Guidebook to Funding Transportation Through Land Value Return and Recycling (2018)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

F-1 This Appendix includes references to prior studies and other materials that provide additional information and background on land value return concepts. These are in addition to the case example–specific references provided in Appendix B. General Resources AECOM. 2007. Analysis of Alternative Financing Mechanisms and Institutional Options. Final Report—Volume III: Section 1—Technical Issues Papers. Commission Briefing Paper 5A-11. Evaluation of Impact Fees and Value Capture Techniques. National Surface Transportation Policy and Revenue Study Commission. American Planning Association. Policy Guide on Smart Growth. https://www.planning.org/policy/guides/ adopted/smartgrowth.htm. Accessed 2016. Batt, H. W. 2001. Value Capture as a Policy Tool in Transportation Economics: An Exploration in Public Finance in the Tradition of Henry George. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 195–228. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1536-7150.00061/full. Breuckner, J. K. 2000. Urban Sprawl: Diagnosis and Remedies. International Regional Science Review, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 160–171. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/016001700761012710. Brueckner, J. K., E. Mills, and M. Kremer. 2001. Urban Sprawl: Lessons Learned from Urban Economics (with Comments). Brookings–Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs: 2001, pp. 65–97. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 25058783. Burchell, R. W., G. Lowenstein, W. R. Dolphin, C. C. Galley, A. Downs, S. Seskin, K. G. Still, and T. Moore. 2002. Transit Cooperative Research Program Report 74: Costs of Sprawl: 2000. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_74-a.pdf. Accessed 2016. Center for Transportation Studies. 2009. Value Capture of Transportation Finance: Report to the Minnesota Legis- lature. (Final report: CTS 09-185). University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Clinton–Gore Administration. 2000. Building Livable Communities for the 21st Century. https://clintonwhitehouse4. archives.gov/textonly/CEQ/livability.html. Fanniemae.com. 2014. Special Assessment or Community Facilities Districts Appraisal Requirements. https://www. fanniemae.com/content/guide/selling/b4/1.4/09.html. Accessed 2016. Haughwout, A. F., and M. G. Boarnet. 2000. Do Highways Matter? Evidence and Policy Implications of High- ways’ Influence on Metropolitan Development. The Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy, Washington, D.C., August 1. https://www.brookings.edu/research/do-highways-matter-evidence- and-policy-implications-of-highways-influence-on-metropolitan-development/. Hough, J. A., A. G. Smadi, and J. D. Bitzan. 1997. Innovative Financing Methods for Local Roads in Midwest and Mountain–Plains States. Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute, North Dakota State University, Fargo. http://www.mountain-plains.org/pubs/pdf/MPC97-74.pdf. Accessed March 2013. Huxley, J. 2009. Value Capture Finance: Making Urban Development Pay its Way. (A. Notay and G. Clark, eds.) Urban Land Institute, London. http://uli.org/wp-content/uploads/ULI-Documents/Value-Capture- Finance-Report.pdf. Iacono, M., D. Levinson, Z. J. Zhao, and A. Lari. 2009. Value Capture for Transportation Finance: Report to the Minnesota Legislature. Report No. CTS 09-18S. Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. http://www.cts.umn.edu/Research/featured/valuecapture/. A P P E N D I X F Useful Resources and Prior Studies

F-2 Guidebook to Funding Transportation Through Land Value Return and Recycling ICF Consulting. 2005. Handbook on Integrating Land Use Considerations into Transportation Projects to Address Induced Growth. Final Report. AASHTO. Washington, D.C. Istrate, E., and D. M. Levinson. 2011. Access for Value: Financing Transportation Through Land Value Capture. Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., April 28. https://www.brookings.edu/research/access-for-value- financing-transportation-through-land-value-capture/. Kemp, A., V. Mollard, and I. Wallis. 