Guidance for Planning, Design, and Operations of Airport Communications Centers (2018)

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154 Guidance for Planning, Design, and Operations of Airport Communications Centers All wireless activity in the United States is governed by two agencies: the FCC, which assigns frequencies and controls transmissions, and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), a policy advisory unit of the U.S. Department of Commerce. The FCC has set aside several frequency bands for unlicensed wireless operations. http://www. fcc.gov. The most popular commercial bands are governed by FCC Part 15 Subpart C, known as the ISM band (for Industrial-Scientific-Medical users) and includes the frequencies used for the Wi-Fi bands. The relevant IETF standards include • STD 5 (RFC0791) Internet Protocol • STD 6 (RFC0768) User Datagram Protocol • STD 7 (RFC0793) Transmission Control Protocol • STD 9 (RFC0959) File Transfer Protocol • STD 41 (RFC0894) A Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over Ethernet Networks • STD 43 (RFC1042) Standard for the transmission of IP datagrams over IEEE 802 networks • STD 44 (RFC0891) DCN Local-Network Protocols • STD 51 (RFC1661) The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) • STD 62 (RFC3411) An Architecture for Describing Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Management Frameworks • STD 64 (RFC3550) RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications Cable Plants Wired networks, and interconnections to wireless devices, require cable plants. In most cases, the cabling will include both fiber-optic and copper cabling, the latter commonly referred to as “structured cabling.” Standards for fiber-optic cabling are issued by the IEEE and also by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA). The areas in which the IEEE has issued fiber-optic standards include • 100 Gigabit Ethernet • 10 Gigabit Ethernet • Fiber Channel • Gigabit Ethernet • Synchronous Digital Hierarchy • Synchronous Optical Networking • Optical Transport Network (OTN) The primary TIA cabling standards of interest to airports are • 568-C.0 Generic Structured Cabling Standard for Customer Premises • 568-C.1 Commercial Building Cabling Standard • 568-C.2 Copper Cabling and Components Standard • 568-C.3 Fiber Cabling and Components Standard • 568-C.4 Broadband Coaxial Cabling and Components Standard The TIA 568 series standards should be used with the following complementary standards • 222 Standard for Antenna Supporting Structures and Antennas • 569 Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces • 598 Fiber Optic Color Coding • 606 Administrative Standard for Telecommunications Infrastructure • 607 Standard for Commercial Building Grounding (Earthing) and Bonding Requirements for Telecommunications • 758 Customer-owned Outside Plant Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard • 942 Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Date Centers

Industry Technical Standards 155 Network Security Standards and Guidelines NIST is empowered to set security standards for most agencies of the federal government. NIST has published extensively on means to secure both wired and wireless networks. Its pub- lications include both standards and guidelines, known as Special Publications. NIST standards are generally not mandated for airports, which are not federal agencies, but NIST standards constitute a set of “best practices” which can prove valuable to airports by providing ways to secure their communications. NIST security standards include the following: • FIPS 201, Personal Identity Verification (PIV) of Federal Employees and Contractors • FIPS 200, Minimum Security Requirements for Federal Information and Information Systems • FIPS 199, Standards for Security Categorization of Federal Information and Information Systems • FIPS 197, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) • FIPS 196, Entity Authentication Using Public Key Cryptography • FIPS 191, Guideline for The Analysis of Local Area Network Security • FIPS 190, Guideline for the Use of Advanced Authentication Technology Alternatives Special Publications of NIST include • SP 800-130, A Framework for Designing Cryptographic Key Management Systems • SP 800-128, Guide for Security-Focused Configuration Management of Information Systems • SP 800-127, Guide to Securing WiMAX Wireless Communications • SP 800-125, Guide to Security for Full Virtualization Technologies • SP 800-124, Guidelines for Managing and Securing Mobile Devices in the Enterprise • SP 800-116, A Recommendation for the Use of PIV Credentials in Physical Access Control Systems (PACS) • SP 800-100, Information Security Handbook: A Guide for • SP 800-98, Guidelines for Securing Radio Frequency • SP 800-79, Guidelines for the Accreditation of Personal Identity Verification (PIV) Card Issuers (PCIs) • SP 800-77, Guide to IPsec VPNs • SP 800-76-2, Biometric Data Specification for Personal Identity Verification 4. Video Standards Airports often have several types of command and control centers (e.g., Security Operations Centers (SOCs), AOCs, EOCs, and Police Dispatch Centers, among others. The names vary, though in many cases, the base functions and systems are similar. How these centers interface and share information will depend on the airport, but most make extensive use of video inputs and monitors for which video standards are important. Several industry groups have standardized protocols for digital video systems and for their integration with other elements of physical security systems. Their common goal is improved hardware and software compatibility, but each group has its own focus, and their standards differ in important respects, including their span of coverage and how they specify and test for compatibility compliance. Examples of standards include • The Open Network Video Interface Forum is composed of most of the leading manufacturers of video hardware and software. ONVI standards focus on camera, encoder, and software compatibility, including VMS and PSIM integration.

