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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Statewide and Megaregional Travel Forecasting Models: Freight and Passenger. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24927.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Statewide and Megaregional Travel Forecasting Models: Freight and Passenger. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24927.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Statewide and Megaregional Travel Forecasting Models: Freight and Passenger. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24927.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Statewide and Megaregional Travel Forecasting Models: Freight and Passenger. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24927.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Statewide and Megaregional Travel Forecasting Models: Freight and Passenger. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24927.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Statewide and Megaregional Travel Forecasting Models: Freight and Passenger. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24927.
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NAT IONAL COOPERAT IVE H IGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM NCHRP SYNTHESIS 514 SubScriber categorieS Freight Transportation • Highways • Planning and Forecasting Statewide and Megaregional Travel Forecasting Models: Freight and Passenger A Synthesis of Highway Practice conSultantS Rick Donnelly Parsons Brinckerhoff Albuquerque, New Mexico and Rolf Moeckel Technical University Munich Munich, Germany 2017 Research Sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in Cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration

NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed research is the most effective way to solve many problems facing highway administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and can best be stud- ied by highway departments individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation results in increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. Recognizing this need, the leadership of the American Associa- tion of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1962 initiated an objective national highway research program using modern scientific techniques—the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). NCHRP is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of AASHTO and receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation. The Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Acad- emies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was requested by AASHTO to administer the research program because of TRB’s recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. TRB is uniquely suited for this purpose for many rea- sons: TRB maintains an extensive committee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; TRB possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; TRB’s relationship to the National Academies is an insur- ance of objectivity; and TRB maintains a full-time staff of spe- cialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs iden- tified by chief administrators and other staff of the highway and transportation departments and by committees of AASHTO. Topics of the highest merit are selected by the AASHTO Standing Commit- tee on Research (SCOR), and each year SCOR’s recommendations are proposed to the AASHTO Board of Directors and the National Academies. Research projects to address these topics are defined by NCHRP, and qualified research agencies are selected from submit- ted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Academies and TRB. The needs for highway research are many, and NCHRP can make significant contributions to solving highway transportation prob- lems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement, rather than to substitute for or duplicate, other highway research programs. Published reports of the NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet by going to http://www.national-academies.org and then searching for TRB Printed in the United States of America NCHRP SYNTHESIS 514 Project 20-05 (Topic 47-17) ISSN 0547-5570 ISBN 978-0-309-39009-5 Library of Congress Control No. 2017942538 © 2017 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FRA, FTA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, PHMSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessari- ly those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are con- sidered essential to the object of the report.

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to increase the benefits that transportation contributes to society by providing leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied committees, task forces, and panels annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

TOPIC PANEL 47-17 REBEkAH S. ANDERSON, Ohio Department of Transportation, Columbus ALExANDER O. BETTINARDI, Oregon Department of Transportation, Salem FREDERICk W. DUCCA, University of Maryland, College Park DOUgLAS D. MACIVOR, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento PHILLIP J. MESCHER, Iowa DOT, Ames MIkE R. SCHOFIELD, City of Austin (TX) Transportation Department, Austin BENJAMIN HAWkINSON, Federal Highway Administration (Liaison) JEREMy RAW, Federal Highway Administration (Liaison) SYNTHESIS STudIES STAFF MARIELA gARCIA-COLBERg, Senior Program Officer JO ALLEN gAUSE, Senior Program Officer THOMAS HELMS, Consultant gAIL R. STABA, Senior Program Officer TANyA M. ZWAHLEN, Consultant CHERyL kEITH, Senior Program Assistant DEMISHA WILLIAMS, Senior Program Assistant DEBORAH IRVIN, Program Coordinator COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS STAFF CHRISTOPHER J. HEDgES, Director, Cooperative Research Programs LORI L. SUNDSTROM, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs EILEEN P. DELANEy, Director of Publications NCHRP COMMITTEE FOR PROjECT 20-05 CHAIR BRIAN A. BLANCHARD, Florida Department of Transportation MEMbERS STUART D. ANDERSON, Texas A&M University SOCORRO “COCO” BRISENO, California Department of Transportation DAVID M. JARED, Georgia Department of Transportation CyNTHIA L. JONES, Ohio Department of Transportation MALCOLM T. kERLEy, NXL, Richmond, VA JOHN M. MASON, JR., Auburn University ROgER C. OLSON, Minnesota Department of Transportation (retired) BENJAMIN T. ORSBON, South Dakota Department of Transportation RANDALL R. PARk, Utah Department of Transportation ROBERT L. SACk, New York State Department of Transportation FRANCINE SHAW WHITSON, Federal Highway Administration JOyCE N. TAyLOR, Maine Department of Transportation FHWA LIAISON JACk JERNIgAN TRb LIAISON STEPHEN F. MAHER ACkNOWLEdGMENTS The report benefited tremendously from the support of several people who volunteered their time and effort to compile the information for this Synthesis Report. The panel members provided crucial review comments on the draft of the survey and two drafts of the Synthesis Report. Their experience and wealth of knowledge helped to guide this research and shaped the report. Joanna Ji, at the time of writing this report a graduate student at the Technical University of Munich, led the survey effort profes- sionally and generated most graphics in this report. The authors are also grateful for the support of Thomas Hill, the State Modeling Manager of Florida DOT, for his support in compiling the information for one of the case examples. Finally, the authors thank James garland and Brian gardner for providing input on FHWA’s perspective on megaregions.

