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Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Assessing Aircraft Noise Conditions Affecting Student Learning–Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24941.
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Page 1
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Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Assessing Aircraft Noise Conditions Affecting Student Learning–Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24941.
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Suggested Citation:"1 Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Assessing Aircraft Noise Conditions Affecting Student Learning–Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24941.
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Chapter 1 – Introduction 1 1 Introduction The effects of aircraft noise on children’s learning are a longstanding concern of parents, educators, and planners  living and teaching near airports. The focus of this study was to attempt to determine how the behaviors of  students and teachers are affected by this type of noise exposure. More specifically, the stated objectives were to:   Develop and implement a rigorous case study methodology to identify and measure those factors at the individual classroom, student, and teacher level that influence the impact of aircraft noise on student achievement, especially as it relates to reading comprehension  Identify appropriate metrics that define the level and characteristics of aircraft noise that impact student achievement  Develop practical guidance for use by decision makers on how to reduce the impact of aircraft noise on student achievement The study team for this project was comprised of experts in aviation noise and experienced researchers in the field  of psychology: Professor Stephen Stansfeld and Dr. Charlotte Clark of the Queen Mary University of London, Dr.  Gary Evans of Cornell University, and Mary Ellen Eagan along with a team of consultants specializing in aviation  noise from HMMH Inc.  1.1 Overview of Research Need Research studies correlating noise to cognition are not novel, and indeed this is not the first study to examine this  relationship. However, previous research has been primarily aimed at establishing a correlation between noise and  cognitive development, and has been conducted almost exclusively in Europe. In the passage titled “Noise and  Cognitive Performance in Children and Adults” from the book Noise and Its Effects (Wiley & Sons, 2007), Dr. Gary  Evans explains:  Despite 30 years of careful thinking and empirical work on noise and cognitive performance, we still have  very little in the way of a clear theoretical model of how noise affects performance.  Research on noise  tends to focus on the question of whether or not there is an effect, but ultimately real breakthroughs will  come when we are able to specify with greater precision why and how these effects occur.  This suggests a  research strategy where more weight is put on thinking about the underlying processes and not just  demonstrating an effect.  Data need to be collected on speech perception, variable memory processes,  attention, interference with acoustic rehearsal, motivation, etc., along with the participate target outcome  variables of interest.   There are also a few cognitive processes that appear either especially resistant or even enhanced by noise.   Here too, we may have some possible insights into how noise operates.  The latter approach is consistent  with the idea that noise affects executive, cognitive functioning like the allocation of attention, the speed  of processing and the integration of materials with existing networks (explicit memory paradigms).   With children, more attention is probably warranted on adult caregivers’ behaviors in the presence of  noisy settings.  A handful of studies suggest that parents are less responsive to their children in noisy  settings.  Perhaps their speech patterns, teaching and demonstration behavior or engagement in  cognitive‐related activities (e.g., reading aloud) are adversely affected by ambient noise.  Some, but  probably not all, of the adverse effects of noise on cognitive development are probably mediated by adult‐ child interactions.  This study presented the opportunity to not only conduct this sort of noise‐performance research on children in  North American schools, but also to attempt to examine and determine the root causes of the issue. It further  provided an opportunity to survey teachers on attitudes toward aircraft noise and their coping strategies. 