156 Guidance for Planning, Design, and Operations of Airport Communications Centers • The Physical Security Interoperability Alliance (PSIA) also includes video manufacturers as members, but it also includes leading access control hardware and software manufacturers and suppliers of building automation systems. PSIA’s emphasis is on making these elements interoperable, e.g., being able to hand off access control alerts so that video imagery and decision-making software can use such information. • The Security Industry Association (SIA) is working on access control integration using speci- fications of leading access control hardware and software manufacturers, which have been regarded by many system integrators as de facto standards for many years. Stating that an item of equipment, such as a video camera, “complies” with a published indus- try standard does not ensure that it will interoperate with “compliant” products of other manu- facturers. Even within a given camera product line, there can be models which comply with a given standard while other models do not. Equipment specifications, however detailed, are not sufficient to reveal to an airport operator the full level of operational performance or the compliance of a specific device to a standard. Always check equipment model details against the standards to which they have been tested, and, whenever possible, physically test the products under local operational and environmental conditions of use. Digital television standards are defined by the coder-decoder (codec) being used. The formats in use include • CCIR 601, now reissued as an ITU-T standard, for commercial broadcast transmissions • H.261 (ITU-T) • H.263 (ITU-T) • H.264/MPEG-4 AVC (ITU-T + ISO), currently the de facto standard for security video streams • H.265/ISO/IEC 23008-2 HEVC (ITU-T + ISO), approved in January 2013 as the successor to H.264, is expected to be phased in as high-end products and services outgrow the limits of current network and display technology • M-JPEG (ISO) used for high-quality compression where sufficient bandwidth is available • MPEG-1 (ISO) used for video CDs • MPEG-2 (ITU-T + ISO) used for DVDs and broadcasting • MPEG-4 (ISO) the de facto standard before H.184, and still widely used in security systems • VC-1 (SMPTE) Analog video standards in use differ by region and include: • NTSC - USA, Canada, Japan • PAL - Europe, Asia, Oceania • PAL-M - PAL variation, Brazil and Argentina • PALplus - PAL extension, Europe • RS-343 (military) • SECAM - France, former Soviet Union states, Central Africa • MUSE - Japan 5. Other Standards and Standards-Related Documents The Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) develops and publishes specifications, in the MASTERSPEC format, which reflect best practices and standards for commercial build- ing design and construction projects in North America. It lists titles and section numbers for organizing data about construction requirements, products, and activities for use by architects, specifiers, contractors, and suppliers. http://www.csinet.org/?gclid=COTpzeG2_ roCFaTm7AodT34Atw

Industry Technical Standards 157 FAA Circulars: The FAA has issued numerous Advisory Circulars (ACs). Although not strictly standards, these documents provide valuable guidance for planning and designing airport com- munications. http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/ Federal Regulatory Requirements: Federal agencies have issued regulatory requirements, sometimes, in the form of standards, which affect the planning and design of airport commu- nications facilities. One example is the Americans with Disabilities Act, which the U.S. Depart- ment of Justice has implemented in the “2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design” issued on September 15, 2010. http://www.ada.gov/regs2010/2010ADAStandards/2010ADAstandards.htm Other examples are ergonomic and workplace standards and requirements of the U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety & Health Administration, which are available at the following websites: www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/baggagehandling/index.html http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/computerworkstations/components_monitors.html National Electric Code, NEC, http://www.neccodebooks.com/ Lighting standards: At this time, there are no U.S. Government-mandated requirements for security lighting at airports. Lighting design standards bodies with relevant publications include • The U.S. Department of Energy (DoE), including standards for SSL products summarized in factsheets and guidelines available at http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/ssl_standards.pdf DoE chairs the Commercial Building Energy Alliance (CBEA), which has released standards for parking lots and parking structures, available at http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/alliances/parking_lot_lighting.html http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/alliances/parking_structure_spec.html • The U.S. National Institute of Standards & Technology, which has several standards for LED manufacturing and performance testing. • The Illumination Engineering Society (IES), which publishes industry standards and best practices. http://www.ies.org

