error Sources on Fell Street ................................................................... 56 Figure 3â15. Inductive Loop Testing on Key Bridge ............................................................................... 57 Figure 3â16. Accuracy Plots for Inductive Loops ................................................................................... 58 Figure 3â17. Accuracy Plot for Piezoelectric Strips ............................................................................... 61 Figure 3â18.  Accuracy Plot for Pedestrian Volumes Estimated from Combination Counters .............. 63 Figure 3â19.  Accuracy and Consistency Plots for Pedestrian Volumes from Combination Counters Comparing Two Products .................................................................................. 63Â