NCHRP 2017 Annual Report (2017)

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AASHTO SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RESEARCH  AND INNOVATION*  CHAIR  Brian W. Ness   VICE CHAIR  Dale H. Peabody Maine DOT   AASHTO DIRECTOR  Frederick G. Wright Executive Director AASHTO STAFF  James T. McDonnell Program Director for Engineering   SECRETARY  Christopher J. Hedges TRB   MEMBERS  Darryll Dockstader Florida DOT Tanisha Johnson Hall Tennessee DOT Peter A. Healey Rhode Island DOT David Jared Georgia DOT Cameron Kergaye Utah DOT Peggi S. Knight Iowa DOT Timothy McDowell Wyoming DOT John C. Milton Washington State DOT Tommy E. Nantung Indiana DOT Rodger D. Rochelle North Carolina DOT Robert L. Sack New York State DOT Steve Takigawa Caltrans Richard Y. Woo Maryland State Highway Administration   AFFILIATE MEMBERS  Anne-Marie Leclerc Quebec Ministry of Transportation   EX OFFICIO MEMBERS  Nathaniel Beuse NHTSA Timothy A. Klein Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology Todd L. Ripley Maritime Administration Michael Trentacoste FHWA John Tunna FRA Vincent Valdes FTA Martin Walker FMCSA   OBSERVERS  Fred Abadi American Public Works Association Brian Keierleber National Association of County Engineers *Membership as of October 2017 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2017 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE**  OFFICERS  CHAIR: Malcolm Dougherty, Director, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento VICE CHAIR: Katherine F. Turnbull, Executive Associate Director and Research Scientist, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Neil J. Pedersen, Transportation Research Board MEMBERS  Victoria A. Arroyo, Executive Director, Georgetown Climate Center; Assistant Dean, Centers and Institutes; and Professor and Director, Environmental Law Program, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC Scott E. Bennett, Director, Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department, Little Rock Jennifer Cohan, Secretary, Delaware DOT, Dover James M. Crites, Executive Vice President of Operations (Retired), Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport, TX Nathaniel P. Ford, Sr., Executive Director–CEO, Jacksonville Transportation Authority, Jacksonville, FL A. Stewart Fotheringham, Professor, School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe John S. Halikowski, Director, Arizona DOT, Phoenix Susan Hanson, Distinguished University Professor Emerita, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, MA Steve Heminger, Executive Director, Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Oakland, CA Chris T. Hendrickson, Hamerschlag Professor of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA Jeffrey D. Holt, Managing Director, Power, Energy, and Infrastructure Group, BMO Capital Markets Corporation, New York S. Jack Hu, Vice President for Research and J. Reid and Polly Anderson Professor of Manufacturing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Roger B. Huff, President, HGLC, LLC, Farmington Hills, MI Geraldine Knatz, Professor, Sol Price School of Public Policy, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles Melinda McGrath, Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson Patrick K. McKenna, Director, Missouri DOT, Jefferson City James P. Redeker, Commissioner, Connecticut DOT, Newington Mark L. Rosenberg, Executive Director, The Task Force for Global Health, Inc., Decatur, GA Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis Gary C. Thomas, President and Executive Director, Dallas Area Rapid Transit, Dallas, TX Pat Thomas, Senior Vice President of State Government Affairs, United Parcel Service, Washington, DC James M. Tien, Distinguished Professor and Dean Emeritus, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL Dean H. Wise, Vice President of Network Strategy, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway, Fort Worth, TX Charles A. Zelle, Commissioner, Minnesota DOT, Saint Paul EX OFFICIO MEMBERS  Michael Berube, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Transportation, U.S. Department of Energy Mary R. Brooks, Professor Emerita, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and Chair, TRB Marine Board Mark H. Buzby (Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy), Executive Director, Maritime Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation Steven Cliff, Deputy Executive Officer, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento Howard R. Elliott, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation Audrey Farley, Executive Director, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, U.S. DOT LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC John T. Gray II, Senior Vice President, Policy and Economics, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC Heath Hall, Deputy Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation Brandye Hendrickson, Deputy Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation Michael P. Huerta, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. DOT Daphne Y. Jefferson, Deputy Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S. DOT Heidi King, Acting Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation Bevan B. Kirley, Research Associate, University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, Chapel Hill, and Chair, TRB Young Members Council Wayne Nastri, Acting Executive Officer, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA Craig A. Rutland, U.S. Air Force Pavement Engineer, U.S. Air Force Civil Engineer Center, Tyndall Air Force Base, FL Todd T. Semonite (Lieutenant General, U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC Karl Simon, Director, Transportation and Climate Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Richard A. White, Acting President and CEO, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC K. Jane Williams, Executive Director, Federal Transit Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation Frederick G. (Bud) Wright, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC Paul F. Zukunft (Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security **Membership as of October 2017

Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration 2017 2017 Annual Report NCHRP NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD

Systematic, well-designed research is the most effective way to solve many problems facing highway administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation results in increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. Recognizing this need, the leadership of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1962 initiated an objective national highway research program using modern scientific techniques— the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). NCHRP is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of AASHTO and receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), United States Department of Transportation. The Transportation Research Board (TRB), part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, was requested by AASHTO to administer the research program because of TRB’s recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. TRB is uniquely suited for this purpose for many reasons: TRB maintains an extensive committee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; TRB possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; TRB’s relationship to the National Academies is an insurance of objectivity; and TRB maintains a full-time staff of specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified by chief administrators and other staff of the highway and transportation departments, by committees of AASHTO, and by FHWA. Topics of the highest merit are selected by the AASHTO Special Committee on Research and Innovation (R&I), and each year R&I’s recommendations are proposed to the AASHTO Board of Directors and the National Academies. Research projects to address these topics are defined by NCHRP, and qualified research agencies are selected from submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Academies and TRB. The needs for highway research are many, and NCHRP can make significant contributions to solving highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement, rather than to substitute for or duplicate, other highway research programs. ADDRESS INFORMATION TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20001 Phone: 202-334-3224 www.trb.org NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM PHOTOGRAPH CREDITS Cover: Emergency response, resiliency and recovery on our nation’s highways. Center: (1) National Weather Service; Clockwise from upper left: (2) Mark Doliner (CC BY-SA 2.0); (3) Iowa State Patrol Air Wing; (4) Chuck Thompson (CC BY-NC- ND 2.0); (5) Colorado Department of Transportation; (6) Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development; (7) Federal Emergency Management Agency. Page 1: Photograph courtesy of Don Graham (CC BY-SA 2.0). Page 6: Photograph by Risdon Photography. Page 8: Top graphic from NCHRP Research Report 839; bottom graphic from NCHRP Research Report 850. Page 9: Photograph courtesy of Arkansas DOT (CC BY-ND 2.0). Page 11: Photograph courtesy of U.S. National Park Service. Page 12: Photograph of Keck Center courtesy of AgnosticPreachersKid (CC BY-SA 3.0). REPORT DESIGN AND CONTENT CTC & Associates LLC in collaboration with TRB.

            The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.   The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president.   The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president.   The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine.   Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org.     The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to increase the benefits that transportation contributes to society by providing leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation.   Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD

COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS STAFF Director Christopher J. Hedges, Director Deputy Director and NCHRP Manager Lori L. Sundstrom ACRP Manager Michael R. Salamone TCRP Manager Gwen Chisholm Smith Senior Program Officers Mark S. Bush Mariela Garcia-Colberg Camille Crichton-Sumners Waseem Dekelbab B. Ray Derr Jo Allen Gause Lawrence D. Goldstein Marci A. Greenberger Amir N. Hanna Edward T. Harrigan Ann M. Hartell Inam Jawed Andrew C. Lemer Sid Mohan Joseph D. Navarrete Stephan A. Parker William C. Rogers Theresia H. Schatz Dianne S. Schwager Gail R. Staba Program Officer Velvet Basemera-Fitzpatrick Administrative Coordinator Joseph J. Snell Administrative Associate Cynthia E. Butler Program Coordinators Deborah Irvin Brittany Summerlin-Azeez Program Associate Sheila A. Moore Senior Program Assistants Anthony P. Avery Megan A. Chamberlain Cheryl Keith Thu M. Le Daniel J. Magnolia Hana Vagnerova Demisha Williams Program Assistant Stephanie L. Campbell Director of Publications Eileen P. Delaney Senior Editors Natalie Barnes Ellen M. Chafee Linda A. Dziobek Hilary Freer Scott E. Hitchcock Editors Doug English Margaret B. Hagood Sharon Lamberton Sreyashi Roy Heidi Willis Senior Editorial Assistant Kathleen Mion Systems Analyst Roy N. Mesler Web Developer Natassja Linzau Synthesis Program Contractors Thomas Helms Tanya M. Zwahlen