158 TRB TRB has published many reports that contain a wealth of supporting information for ACC planning, design, and operation, including the following: • A Guidebook for Integrating NIMS for Personnel and Resources at Airports, Report 103, 2014 • Being Prepared for IROPS: A Business-Planning and Decision-Making Approach, Report 106, 2014 • Effective Cooperation Among Airports and Local and Regional Emergency Management Agencies for Disaster Preparedness and Response, Synthesis 50, 2014 • Integrating Community Emergency Response Teams (A-CERTs) at Airports, Report 95, 2014 • Integrating Web-Based Emergency Management Collaboration Tools into Airport Operations—A Primer, Report 94, 2013 • Synthesis 45, Model Mutual Aid Agreements for Airports, 2013 • Operational and Business Continuity Planning for Prolonged Airport Disruptions, Report 93, 2013 • Guidebook to Creating a Collaborative Environment Between Airport Operations and Main- tenance, Report 92, 2013 • Issues with Airport Organization and Reorganization, Synthesis 40, 30 May 2013 • Addressing Uncertainty about Future Airport Activity Levels in Airport Decision Making, Report 76, 2012 • Application of Enterprise Risk Management at Airports, Report 74, 2012 • Airport-to-Airport Mutual Aid Programs, Report 73, 2012 • Asset and Infrastructure Management for Airports—Primer and Guidebook, Report 69, 2012 • Reference Guide on Understanding Common Use at Airports, Report 30, 2010 • Airport Passenger Terminal Planning and Design, Volume 1: Guidebook and Volume 2: Spreadsheet Models and User’s Guide, Report 25, 2010 • Strategic Planning in the Airport Industry, Report 20, 2009 • Guidebook for Conducting Airport User Surveys, Report 26, 2009 • Integrating Airport Information Systems, Report 13, 2009 Regulatory “Title 14, Aeronautics and Space, Part 139 Certification of Airports, §139.325 Airport Emer- gency Plan,” The Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR). (September 2013) http://www. ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=b4362b4d352fdd3dcd8c10b0c7aeec4e&node=14:3.0.1.1.14&rgn =div5#14:3.0.1.1.14.4.3.13 (As of September 12, 2013) A P P E N D I X H Suggested Reading

Suggested Reading 159 Industry Airport Information Technology & Systems (IT&S): Best-Practice Guidelines for the Airport Industry. Airports Consultants Council (Second Edition, January 2012) pp. 116. “Public Safety Advisory Committee Human Factors Report.” FirstNet Public Safety Advi- sory Committee. (November 2013) (As of June 2, 2014) http://firstnet.gov/sites/default/files/ PSAC%20Human%20Factors%20Report-FINAL.pdf “Guide for Applying the Risk Management Framework to Federal Information System, A Security Life Cycle Approach, Information Security,” National Institute of Standards and Tech- nology (NIST) (February 2010) pp. 93. (As of July 6, 2014) http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/ nistpubs/800-37-rev1/sp800-37-rev1-final.pdf

Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAST Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (2015) FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TDC Transit Development Corporation TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S.DOT United States Department of Transportation

TRA N SPO RTATIO N RESEA RCH BO A RD 500 Fifth Street, N W W ashington, D C 20001 A D D RESS SERV ICE REQ U ESTED ISBN 978-0-309-44672-3 9 7 8 0 3 0 9 4 4 6 7 2 3 9 0 0 0 0 N O N -PR O FIT O R G . U .S. PO STA G E PA ID C O LU M B IA , M D PER M IT N O . 88 G uidance for Planning, D esign, and O perations of A irport Com m unications Centers A CRP Research Report 182 TRB