APPENDIX F

META-ANALYSIS OF AQUATIC TOXICITY DATA

DATA COMPILATION

A meta-analysis of aquatic toxicity data from laboratory exposures with whole organisms was undertaken to better understand the effects of dispersants and of physically and chemically dispersed oil. While the quality of toxicity data varies considerably across studies, selection of data included in this meta-analysis followed a strict set of rules aimed at selecting the best available information. These rules followed those used to develop the Chemical Aquatic Fate and Effects (CAFE) database, which contains aquatic toxicity for dispersants as well as both physically and chemically dispersed oil (Bejarano et al., 2016; NOAA/ERD, 2015), and included:

1. Data from original scientific publications and peer-reviewed literature (primary source) rather than from reviews or unverifiable sources;
2. Studies clearly stating the species’ common and/or scientific name, oil source, and dispersant name used in toxicity tests;
3. Studies with complete descriptions of biological test methods, or referencing an appropriate published method;
4. Acceptable effects endpoints relative to control tests, with inclusion of studies that do not discuss or mention the use of controls considered on a case by case basis; and
5. Analytical methods for chemical characterization described or referenced; only toxicity data reported as measured concentrations are included.

Data from studies published between 2005 and 2012 were queried directly from CAFE, while studies post-2012 were identified via online searches or direct contact with researchers in the field. Priority was given to papers reporting toxicity for both water-accommodated fraction (WAF) and chemically enhanced water-accommodated fraction (CEWAF) for the same oil and under the same testing conditions. In addition, this meta-analysis included Natural Resource Damage Assessment data from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill collected by the Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment Trustees, with most data queried from a public data repository (DIVER,

2017). All references and data sources included in this meta-analysis are provided below. For the purpose of this meta-analyses, only median lethal and median effects concentrations (LC50 and EC50, respectively) were included, and to the extent possible, information on testing approaches was tabulated and summarized. In all cases, toxicity data reported with qualifiers or displayed in figures but not reported in the text were excluded from these analyses. Because of the narrow focus of this meta-analysis, only chemically dispersed oil prepared with select dispersants for which stock piles are currently available (i.e., Corexit^® 9527, Corexit^® 9500, Finasol^® OSR 52, Dasic Slickgone, Accell Clean) are included. Dispersant-only toxicity data from a recent meta-analysis (Bejarano, 2018, and references herein) that followed a similar approach to the one described above were used in assessments on the relative toxicity of the dispersants listed above. Unlike toxicity data for WAF and CEWAF, most dispersant-only toxicity data are commonly reported as nominal concentrations; thus, all nominally reported dispersant toxicity data were used in these analyses. For consistency with the WAF/CEWAF meta-analysis, dispersant-only toxicity data focused on the select dispersants mentioned above.

REFERENCES

META-ANALYSIS: COMPLETE REFERENCE LIST

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