An
American
Crisis
The Growing Absence of Black
Men in Medicine and Science
PROCEEDINGS OF A JOINT WORKSHOP
Cato T. Laurencin, M.D., Ph.D., Rapporteur
Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice
Health and Medicine Division
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
This activity was supported by the Aetna Foundation (Contract 10003873), Burroughs Wellcome Fund (Contract 10003742), W. Montague Cobb/NMA Health Institute (unnumbered), The Kavli Foundation (10003589), National Academy of Medicine (unnumbered), National Institutes of Health (unnumbered), and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (Contract 10003809). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-47690-4
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-47690-9
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/25130
Additional copies of this publication are available for sale from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.
Copyright 2018 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. An American crisis: The growing absence of Black men in medicine and science: Proceedings of a joint workshop between the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the W. Montague Cobb/NMA Health Institute. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/25130.
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PLANNING COMMITTEE ON INCREASING AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES IN THE MEDICAL PROFESSION1
CATO T. LAURENCIN (Chair), University of Connecticut
KENDALL CAMPBELL, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine
THEODORE J. CORBIN, Drexel University College of Medicine
GEORGE C. HILL, Vanderbilt University
RANDALL C. MORGAN, JR., W. Montague Cobb/NMA Health Institute
ELIZABETH OFILI, Morehouse School of Medicine
VIVIAN PINN, National Institutes of Health (retired)
Health and Medicine Division Staff
N. RENEE GETHERS, Project Director (from January 2018)
LESLIE Y. KWAN, Associate Program Officer (from March 2018)
HOPE HARE, Administrative Assistant
ROSE MARIE MARTINEZ, Project Director (until January 2018), Senior Board Director, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice
___________________
1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Joint Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteur and the institution.
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Reviewers
This Proceedings of a Joint Workshop was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.
We thank the following individuals for their review of this proceedings:
L. D. BRITT, Eastern Virginia Medical School
EVE J. HIGGINBOTHAM, University of Pennsylvania
FAITH MITCHELL, Grantmakers In Health
VALERIE MONTGOMERY RICE, Morehouse School of Medicine
ALVIN POUSSAINT, Harvard Medical School
JOHN A. RICH, Drexel University School of Public Health
DARLA THOMPSON, The George Washington University
Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the proceedings nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this proceedings was overseen by CARMEN R. GREEN,
University of Michigan. She was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this proceedings was carried out in accordance with standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the rapporteur and the National Academies.
Contents
Organization of the Proceedings
The Perspective from Academic Medicine
3 EXPLORING THE CHALLENGES AND BARRIERS FOR BLACK MEN ALONG THE LIFE TRAJECTORY
Reflections on Barriers to Becoming a Physician
Mental Health and Resiliency in the Lives of Black Men
4 EXPLORING THE CHALLENGES AND BARRIERS FOR BLACK MEN ALONG THE EDUCATIONAL TRAJECTORY
Challenges Along the Educational Pipeline
Ideas to Potentially Address the Shortage of Black Men in Medicine
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine African American and Disadvantaged Student Pipeline Program
The Ohio State University Bell National Resource Center on the African American Male
Aetna Health Professions Partnership Initiative (HPPI) Scholars Doctors Pipeline
Harvard Medical School Office for Diversity, Inclusion, and Community Partnership
6 REFLECTIONS ON MEETING DAY 1
Poster Session: Innovative Approaches to Black Men in Medicine (Student Perspectives)
7 ACCOUNTABILITY IN MEDICINE: WHAT CAN MEDICAL SCHOOLS DO TO ADDRESS THE CRISIS?
8 FINANCIAL BARRIERS TO MEDICAL EDUCATION
The Jackson/Minton Scholarship Fund
Financial Barriers to Medical Education from the Student Perspective
9 APPROACHES FROM PHILANTHROPY
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
| AAMC | Association of American Medical Colleges |
| AHEC | Area Health Education Center |
| AOA | American Osteopathic Association |
| APA | American Psychological Association |
| BHW | Bureau of Health Workforce |
| BUILD | Building Infrastructure Leading to Diversity initiative |
| CHC | community health center |
| DO | Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine |
| FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
| GRE | Graduate Record Examinations |
| HBCU | Historically Black Colleges and Universities |
| HCOP | Health Careers Opportunity Program |
| HHS | U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |
| HPPI | Health Professions Partnership Initiative |
| HRSA | Health Resources and Services Administration |
| LCME | Liaison Committee on Medical Education |
| MATC | Milwaukee Area Technical College |
| MCAT | Medical College Admission Test |
| MD | Doctor of Medicine |
| NAM | National Academy of Medicine |
| NCAA | National Collegiate Athletic Association |
| NHSC | National Health Service Corps |
| NIH | National Institutes of Health |
| NMA | National Medical Association |
| NMF | National Medical Fellowships |
| NSF | National Science Foundation |
| SES | socioeconomic status |
| STEM | science, technology, engineering, and mathematics |
| UConn | University of Connecticut |
| UMBC | University of Maryland, Baltimore County |
| UNC | University of North Carolina |
| UT | University of Texas |
| VUSM | Vanderbilt University School of Medicine |