FOREWORD Statewide and megaregion travel demand models are used to help formulate plans and policies, evaluate and prioritize projects and programs, and assess the economic and social impacts of major transportation investments. This synthesis broadly documents the state of the practice in applying these types of travel demand models as well as the challenges and emerging trends. The primary approach for gathering information was to survey the AASHTO Standing Committee on Planning. Members were asked to coordinate responses with modelers in their states. This information was supplemented in several ways. Telephone interviews were con- ducted for additional information or to clarify responses. Further insights were obtained from several members of the Transportation Research Board’s Subcommittee on State- wide Modeling. The literature and model documentation were examined along with detailed reviews of several case examples. Interviews with other researchers and FHWA planners active in this area also provided much valuable information. Rick Donnelly, Parsons Brinckerhoff, and Rolf Moeckel, Technical University Munich (germany), collected and synthesized the information and wrote the report. The members of the topic panel are acknowledged on the preceding page. This synthesis is an immedi- ately useful document that records the practices that were acceptable with the limitations of the knowledge available at the time of its preparation. As progress in research and practice continues, new knowledge will be added to that now at hand. Highway administrators, engineers, and researchers often face problems for which infor- mation already exists, either in documented form or as undocumented experience and prac- tice. This information may be fragmented, scattered, and unevaluated. As a consequence, full knowledge of what has been learned about a problem may not be brought to bear on its solution. Costly research findings may go unused, valuable experience may be overlooked, and due consideration may not be given to recommended practices for solving or alleviat- ing the problem. There is information on nearly every subject of concern to highway administrators and engineers. Much of it derives from research or from the work of practitioners faced with problems in their day-to-day work. To provide a systematic means for assembling and evalu- ating such useful information and to make it available to the entire highway community, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials—through the mecha- nism of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program—authorized the Transpor- tation Research Board to undertake a continuing study. This study, NCHRP Project 20-5, “Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Problems,” searches out and synthesizes useful knowledge from all available sources and prepares concise, documented reports on specific topics. Reports from this endeavor constitute an NCHRP report series, Synthesis of Highway Practice. This synthesis series reports on current knowledge and practice, in a compact format, without the detailed directions usually found in handbooks or design manuals. Each report in the series provides a compendium of the best knowledge available on those measures found to be the most successful in resolving specific problems. PREFACE By Crawford F. Jencks Transportation Research Board

