Page 89 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Selected U.S. Laws and Opinions That Impact Civil Rights." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. A Health Equity Approach to Obesity Efforts: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25409.

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D

Selected U.S. Laws and Opinions That Impact Civil Rights

Law or Opinion	Year (ratified)	Purpose or Holding
U.S. Constitution
13th Amendment	1865	Abolished slavery
14th Amendment	1868	Provides due process and equal protection for all
15th Amendment	1870	Prohibits discrimination regarding voting based on “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”
19th Amendment	1920	Women granted the right to vote
Civil Rights Act of 1866, 14 Stat. 27-30	1866	Citizenship for all born in the United States (excluding American Indians)
Indian Citizenship Act, Pub. L. 68-175, 43 Stat. 253	1924	Citizenship for American Indians born in the United States
Brown v. Board of Education 347 U.S. 483 (1954)	1954	Desegregated the U.S. public school system
Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital, 323 F. 2d 959 (4th Circuit, 1963)	1963	Provisions of Hill-Burton around “separate but equal” hospital and health care facilities unconstitutional

Page 90 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Selected U.S. Laws and Opinions That Impact Civil Rights." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. A Health Equity Approach to Obesity Efforts: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25409.

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Law or Opinion	Year (ratified)	Purpose or Holding
Civil Rights Act of 1964, Pub. L. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241	1964
Title I		Prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements
Title II		Bans discrimination based on “race, color, religion, or national origin” in public establishments with a connection to interstate commerce or supported by the state
Title VI		Prevents discrimination based on race, color, or national origin by government agencies that receive federal funds
Social Security Act Amendments (Medicare and Medicaid bills), Pub. L. 89-97, 79 Stat. 286	1965	Bill that created federal Medicare and Medicaid programs
Voting Rights Act, Pub. L. 89-110, 79 Stat. 437	1965	Prohibits discrimination in voting and laws or tests that result in discrimination against racial or language minorities (e.g., literacy tests or poll taxes, ballots and materials only in English)
Age Discrimination in Employment Act, Pub. L. 90-202, 81 Stat. 602	1967	Prohibits discrimination based on age (≥40 years) in hiring, promotion, discharge, compensation, or terms of employment
Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, Pub L. 92-261, 83 Stat. 102	1972	Prohibits discrimination in employment; extends protections of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to public and private employers with ≥15 employees
Title IX of the Education Amendments, Pub. L. 318; 86 Stat. 235	1972	Prohibits discrimination due to sex in any federally funded education activity
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Pub. L. 93-112, 87 Stat. 394	1973	No one with a disability should be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal funding
Amendments to Older Americans Act of 1965—Age Discrimination Act, Pub. L. 94-135, 89 Stat. 713	1975	Updates Older Americans Act and prohibits discrimination due to age in programs and activities receiving federal funding
Americans with Disabilities Act, Pub. L. 101-336, 104 Stat. 327	1990	Prohibits discrimination based on disability, including requirements for reasonable accommodations for employees with disabilities and accessibility requirements for public accommodations

Page 91 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Selected U.S. Laws and Opinions That Impact Civil Rights." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. A Health Equity Approach to Obesity Efforts: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25409.

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Law or Opinion	Year (ratified)	Purpose or Holding
Olmstead v. L.C. 527 U.S. 581 (1999)	1999	Publicly funded entities must serve individuals with disabilities in the least restrictive, most integrated setting possible
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA);	2010	Health care reform bill
Section 1557, 42 U.S.C. § 18116	2015	Nondiscrimination provisions ban discrimination due to race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability for health programs or activities receiving federal funds; prohibits sex discrimination in health care, and applies civil rights protections to health insurance marketplaces
Obergefell v. Hodges 576 U.S. (2015)	2015	Same-sex couples have a right to marry

Page 92 Cite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Selected U.S. Laws and Opinions That Impact Civil Rights." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. A Health Equity Approach to Obesity Efforts: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25409.

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