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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Handbook for Examining the Effects of Non-Emergency Medical Transportation Brokerages on Transportation Coordination. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25184.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Handbook for Examining the Effects of Non-Emergency Medical Transportation Brokerages on Transportation Coordination. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25184.
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Page 90
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Handbook for Examining the Effects of Non-Emergency Medical Transportation Brokerages on Transportation Coordination. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25184.
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Page 90
Page 91
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Handbook for Examining the Effects of Non-Emergency Medical Transportation Brokerages on Transportation Coordination. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25184.
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Page 91
Page 92
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Handbook for Examining the Effects of Non-Emergency Medical Transportation Brokerages on Transportation Coordination. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25184.
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88 Works Cited 1. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 2016. Medicaid Non-emergency Medical Transportation Booklet for Providers. https://www.cms.gov/medicare-medicaid-coordination/fraud-prevention/medicaid- integrity-education/downloads/nemt-booklet.pdf. Accessed March 30, 2017. 2. Garrity, R., and K. McGehee. 2014. TCRP Research Results Digest 109: Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Non-emergency Medical Transportation (NEMTs): Assessment for Transit Agencies. http://www.trb.org/ Publications/Blurbs/171539.aspx. Accessed April 1, 2017. 3. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 2017. Medicaid and CHIP, Strengthening Coverage, Improv- ing Health. https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/program-information/downloads/accomplishments- report.pdf. Accessed April 1, 2017. 4. Klees, B. S., and C. J. Wolfe. 2013. Brief Summaries of Medicare and Medicaid, Title XVIII and Title XIX of The Social Security Act, Office of the Actuary, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends- and-Reports/MedicareProgramRatesStats/Downloads/MedicareMedicaidSummaries2013.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2017. 5. Cubanski, J., and T. Neuman. 2016. The Facts on Medicare Spending and Financing, Kaiser Family Foundation. http://kff.org/medicare/issue-brief/the-facts-on-medicare-spending-and-financing/. Accessed March 23, 2017. 6. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 2015. Milestones 1937–2015. https://www.cms.gov/About-CMS/ Agency-Information/History/Downloads/Medicare-and-Medicaid-Milestones-1937-2015.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2017. 7. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. no date. Eligibility. https://www.medicaid.gov/affordable- care-act/eligibility/index.html. Accessed December 15, 2017. 8. Kaiser Family Foundation. no date. State Health Facts, Federal and State Share of Medicaid Spending, FY 2015. http://kff.org/medicaid/state-indicator/federalstate-share-of-spending/. Accessed March 27, 2017. 9. Rudowitz, R. 2016. Medicaid Financing: The Basics. Kaiser Family Foundation. http://kff.org/report-section/ medicaid-financing-the-basics-issue-brief/. Accessed December 15, 2017. 10. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. no date. September 2017 Medicaid and CHIP Enrollment Data Highlights. https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/program-information/medicaid-and-chip-enrollment-data/ report-highlights. Accessed March 27, 2017. 11. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 2017. Medicaid and CHIP, Strengthening Coverage, Improving Health. https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/program-information. Accessed March 23, 2017. 12. Musumeci, M., and R. Rudowitz. 2016. Medicaid Non-emergency Medical Transportation: Overview and Key Issues in Medicaid Expansion Waivers. Kaiser Family Foundation. http://kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/ medicaid-non-emergency-medical-transportation-overview-and-key-issues-in-medicaid-expansion-waivers/. Accessed December 15, 2017. 13. Snyder, L., and R. Rudowitz. 2015. Medicaid Financing: How Does It Work and What Are the Implications? Kaiser Family Foundation. http://kff.org/report-section/medicaid-financing-how-does-it-work-and-what- are-the-implications-issue-brief/#endnote_link_152625-6. Accessed December 15, 2017. 14. Rudowitz, R. 2016. Medicaid Financing: The Basics. Kaiser Family Foundation. http://kff.org/report-section/ medicaid-financing-the-basics-issue-brief/. Accessed December 15, 2017. 15. Knowledge Encyclopedia. no date. Managed Care. http://www.faqs.org/knowledge/Managed_care.html #ixzz4cbX5KIPk. Accessed December 15, 2017. References