Chapter 1 – Introduction 2 1.2 Summary of Related Research This section provides a brief description of prior studies into the effects of transportation noise, particularly that of  aircraft, on the cognitive functioning of children. In each of the cases presented below at least one member of the  study team for this project was involved as a major contributor. A thorough review of the effects of noise on  learning was provided in ACRP 02‐26.  1.2.1 Road Traffic Noise and Aircraft Noise Exposure and Children’s Cognition and Health (RANCH Study) Charlotte Clark and Stephen Stansfeld of QMUL have conducted several studies focusing on identifying the effect  of aircraft noise exposure on children’s annoyance, cognition (reading and memory skills), and health (mental  health and cardiovascular health) including the European Union funded Road Traffic Noise and Aircraft Noise  Exposure and Children’s Cognition and Health (RANCH) project2, which established exposure‐effect relationships  between aircraft noise exposure at school and a range of cognitive and health outcomes including reading  comprehension, recognition memory, and annoyance. The results of the RANCH project were fed into the  European Noise Directive3, to inform policy relating to children’s noise exposure at school. Charlotte Clark and  Stephen Stansfeld were principal investigators for this project and Dr. Clark led the investigation of impacts on  teachers.  1.2.2 The Munich Study: A Prospective Study of Some Effects of Aircraft Noise on Cognitive Performance in Schoolchildren Dr. Gary Evans, PhD of Cornell University was one of the principal investigators of The Munich Study4 which  looked at the changes in learning observed at schools around the old and new Munich airports before and after  the closure of the old airport and opening of the new airport. Like Bronzaft’s study of train noise on learning in  New York City5, it is considered one of the most authoritative pieces of research that clearly demonstrates the  effect of changes in noise level on student performance.  1.2.3 Effects of Aircraft Noise on Children’s Learning (FICAN) Research on the effects of aircraft noise on children’s learning suggests that aircraft noise can interfere with  learning in the following areas: reading, motivation, language and speech acquisition, and memory. The strongest  findings to date are in the area of reading, where more than 20 studies have shown that children in noise impact  zones are negatively affected by aircraft. In September 2000, FICAN undertook a pilot study6 to evaluate the  effectiveness of school sound insulation programs. HMMH was the lead author of the pilot study and report on the  study’s findings.  The study was designed to answer the following: Is abrupt aircraft noise reduction within classrooms related to  mandatory, standardized test‐score improvement, after controlling for demographics? Does this relationship vary  by age group, by student group, and/or by test type? The study included 35 public schools nearby three airports in  the U.S. Abrupt noise reduction at these schools was caused by either airport closure or newly implemented sound  insulation. In the analysis, the noise‐reduction group (each school, before‐to‐after the summer of noise reduction)  2 Stansfeld, S. A., Berglund, B., Clark, C., et al. (2005) Aircraft and road traffic noise and children’s cognition and  health: a cross‐national study. The Lancet, Vol. 365: 1942‐1949.  3 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/noise/directive_en.htm  4 Hygge, S., Evans, G. W., and Bullinger, M. (2002) A prospective study of some effects of aircraft noise on cognitive  performance in schoolchildren. Psychological Science, Vol. 13: 469‐474.  5 Bronzaft, A. (1981). The Effect of a Noise Abatement Program on Reading Ability. Journal of Environmental  Psychology (1981), Vol. 1: 215‐222.  6 Eagan, M. E., Anderson, G., Nicholas, B., et al. (2004) Relation between aircraft noise reduction in schools and  standardized test scores. Washington, DC: FICAN. 

Chapter 1 – Introduction 3 was compared to the control group (same school, but for years prior to noise reduction). Analysis consisted of  multilevel regression with “change in test scores” regressed against a range of variables such as “change in  cumulative noise exposure.”   After controlling for demographics, the study found (1) a substantial association between noise reduction and  decreased failure (worst‐score) rates for high‐school students, and (2) significant association between noise  reduction and increased average test scores for student/test subgroups. In general, the study found little  dependence upon student group and upon test type.  1.2.4 ACRP 02-26: Assessing Aircraft Noise Conditions Affecting Student Learning Dr. Charlotte Clark and Dr. Stephen Stansfeld were lead authors of the literature review (Chapter 2), and review  of gaps in knowledge (Chapter 3) for this project which focused on student test scores as a measure of impacts on  learning. Dr. Clark, who led the educational research portion of this project, prepared the literature review and  summary for ACRP 02‐267. ACRP 02‐26 identified a statistically significant relationship between aircraft noise and  academic performance.  It also recommended further research into possible behavioral mechanisms. This study is  a result of that recommendation.  7 Sharp, B. H., D. McLaughlin, C. Clark, and J. Hervey. (2014) ACRP Web‐Only Document 16: Assessing Aircraft Noise  Conditions Affecting Student Learning, Volume 1: Final Report. Transportation Research Board of the National  Academies, Washington, D.C.  

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TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Web-Only Document 34: Assessing Aircraft Noise Conditions Affecting Student Learning–Case Studies attempts to determine how the behaviors of students and teachers are affected by aircraft noise exposure. The report identifies metrics that define the level and characteristics of aircraft noise that impact student achievement. It also develops guidance for use by decision makers on how to reduce the impact of aircraft noise on student achievement. The report is accompanied by a brochure on the Effects of Aircraft Noise on Student Learning.

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