2013. Value Capture Mechanisms to Fund Transport Infrastructure. New Zealand Transport Agency Research Report 511. http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/research/reports/511. Langley. J. 2016. Value Capture: The Magic Pudding of Infrastructure Funding. AECOM. http://www.aecom.com/au/ wp-content/uploads/2016/04/The-Magic-pudding-of-funding.pdf. Accessed 2017. Lari, A., D. Levinson, Z. Zhao, M. Iacono, S. Aultman, K. Das, K. Larson, and M. Scharenbroich. 2009. Value Cap- ture for Transportation Finance. CTS Project: 2009016-17-18. Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Litman, T. 2004. Understanding Smart Growth Savings: What We Know About Public Infrastructure and Service Cost Savings and How They Are Misrepresented by Critics. Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237561986_Understanding_Smart_Growth_ Savings_What_We_Know_About_Public_Infrastructure_and_Service_Cost_Savings_And_How_They_ are_Misrepresented_By_Critics_VTPI_wwwvtpiorg. Accessed 2016. Mallach, A. 2008. Inclusionary Zoning: Using the Market to Create Affordable Housing. National Housing Institute. Montclair, N.J. Maryland Department of Transportation. 2012. Value Capture: A Transportation Revenue Option for Maryland. Maryland Blue Ribbon Commission on Transportation Funding. National Governors Association Cen- ter for Best Practices. http://www.mdot.maryland.gov/Office_of_Planning_and_Capital_Programming/ Blue_Ribbon/Documents/Meeting_Agenda_032111/NGA_Value_Capture_Summary_for_BRC_032111. pdf. Accessed March 2013. Mathur, S., and A. Smith. 2012. A Decision Support Framework for Using Value Capture to Fund Public Transit: Lessons from Project-Specific Analyses. MTI Report 11-14. Mineta Transportation Institute, San José State University San José, Calif. http://transweb.sjsu.edu/PDFs/research/1004-decision-support-framework- value-capture-public-transit-funding.pdf. Accessed 2015. Mohring, H. 1961. Land Values and the Measurement of Highway Benefits. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 236–269. Murphy, N. 2010. Methods for Financing Transportation Infrastructure. Oregon Department of Transportation, Salem. Page, S., W. L. Bishop, and W. Wong. 2016. TCRP Research Report 190: Guide to Value Capture Financing for Public Transportation Projects. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. http://www.trb.org/Main/ Blurbs/175203.aspx. Peterson, G. E. 2008. Unlocking Land Values to Finance Urban Infrastructure. Trend and Policy Options No. 7. World Bank and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Policy. Washington, D.C. https:// openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6552. Rybeck, R. 2004. Using Value Capture to Finance Infrastructure and Encourage Compact Development. Public Works Management and Policy, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 249–260. https://www.mwcog.org/uploads/committee documents/k15fVl1f20080424150651.pdf. Accessed 2016. Salon, D. 2014. Location Value Capture Opportunities for Urban Public Transport Finance. White paper prepared for Transit Leadership Summit, London, May 2014. http://library.rpa.org/pdf/TLS-2014-Research-Paper- Value-Capture.pdf. Samuelson, P. A. 1973. Economics, 9th ed. McGraw–Hill, New York. Chapter 3 and pp. 458–461. Schultz, M., and R. D. Atkinson. 2009. Paying Our Way: A New Framework for Transportation Finance. Final Report of the National Surface Transportation Infrastructure Financing Commission. https://itif.org/ publications/2009/02/24/paying-our-way-new-framework-transportation-finance. Accessed 2016. Scottish Executive. 2004. Developing a Methodology to Capture Land Value Uplift Around Transport Facilities. Edinburgh, Scotland. http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2004/11/20385/48338. Smart Growth America. The Innovative DOT. Focus Area 7: Integrating Transportation and Land Use Decision- Making. https://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/app/legacy/documents/the-innovative-dot-3_focus-area-7. pdf. Accessed 2016. Smith, J. J., T. A. Gihring, and T. Litman. 2017. Financing Transit Systems Through Value Capture: An Annotated Bibliography. Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. http://www.vtpi.org/ smith.pdf. Accessed 2016. Strathman, J. G., and E. Simmons. 2010. Financing Mechanisms for Capital Improvements: Interchanges. Final Report: SPR 687 OTREC-RR-10-07. Oregon Department of Transportation, Salem. https://ntl.bts.gov/ lib/32000/32700/32704/Financing_Mechanisms_for_Capital_Improvements_Final.pdf.