CONTENTS 1 SUMMARy 5 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background, 5 1.2 Study Approach, 6 1.2.1 Survey on Statewide Modeling Practices, 6 1.2.2 TRB Statewide Modeling Subcommittee Survey, 8 1.3 Megaregions, 10 1.3.1 Definition of Megaregions, 10 1.3.2 Megaregional Transportation Models, 12 1.4 High-Speed Rail and Megaregions, 13 15 CHAPTER TWO RATIONALE FOR STATEWIDE MODELINg 2.1 Motivations for Statewide Modeling, 15 2.2 Scenario Analysis, 16 2.3 Performance Measures, 18 20 CHAPTER THREE SURVEy OF ExISTINg PRACTICE 3.1 Survey Findings, 20 3.1.1 Person Travel Demand Modeling, 20 3.1.2 Person Long-Distance Travel, 26 3.1.3 Freight Models, 27 3.1.4 Economic Models, 32 3.1.5 Land Use Models, 33 3.1.6 Environmental Impact Models, 34 3.1.7 Resources, 37 3.1.8 Critical Review of the Survey Methodology, 38 3.1.9 Summary Findings of the Survey, 39 41 CHAPTER FOUR DATA REqUIREMENTS FOR STATEWIDE MODELINg 4.1 Macroeconomic Linkages, 41 4.2 Spatial Coverages, 42 4.3 Network Representations, 43 4.4 Traditional Personal Travel Behavior Data, 44 4.5 Non-Traditional Personal Travel Behavior Data, 47 4.6 Traditional Freight Travel Data, 48 4.7 Non-Traditional Freight Travel Data, 51 52 CHAPTER FIVE NEW AND EMERgINg METHODS AND OPPORTUNITIES 5.1 The Potential of Big Data, 52 5.2 Integration with National Models, 53 5.3 Strategic Visioning Models, 55 5.4 Navigable Networks, 56 5.5 Multi-State Models, 57

58 CHAPTER SIx BUILDINg A STATEWIDE MODEL FOR STATE NEEDS 6.1 The Modeling Environment, 58 6.1.1 External Markets, 59 6.1.2 Macroeconomic Data and Models, 60 6.1.3 Multimodal Networks, 60 6.2 The Modeling Approaches, 60 6.2.1 Trip-Based Person Modeling Approaches, 61 6.2.2 Activity-Based Person Travel Models, 62 6.2.3 Trip-Based Commercial Vehicle Models, 63 6.2.4 Advanced Commercial Travel Models, 64 6.3 Urban–Statewide Model Integration, 66 6.4 Economic Impact Models, 66 6.5 Model Validation, 66 6.6 Computational Burdens, 68 70 CHAPTER SEVEN CASE ExAMPLES 7.1 Chesapeake Bay Megaregion Model, 70 7.1.1 geography, 71 7.1.2 Model Overview, 72 7.1.3 Economic Module, 72 7.1.4 Land Use Module, 73 7.1.5 Travel Demand Model, 74 7.1.6 Environmental and Fiscal Impacts, 75 7.1.7 Lessons Learned from the CBM Model, 75 7.2 Arkansas Statewide Model, 76 7.2.1 Long-Distance Freight Models, 76 7.2.2 Person and Other Truck Models, 77 7.2.3 Traffic Assignment, 78 7.2.4 Innovative Data Development, 79 7.2.5 Lessons Learned from Arkansas, 79 7.3 California Statewide Models, 80 7.3.1 The California Statewide Travel Demand Model, 80 7.3.2 The California High-Speed Rail Ridership and Revenue Model, 84 7.3.3 Lessons Learned from California, 86 7.4 Florida Statewide Model, 87 7.4.1 Coordination Between Statewide and MPO Models, 87 7.4.2 Model Structure, 88 7.4.3 Model Applications, 89 7.4.4 Future Development, 89 7.4.5 Lessons Learned from Florida, 90 7.5 Oregon Statewide Model, 90 7.5.1 The Oregon Modeling Context, 91 7.5.2 Data Development, 91 7.5.3 Statewide Integrated Model (SWIM), 92 7.5.4 Major Applications and Implementation, 94 7.5.5 Lessons Learned from Oregon, 95 96 CHAPTER EIgHT CONCLUSIONS 98 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONyMS 99 REFERENCES 104 APPENDIx A SURVEy qUESTIONNAIRE Note: Photographs, figures, and tables in this report may have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.

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TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 514: Statewide and Megaregional Travel Forecasting Models: Freight and Passenger documents current practices and emerging trends with travel forecasting models. The report explores the motivation for and capabilities of statewide and megaregion models, options for extending them and challenges states face doing so, data requirements, how they are used and integrated with other models, institutional constraints, and emerging trends and methods. Several related issues were investigated as well, including performance monitoring, alternative forecasting approaches, and how states are addressing hot topics such as pricing and congestion, multi-state corridors, and new transportation modes.

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