References 89 16. Health Encyclopedia. no date. Health Care Systems—Managed Health Care vs. Fee-For-Service. http://www. faqs.org/health/Healthy-Living-V2/Health-Care-Systems-Managed-health-care-vs-fee-for-service.html. Accessed December 15, 2017. 17. Rudowitz, R. 2014. Understanding How States Access the ACA Enhanced Medicaid Match Rates. Kaiser Family Foundation. http://kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/understanding-how-states-access-the-aca-enhanced- medicaid-match-rates/. Accessed December 15, 2017. 18. Rosenbaum, S., N. Lopez, M. J. Morris, and M. Simon. 2009. Medicaid’s Medical Transportation Assur- ance: Origins, Evolution, Current Trends, and Implications for Health Reform. Department of Health Policy, School of Public Health and Health Services, George Washington University. https://hsrc.himmelfarb.gwu. edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1035&context=sphhs_ policy_briefs. Accessed December 15, 2017. 19. U.S. General Accountability Office. 2015. MEDICAID, A Small Share of Enrollees Consistently Accounted for a Large Share of Expenditures. GAO-15-460. https://www.gao.gov/assets/680/670112.pdf. Accessed March 16, 2018. 20. Cronin, J., J. Hagerich, J. Horton, and J. Hotaling. 2008. Florida Transportation Disadvantaged Services: Return on Investment Study. Marketing Institute, Florida State University College of Business, Tallahassee, Florida. www.fdot.gov/ctd/docs/aboutusdocs/roi_final_report_0308.pdf. Accessed December 12, 2017. 21. U.S. Government Accountability Office. 2016. Nonemergency Medical Transportation: Updated Medicaid Guidance Could Help States, GAO-16-238. https://www.gao.gov/assets/680/674934.pdf. Accessed Decem- ber 15, 2017. 22. Kim, J., E. C. Norton, and S. C. Stearns. 2009. “Transportation Brokerage Services and Medicaid Beneficiaries’ Access to Care.” Health Services Research, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 145–161. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC2669622/pdf/hesr0044-0145.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2017. 23. Hughes-Cromwick, P., R. Wallace, H. Mull, et al. 2005. TCRP Web-Only Document: Cost Benefit Analysis of Providing Non-Emergency Medical Transportation. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/22055/cost-benefit-analysis-of-providing-non-emergency- medical-transportation. 24. 33 Fed. Reg. 16-165, 1968. 25. Assurance of Transportation, 42 CFR Section 431.53, October 1, 2011. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/ CFR-2011-title42-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title42-vol4-sec431-53.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2017. 26. Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, Pub. L. 109–171 (109th Cong., 2d sess.), February 8, 2006. https://www.gpo. gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ171/content-detail.html. Accessed December 15, 2017. 27. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. no date. The Deficit Reduction Act: Important Facts for State Government Officials. https://www.cms.gov/regulations-and-guidance/legislation/deficitreductionact/ downloads/checklist1.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2017. 28. Any Other Medical Care or Remedial Care Recognized under State Law and Specified by the Secretary, 42 CFR Section 440.170, June 30, 2009. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title42-vol4/pdf/ CFR-2011-title42-vol4-sec440-170.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2017. 29. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 2008. Federal Register, Vol. 73, No. 245. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2008-12-19/pdf/E8-29662.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2017. 30. Definitions, 42 CFR Section 455.2, Subpart F-Medicaid Recovery Audit Contractors Program. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title42-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title42-vol4-sec455-2.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2017. 31. Letter from Judith D. Moore, Acting Director, Medicaid Bureau, Health Care Financing Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, to State Medicaid Directors, December 29, 1996. 32. U.S. General Accounting Office. 2003. Transportation-Disadvantaged Populations, Some Coordination Efforts among Programs Providing Transportation Services, but Obstacles Persist, GAO-03-697. https://www. gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GAOREPORTS-GAO-03-697/pdf/GAOREPORTS-GAO-03-697.pdf. Accessed Decem- ber 15, 2017. 33. U.S. General Accountability Office. 2012. Transportation-Disadvantaged Populations, Federal Coordination Efforts Could Be Further Strengthened, GAO-12-647. http://www.gao.gov/assets/600/591707.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2017. 34. Rudowitz, R. 2016. Medicaid Financing: The Basics. Kaiser Family Foundation. http://kff.org/report-section/ medicaid-financing-the-basics-issue-brief/. Accessed December 15, 2017. 35. Rall, J., and A. Myers. 2015. State Human Service Transportation Coordinating Councils: An Overview and State Profiles, 2014 Update. National Conference of State Legislatures. 36. Burkhardt, J. E., R. Garrity, K. McGehee, et al. 2011. TCRP Report 144: Sharing the Costs of Human Services Transportation. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. http://www. trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/165015.aspx. Accessed January 25, 2017.

90 Handbook for Examining the Effects of Non-Emergency Medical Transportation Brokerages on Transportation Coordination 37. Neff, J., and M. Dickens. 2017. 2016 Public Transportation Fact Book, 67th Edition, American Public Transportation Association. http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/FactBook/2016-APTA- Fact-Book.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2017. 38. American with Disabilities Act of 1990 as amended, 42 U.S.C., Chapter 126. Last updated June 15, 2009. https://www.ada.gov/pubs/adastatute08.htm. Accessed May 26, 2017. 39. FTA. 2015. Circular 4710.1, Americans with Disabilities Act: Guidance. https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/ fta.dot.gov/files/docs/Final_FTA_ADA_Circular_C_4710.1.pdf. Accessed May 26, 2017. 40. APTA. 2016. Primer on Transit Funding, The Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act and Other Related Laws, FY 2016 through FY 2020. http://www.apta.com/resources/reportsandpublications/Documents/ APTA-Primer-FAST-Act.pdf. Accessed December 11, 2016. 41. FTA. 2017. FAST Act. https://www.transit.dot.gov/FAST. Accessed April 6, 2018. 42. Congressional Budget Office. 2016. The Federal Budget in 2015. https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/ 114th-congress-2015-2016/graphic/51110-budget1overall.pdf. Accessed May 23, 2017. 43. Kaiser Family Foundation. no date. State Health Facts, Federal and State Share of Medicaid Spending, FY 2015. http://kff.org/medicaid/state-indicator/federalstate-share-of-spending/. Accessed March 27, 2017. 44. FTA. no date. Apportionments. https://www.transit.dot.gov/funding/apportionments. Accessed May 23, 2017. 45. Office of Budget and Policy, Federal Transit Administration. 2016. 2015 National Transit Summary and Trends. https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/2015%20NTST.pdf. Accessed May 22, 2017. 46. FTA. 2015. Chapter 53 of Title 49, United States Code, as Amended by Fixing America’s Surface Transpor- tation Act, Related FAST and MAP-21 Provisions. https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/ Chapter%2053%20as%20amended%20by%20the%20FAST%20Act_1.pdf. Accessed February 22, 2017. 47. FTA. no date. Fact Sheet: Urbanized Area Formula Program Grants, 49 U.S.C. Chapter 53, Sections 5307 and 5340. https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/funding/grants/37961/fast-act-section- 5307-fact-sheet_0.pdf. Accessed February 26, 2017. 48. FTA. no date. Fact Sheet: Formula Grants for Rural Areas, Chapter 53, Section 5311. https://www.transit.dot. gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/funding/grants/40621/5311-rural-program-fact-sheet-fast.pdf. Accessed February 26, 2017. 49. FTA. no date. Fact Sheet: Enhanced Mobility of Seniors and Individuals with Disabilities, Chapter 53, Section 5310. https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/funding/grants/37971/5310-enhanced- mobility-seniors-and-pwd-fact-sheet_0.pdf. Accessed February 26, 2017. 50. Executive Order 13330-Human Service Transportation Coordination. 2004. Federal Register, Vol. 69, No. 38. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2004-02-26/pdf/04-4451.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2017. 51. FTA. 2006. Final Policy Statement, Coordinated Human Service Transportation Planning. https://www.transit. dot.gov/node/136. Accessed May 22, 2017. 52. Coordinating Council on Access and Mobility. no date. CCAM Policy on Vehicle Sharing. https://www.transit. dot.gov/node/131. Accessed July 14, 2016. 53. FTA. no date. 2015 Funding Sources. https://www.transit.dot.gov/ntd/data-product/2015-funding-sources. Accessed May 22, 2017. 54. Part 455 Program Integrity: Medicaid, 42 CFR, Chapter IV, Subchapter C, Medical Assistance Programs. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2006-title42-vol4/pdf/CFR-2006-title42-vol4-sec455-2.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2017. 55. FTA. no date. 2015 Metrics. https://www.transit.dot.gov/ntd/data-product/2015-metrics. Accessed May 22, 2017. 56. KFH Group, Inc. 2016. Medicaid Transportation Study of Policy and Practice in the Metropolitan Washington Region, Final Report. Prepared for the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments and the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. 57. U.S. General Accountability Office. 2012. Key Considerations for Implementing Interagency Collaborative Mechanisms, GAO-12-1022. Other References TRB. 2001. Special Report 258: Contracting for Bus and Demand-Responsive Transit Services: A Survey of U.S. Practice and Experience. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/sr/sr258.pdf. Burkhardt, J. E., C. A. Nelson, G. Murray, et al. 2004. TCRP Report 101: Toolkit for Rural Community Coordinated Transportation Services. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_101.pdf.