Useful Resources and Prior Studies F-3 Sullivan, G. L., S. A. Johnson, and D. L. Soden. 2002. Tax Increment Financing (TIF) Best Practices Study. Technical Report. Institute for Policy and Economic Development, University of Texas, El Paso. http://citeseerx.ist.psu. edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.458.4087&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Accessed 2016. Tiebout, C. M. 1956. A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 64, No. 5, pp. 416–424. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/257839. Transport for London. 2017. Land Value Capture. Final Report. https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/ land_value_capture_report_transport_for_london.pdf. Urban Land Institute. 2013. When the Road Price Is Right. Land Use, Tolls, and Congestion Pricing. http://uli.org/ wp-content/uploads/2013/03/When-the-Road-Price-is-Right_web_F.pdf. Accessed 2017. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Chapter 4: Appraisal of Air Rights, in Valuation Analysis for Project Mortgage Insurance (4465.1). https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/administration/hudclips/ handbooks/hsgh/44651. Accessed 2016. Vadali, S. R. 2014. NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice 459: Using the Economic Value Created by Transportation to Fund Transportation. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. http:// www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/170750.aspx. Walters, L. C. 2013. Land Value Capture in Policy and Practice. http://www.landandpoverty.com/agenda/pdfs/ paper/walters_full_paper.pdf. Land Value Tax and Split Rate Tax Resources Commongroundorwa.org. 2012. Land Value Taxation: The Harrisburg Experience. http://www.urbantoolsconsult. org/upload/City%20of%20Harrisburg%202%20tier%20tax%20rate.pdf. Dye, R. F., and R. W. England. 2010. Assessing the Theory and Practice of Land Value Taxation. Policy Focus Report. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cambridge, Mass. https://www.lincolninst.edu/sites/default/files/pubfiles/ assessing-theory-practice-land-value-taxation-full_0.pdf. Hartzok, A. 1995. Pennsylvania’s Success with Local Property Tax Reform: The Split Rate Tax. Earth Rights Institute. http://www.earthrightsinstitute.org/news-4/publications/land-value-rights/226-pa-tax-reform. Junge, J. R., and D. Levinson. 2012. Financing Transportation with Land Value Taxes: Effects of Development Intensity. Journal of Transport and Land Use, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 49–53. https://www.jtlu.org/index.php/jtlu/ article/view/148/210. Special Assessment District Resources AASHTO Center for Excellence in Project Finance. 2013. Special Assessment Districts. http://www.trans portation-finance.org/funding_financing/funding/local_funding/value_capture/special_assessment_ districts.aspx). Accessed March 2013. Rolon, A. Evaluation of Value Capture Mechanisms from Linkage Capture to Special Assessment Districts. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2079, pp. 127–135. http:// trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/10.3141/2079-16. Route 28 Public/Private Partnership. Various documents. http://www.28freeway.com/projectoverview.html. Accessed May 2013. Route 28 TID Prospectus. 2012. (Public document). Fairfax County, Virginia. http://www.i-dealprospectus.com/ PDF/1_55007.pdf. Zhao, Z. J., and K. Larson. 2011. Special Assessments as a Value Capture Strategy for Public Transit Finance. Public Works Management and Policy, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 320–340. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/ 10.1177/1087724X11408923. Air Rights and Joint Development Resources Boston Redevelopment Authority. 2000. A Civic Vision for Turnpike Air Rights in Boston. http://www.nabbonline. com/files/Turnpike_Air_Rights_Civic_Vision.pdf. FHWA. 2010. Airspace Guidelines to 23 CFR 710.405-710.407. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/real_estate/practitio ners/right-of-way/corridor_management/airspace_guidelines.cfm. Accessed August 2013. Friedman, P. 2012. Investment Up in the Air: Air Rights and Transit. http://web1.ctaa.org/webmodules/webarticles/ articlefiles/RAIL_30_AirRights.pdf. Accessed February 2013. Larson, K., and Z. Zhao. 2010. Air Rights Development as a Value Capture Strategy. Presented at 89th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.

