Green Stormwater Infrastructure - Volume 1: Primer (2017)

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30 Typical Airport Land Uses Airside Land Uses Airside land uses where GSI may be applied include taxiways and runways, as well as areas where significant aircraft activities occur and possibly areas where there is ongoing construction. Airside land uses may include the following: • Apron/ramp and flight operations • Maintenance areas (hangars, garages, outdoor parking) • Fueling operations (fuel farms, parking for tankers, etc.) • Runways and taxiways • Dedicated deicing area or apron deicing areas • Aircraft washing racks Landside Land Use Landside areas of the airport where GSI may be applied include terminals and will be subject to many of the same runoff pollution issues as properties outside of the airport setting (e.g., parking lots and landscaped areas associated with commercial or residential areas). Landside land uses include the following: • Parking garages, parking lots, and roadways • Vehicle washes • Vehicle fueling stations • Landscaped areas • Construction areas • Solid waste collection/food waste • On-site commercial properties (e.g., car rental) • Miscellaneous material storage areas. Pollutants in Runoff as Related to Airports Stormwater from airport impervious areas is often typically contaminated with pollutants similar to urban land uses: • Impervious pavements (e.g., total suspended solids, oil and grease, some nutrients, and heavy metals) • Roof runoff (e.g., copper, and zinc) • Landscaped areas (e.g., nutrients, pesticides, and herbicides) Applicability to Airports

Applicability to Airports 31 For literature on pollutants in urban runoff, see the following: • Urban Stormwater Quality: Summary of Contaminant Data. D. K. Makepeace, D. W. Smith, and S. J. Stanley. 1995. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 25 (2): 93–139. • NCHRP Report 565: Evaluation of Best Management Practices for Highway Runoff Control. Oregon State University, Geosyntec Consultants, University of Florida, and The Low Impact Development Center, Inc. 2006. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. Some land uses are particular to airports and bring their own concerns related to pollutants in runoff: • Deicing/anti-icing areas (e.g., ethylene glycol and propylene glycol); runoff containing these chemicals may be managed separately at airports. • Aprons, fueling, and maintenance areas (e.g., oil and grease, total hydrocarbons, lavatory wastes, paint). For recent research on runoff in airports, see: Pollutants in Airport Runoff Waters. A. M. Sulej, Z . . Polkowska, and J. Namies´nik. 2012. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 42(16): 1691–1734. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241682540_ Pollutants_in_Airport_Runoff_Waters Applicability of General GSI Guidance Manuals Airports generally have administrative and regulatory control of a facil- ity with a number of land uses where GSI may be applied, either above ground or below ground. A major factor in determining GSI implemen- tation and management is whether the proposed GSI will be located on the airside or landside. Application of GSI to some parts of airport property (landside areas, on-site commercial areas, car rental locations, parking lots, etc.) may not differ substantially from application to non- airport commercial settings (e.g., shopping malls, city landscapes), with the exception of hazardous wildlife concerns. In these areas outside of the AOA, other GSI guidance documents may prove valuable for airports. Airport property on the airside has a much greater wildlife hazard concern, and guidance from existing GSI documents may need to be thoroughly considered or modified to ensure that the GSI will not attract wildlife. Avoiding the Creation of Wildlife Attractants Very limited use of GSI on the airside is recommended, especially within the AOA where GSI has the potential to attract hazardous wild- life or can create hazardous wildlife habitat. Both on the landside and off airport property, there are few constraints to GSI implementation, provided the GSI does not become a wildlife attractant that has a high potential to impact safe aircraft operation at the airport. Water Quality Issues Although many pollutants in runoff will be generally similar among airports (and often similar to other urban and commercial land uses), constituents of concern can vary among airports. There may also be particular regional water quality concerns to address in storm­ water management, either through GSI or through conventional stormwater BMPs. Airports that experience colder weather cite deicing fluids as a major pollutant of concern, and some airports employ man­ agement strategies specifically to handle runoff containing these chemicals. Strategies to Avoid Creating Wildlife Attractants • Ensure stormwater detention ponds drain between storms. • Use bird balls, wire grids, pillows, wildlife fencing, and/or netting to deter wildlife. • Design steep­sided, linear stormwater detention systems. • Locate ponds away from the AOA. • Install grates or other exclusion devices on all outfalls to prevent wildlife access. • Remove vegetation in and around ponds. • Use stormwater infiltration systems when possible.

32 Green Stormwater Infrastructure Vegetation promotes stormwater infiltration and treatment but may also attract hazard- ous wildlife and/or create wildlife habitat. This potentially conflicts with FAA advisories to manage hazardous wildlife and wildlife habitats at airport facilities (DeVault and Washburn 2013). Additional Resources • Water and wetland management for hazardous wildlife at general aviation airports: ACRP Report 32: Guidebook for Addressing Aircraft/Wildlife Hazards at General Aviation Airports, pages 38–44. E. C. Cleary and A. Dickey. 2010. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/163690.aspx. • Bird Strike Risk Analysis and Stormwater Management Decision Tool: Software accompany- ing ACRP Report 125: Balancing Airport Stormwater and Bird Hazard Management. K. Allerton, A. Johnson, J. Lengel, M. Knecht, D. Seal, P. Esposito, and G. Griffin. 2015. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/163690. aspx. • Exclusion methods to provide perceived or actual barriers to bird use: ACRP Synthesis of Airport Practice 23: Bird Harassment, Repellent, and Deterrent Techniques for Use on and Near Airports, pages 17 and 18. J. L. Belant and J. A. Martin. 2011. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/165829.aspx. • Habitat management for wildlife deterrence: ACRP Synthesis of Airport Practice 52: Habi- tat Management to Deter Wildlife at Airports, Chapter 2: Airfield Turf and Chapter 8: Water Resources. J. L. Belant and C. R. Ayers. 2014. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/170766.aspx. • FAA Wildlife Hazard Mitigation: https://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety/wildlife/. The following wildlife hazard management measures and tools have proven effective at many airports: • Exclusion devices (see ACRP Synthesis 23), including the use of bird balls (Figure 19) • Repelling techniques, including the use of Mylar tape (Figure 20) • Active dispersal methods • Biological/mechanical/chemical controls • Lethal control • Wildlife population management Source: Michael Baker International (© 2016). Figure 19. Pond with bird balls at Northeast Ohio Regional Airport.

Applicability to Airports 33 • Habitat modification—makes the habitat undesirable for wildlife use • Inspections—ensure GSI is functioning properly and not forming a wildlife attractant • Aquatic weed control and management—prevents food and habitat creation for hazardous wildlife (see ACRP Synthesis 52, Chapters 2 and 8) • Integrated pest management—prevents creation of food source for hazardous wildlife • Turf and vegetation management—prevents GSI vegetation from attracting hazardous wildlife (see ACRP Synthesis 52, Chapters 2 and 8) • Stormwater management—prevents ponded water that could attract hazardous wildlife or uses very dense vegetation to make wildlife access difficult • Waste management—dispose of waste in a way that prevents the formation of a hazardous wildlife attractant • Proper operation and maintenance—maintain GSI to prevent ponding or tall vegetation (see ACRP Report 32) • Education and training—teach proper maintenance and monitoring • Monitoring of GSI—quickly catch the creation of potential wildlife attractants such as tall vegetation or ponding Source: Michael Baker International. Figure 20. Pond with fishing line and Mylar tape at Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport.