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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Approaches for Determining and Complying with TMDL Requirements Related to Roadway Stormwater Runoff. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25473.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Approaches for Determining and Complying with TMDL Requirements Related to Roadway Stormwater Runoff. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25473.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Approaches for Determining and Complying with TMDL Requirements Related to Roadway Stormwater Runoff. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25473.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Approaches for Determining and Complying with TMDL Requirements Related to Roadway Stormwater Runoff. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25473.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Approaches for Determining and Complying with TMDL Requirements Related to Roadway Stormwater Runoff. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25473.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Approaches for Determining and Complying with TMDL Requirements Related to Roadway Stormwater Runoff. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25473.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Approaches for Determining and Complying with TMDL Requirements Related to Roadway Stormwater Runoff. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25473.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Approaches for Determining and Complying with TMDL Requirements Related to Roadway Stormwater Runoff. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25473.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

2019 N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 918 Approaches for Determining and Complying with TMDL Requirements Related to Roadway Stormwater Runoff Anna Lantin Laura Larsen Ankita Vyas Michael Baker international Santa Ana, CA Michael Barrett Marc Leisenring Geosyntec consultants Portland, OR Kevin Koryto Geosyntec consultants Lafayette, CO Linda Pechacek lDP consultants Houston, TX Subscriber Category Environment Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration

NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed, and implementable research is the most effective way to solve many problems facing state departments of transportation (DOTs) administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local or regional interest and can best be studied by state DOTs individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transporta- tion results in increasingly complex problems of wide interest to high- way authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. Recognizing this need, the leadership of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1962 ini- tiated an objective national highway research program using modern scientific techniques—the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). NCHRP is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of AASHTO and receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation. The Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was requested by AASHTO to administer the research program because of TRB’s recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. TRB is uniquely suited for this purpose for many reasons: TRB maintains an extensive com- mittee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; TRB possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, univer- sities, and industry; TRB’s relationship to the National Academies is an insurance of objectivity; and TRB maintains a full-time staff of special- ists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified by chief administrators and other staff of the highway and transportation departments, by committees of AASHTO, and by the Federal Highway Administration. Topics of the highest merit are selected by the AASHTO Special Committee on Research and Innovation (R&I), and each year R&I’s recommendations are proposed to the AASHTO Board of Direc- tors and the National Academies. Research projects to address these topics are defined by NCHRP, and qualified research agencies are selected from submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Academies and TRB. The needs for highway research are many, and NCHRP can make significant contributions to solving highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement, rather than to substitute for or duplicate, other highway research programs. Published research reports of the NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet by going to http://www.national-academies.org and then searching for TRB Printed in the United States of America NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 918 Project 25-53 ISSN 2572-3766 (Print) ISSN 2572-3774 (Online) ISBN 978-0-309-48070-3 Library of Congress Control Number 2019947924 © 2019 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FRA, FTA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, PHMSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The research report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report.

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to increase the benefits that transportation contributes to society by providing leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied committees, task forces, and panels annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was developed under NCHRP Project 25-53 by Michael Baker International, with assistance from Geosyntec Consultants, LDP Consultants, and Michael Barrett, Ph.D. It was conducted in NCHRP, which is administered by the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. The primary authors would like to recognize the contributions of Scott Taylor of Michael Baker Inter- national and the panel members. CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 918 Christopher J. Hedges, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Lori L. Sundstrom, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Ann M. Hartell, Senior Program Officer Jarrel McAfee, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Natalie Barnes, Associate Director of Publications Cassandra Franklin-Barbajosa, Editor NCHRP PROJECT 25-53 PANEL Field of Transportation Planning—Area of Impact Analysis William B. Fletcher, II, Oregon DOT, Salem, OR (Chair) Sajjad Ahmad, University of Nevada–Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV Anne E. Bastoni, Water Resources & Applied Technologies Services, VHB, Trumansburg, NY Gregory E. Granato, U.S. Geological Survey, Upton, MA Tracey E. Harmon, Virginia DOT, Richmond, VA Constantine N. Kontaxis, California DOT, San Diego, CA Charles F. Noble, Florida DOT, Tallahassee, FL Melissa A. Scheperle, Missouri DOT, Jefferson City, MO Susan Jones, FHWA Liaison Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison

NCHRP Research Report 918 provides practitioner-ready guidance on how state departments of transportation (DOTs) can develop and implement effective strategies for compliance with a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit that includes a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) requirement. The guidance also describes how to select and prioritize cost-effective compliance strategies for relevant pollutant types and site conditions, including off-site, watershed-level strategies. The guidebook is relevant for stormwater practitioners and decision makers engaged in eval- uating and complying with TMDL requirements. State DOTs are increasingly subject to TMDL requirements for water quality improve- ment that are implemented through NPDES permits. A TMDL is a calculation of the maximum amount of a pollutant (the “load”) that a water body can receive while still meeting water quality standards; load reductions are allocated among the various sources of that pollutant to meet a pollution-reduction target for the amount and nature of pollutants discharged to water quality–impaired receiving water bodies pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. TMDL requirements are often applied broadly to a number of land uses within a water- shed, and the portion of the total pollutant load attributable to the roadway is frequently calculated in a general manner based on assumptions about relative contributions from different land uses. Frequently, no distinction is made between pollutants that originate from roadway stormwater runoff and sources outside the right-of-way. As a result, state DOTs may incur significant costs to construct, operate, maintain, and monitor performance of best management practices (BMPs) and other stormwater treatment facilities that treat stormwater from sources outside the right-of-way, as well as stormwater from roadway sources. NCHRP Research Report 918 describes how to evaluate TMDLs and develop a plan to comply with the requirements of a TMDL. The methods provide a robust approach to determining the pollutants of concern and how to assess the contribution of the road- way while understanding other important factors that affect overall pollutant loads, includ- ing adjacent land uses and watershed conditions and characteristics. The guidance describes a wide range of compliance strategies, including on-site BMPs, nonstructural practices, and alternative strategies such as credit programs. The cost-effectiveness of various approaches is explained. Throughout, the guidance is designed to support the development of evidence-based TMDL requirements and implementation plans that more accurately reflect a state DOT’s water quality impacts and its water quality mitigation capabilities. F O R E W O R D By Ann M. Hartell Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

The research was conducted by Michael Baker International in association with Geosyntec Consultants and LDP Consultants. The research effort included a review of published literature, an evaluation of data that can be used to characterize runoff from state DOT facilities, and an assessment of compliance strategies. The report is accompanied by a set of presentation slides summarizing the project. The slides are available at the TRB website (TRB.org) by searching for “NCHRP Research Report 918.”

1 Summary 3 Chapter 1 Introduction 3 Project Overview 7 Chapter 2 State DOT TMDL Negotiation and Engagement 7 State DOT Involvement in the TMDL Process 11 Alternatives for TMDLs with Challenging Compliance Requirements 12 Chapter 3 Significance of Stormwater Pollutants 12 TMDL Pollutants of Concern for Roadways 15 Identifying Impaired Water Bodies 16 Land Use and Background Runoff Concentrations 16 Land Use 27 Atmospheric Deposition 34 Roadway Use Inputs 34 Land Use Load Comparison Protocol 36 Land Use Imperviousness 37 Land Use Runoff Concentration Statistics 43 Chapter 4 Compliance Strategies Approach 43 Understanding Pollutants of Concern 45 Treatment Options 46 Structural Best Management Practices 46 Source Controls 50 Determining Compliance Strategies 70 Chapter 5 Evaluating Watersheds and Best Management Practices 70 Best Management Practice Prioritization Methodology 71 Step 1. Prioritize Implementation Locations 73 Step 2. Assess Feasibility of Site Conditions 76 Step 3. Prioritize Best Management Practice Selection 77 Chapter 6 Best Management Practice Pollutant Removal Performance 77 Performance Evaluation Methodology 77 Step 1. Identify Evaluation Metrics 78 Step 2. Determine Scale of Comparison 78 Step 3. Select Evaluation Approach and Pollutant Removal Algorithm 80 Step 4. Conduct Comparative Best Management Practice Performance Assessment C O N T E N T S

92 Chapter 7 Best Management Practice Cost and Effectiveness Analysis 92 Estimating Cost of Compliance 92 Number of Best Management Practices Required 92 Best Management Practice Cost 94 Best Management Practice Sizing 94 Incremental Costs Associated with Increasing Best Management Practice Size 95 Unit Cost Data by Best Management Practice and by Constituent 95 Total State DOT Cost for Compliance 95 Quantifying Benefits Associated with Achieving Water Quality Standards 98 Alternative Strategies 100 Chapter 8 Effectiveness of Innovative Solutions 100 Feasibility for State DOTs 100 Strategies 101 Limitations 102 Feasibility Based on Pollutant Type 102 Key Considerations of Trading Programs 102 Establishing and Engaging Watershed Partners 104 Major Elements of a Trading Program 104 Quantifying the Success of Watershed-Based Strategies 104 Examples of Successful Watershed-Based Approaches 107 Comparing On-Site and Off-Site Approaches 107 Key Resources 111 Conclusion 114 Bibliography 122 Abbreviations and Acronyms 125 Appendix A DOTs Included in TMDLs 128 Appendix B Sample Unit Area Load Results from SELDM Model 131 Appendix C Reach Prioritization Example Note: Photographs, figures, and tables in this report may have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.

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State DOTs are increasingly subject to Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) requirements for water quality improvement that are implemented through National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits.

As a result, state DOTs may incur significant costs to construct, operate, maintain, and monitor performance of best management practices and other stormwater treatment facilities that treat stormwater from sources outside the right-of-way, as well as stormwater from roadway sources.

TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Report 918: Approaches for Determining and Complying with TMDL Requirements Related to Roadway Stormwater Runoff describes how to evaluate TMDLs and develop a plan to comply with the requirements of a TMDL. The methods provide a robust approach to determining the pollutants of concern and how to assess the contribution of the roadway while understanding other important factors that affect overall pollutant loads, including adjacent land uses and watershed conditions and characteristics.

A set of presentation slides summarizing the project that developed the report is available for download.

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