F-4 Guidebook to Funding Transportation Through Land Value Return and Recycling Peters, R. F. 1986. Building Castles in the Air: An Air Rights “Under and Overview.” International Right of Way Association. https://www.irwaonline.org/eweb/upload/web_0686_Building_Castles.pdf. Zhao, Z. J., K.V. Das., and K. Larson. 2012. Joint Development as a Value Capture Strategy in Transportation Finance. Journal of Transport and Land Use, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 5–17. https://www.jtlu.org/index.php/jtlu/ article/view/142/208. Tax Increment Financing Resources Council of Development Finance Agencies. Tax Increment Finance Best Practice Reference Guide, 2nd ed. https:// www.cdfa.net/cdfa/cdfaweb.nsf/0/0EA74AB023EEE1DF88257936006747B0. Council of Development Finance Agencies. 2006. National Roundup: Tax Increment Financing. http://www.cdfa. net/cdfa/cdfaweb.nsf/ordredirect.html?open&id=tifnationalroundup.html. Accessed April 2013. Council of Development Finance Agencies. 2015. TIF State-by-State Map and Report. https://www.cdfa.net/cdfa/ tifmap.nsf/index.html. Accessed 2017. Development Impact Fee Resources Adkins, J. 2004. System Development Charges. (Background brief). https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/citizen_ engagement/Reports/2004GG_System_Development_Charges.pdf. Accessed 2016. American Planning Association. 1997. Policy Guide on Impact Fees. https://www.planning.org/policy/guides/ adopted/impactfees.htm. Accessed 2016. Burge, G., and K. Ihlanfeldt. 2006. Impact Fees and Single-Family Home Construction. Journal of Urban Economics. Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 284–306. Carrión, C., and L. W. Libby. 2001. Development Impact Fees: A Primer. Working Paper. AEDE-WP-0022-01. Ohio State University Extension, Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Eco- nomics, Columbus, Ohio. https://aede.osu.edu/about-us/publications/development-impact-fees-primer. Accessed March 2013. Duncan Associates. 2015. National Impact Fee Survey: 2015. Austin, Tex. http://www.impactfees.com/publications %20pdf/2015_survey.pdf. Accessed 2016. ImpactFees.com. http://www.impactfees.com/. Mullen, C. 2015. Impact Fee Trends. Presented at Growth and Infrastructure Consortium, Portland, Ore. http:// growthandinfrastructure.org/proceedings/2015_proceedings/mullen-trends.pdf. Accessed 2016. Mullen, C. 2015. State Impact Fee Enabling Acts. Duncan Associates, Austin, Texas. www.impactfees.com/ publications%20pdf/state_enabling_acts.pdf. Mullen, C. 2016. State Impact Fee Enabling Acts. Accessed 2016. http://growthandinfrastructure.org/. National Association of Home Builders Research Center. 1993. Impact Fees and the Role of the State: Guidance for Drafting Legislation. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research. Nelson, A. C., and M. Moody. 2003. Paying for Prosperity: Impact Fees and Job Growth. Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. https://www.brookings.edu/research/paying-for-prosperity-impact-fees-and-job- growth/. Accessed 2016. OregonLaws.org. 2015. System Development Charges. (Revised). http://www.oregonlaws.org/ors/223.302. Accessed 2016. Rappa, J. G. 2002. Comparison of State Development Impact Fee Statutes. OLR Research Report. http://www.cga. ct.gov/2002/olrdata/pd/rpt/2002-R-0842.htm. Accessed 2013. SCOTUSblog.com. 2013. Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Management District. http://www.scotusblog.com/case- files/cases/koontz-v-st-johns-river-water-management-district/?wpmp_switcher=desktop. Accessed 2016. Tripi, E. J. 2011. Basics of ITE Trip Generation and Its Role in Calculating Transportation Impact Fees. Presented at Growth and Infrastructure Consortium, Atlanta, Ga. http://growthandinfrastructure.org/proceedings/ 2011_proceedings/tripi_tripgen.pdf. Accessed 2016. Exactions Wyatt, T. R., and J. B. McDaniel. 2016. NCHRP Legal Research Digest 70: Takings and Mitigation. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. http://www.nap.edu/read/23619/chapter/1.

Useful Resources and Prior Studies F-5 Transportation Utility Fee Resources Carlson, D., B. Duckwitz., K. Kurowski., and L. Smith. 2007. Transportation Utility Fees: Possibilities for the City of Milwaukee. Robert M. La Follette School of Public Affairs. University of Wisconsin–Madison. http://www. lafollette.wisc.edu/research/publications/transportation-utility-fees-possibilities-for-the-city-of-milwaukee. Ewing, R. 1994. Transportation Utility Fees. Government Finance Review, Vol. 10, No. 3. https://www.questia. com/magazine/1G1-16086832/transportation-utility-fees. Junge, J. R., and D. Levinson. 2012. Prospects for Transportation Utility Fees. Journal of Transport and Land Use, Vol. 5, No. 1. pp. 33–45. League of Oregon Cities. 2008. TUF Solutions for Local Street Funding: A Survey on Transportation Utility Fees (TUFs). http://www.orcities.org/Portals/17/Premium/TUFReport2011.pdf. Accessed 2016. Murphy, E., and R. Bartlett. 2001. Have You Considered a Transportation Utility Fee? Local Focus Newsletter, League of Oregon Cities.