References 91 Cheung, P. T., J. T. Wiler, R. A. Lowe, and A. A. Ginde. 2012. “National Study of Barriers to Timely Primary Care and Emergency Department Utilization among Medicaid Beneficiaries.” Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 60, No. 1. http://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(12)00125-4/pdf. Ellis, E., and B. McCollom. 2009. TCRP Report 136: Guidebook for Rural Demand-Response Transportation: Mea- suring, Assessing, and Improving Performance. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/162701.aspx. FTA. 2017. 2017 NTD Policy Manual. https://www.transit.dot.gov/node/57981. FTA. no date. Coordinating Council on Access and Mobility. https://www.transit.dot.gov/ccam. KFH Group, Inc. 2008. TCRP Report 124: Guidebook for Measuring, Assessing, and Improving Performance of Demand-Response Transportation. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/159758.aspx. Mattson, J. 2011. “Transportation, Distance, and Health Care Utilization for Older Adults in Rural and Small Urban Areas.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2265. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/ doi/abs/10.3141/2265-22. TRB. 2016. Special Report 319: Between Public and Private Mobility: Examining the Rise of Technology-Enabled Transportation Services. National Academics Press, Washington, D.C. http://www.trb.org/Publications/ Blurbs/173511.aspx. National Center for Mobility Management. no date. Homepage. http://nationalcenterformobilitymanagement. org/. Accessed January 5, 2018. National Center for Mobility Management. 2013. Transportation Coordination Enabled by Technology and Innovative Design. http://nationalcenterformobilitymanagement.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ Promising-Practices_Transportation-Coordination-Enabled-by-Technology.pdf. Schlossberg, M. “Developing Coordination Policies for Paratransit and the Transportation Disadvantaged.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1841. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/ 1841-08. Schweiger, C. L. 2011. TCRP Synthesis 91: Use and Deployment of Mobile Device Technology for Real-Time Transit Information. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. http://www.trb. org/Publications/Blurbs/166249.aspx. Thatcher, R., and C. Ferris. 2013. TCRP Report 163: Strategy Guide to Enable and Promote the Use of Fixed-Route Transit by People with Disabilities. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/170626.aspx. U.S. General Accountability Office. 2006. Practices That Can Help Enhance and Sustain Collaboration among Federal Agencies, GAO-06-15. https://www.gao.gov/assets/250/248219.pdf. Wallace, R., P. Hughes-Cromwick, and H. Mull. 2006. “Cost Effectiveness of Access to Nonemergency Medical Transportation: Comparison of Transportation and Health Care Costs and Benefits.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1956. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/1956-11.

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TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Research Report 202: Handbook for Examining the Effects of Non-Emergency Medical Transportation Brokerages on Transportation Coordination provides background information and describes the different models available to states for providing non-emergency medical transportation (NEMT) for Medicaid beneficiaries. The handbook also discusses why human services transportation and public transportation providers encourage coordination of NEMT with other transportation services.

The report is accompanied by a companion document that explores the state-by-state profiles for examining the effects of NEMT brokerages on transportation coordination.

The Medicaid program is the largest federal program for human services transportation, spending approximately $3 billion annually on NEMT. Because the Medicaid program is administered by states, which are able to set their own rules within federal regulations and guidelines set by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), coordination of NEMT with public transit and human services transportation is highly dependent on each state Medicaid agency’s policies and priorities.

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