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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Meetings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25593.
×

Appendix B

Meetings

Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

MEETING #1: NOVEMBER 28-30, 2017

The Keck Center
500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001

TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 2017

DATA-GATHERING SESSION OPEN TO THE PUBLIC
Keck Room 208

1:00 PM Call to Order and Welcome, Brief Introductions by the Committee
Bob Dynes, Committee Chair
1:15 PM National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) Overview of the Material Management and Minimization Program and the Committee’s Tasking
Peter Hanlon, NNSA, Assistant Deputy Administrator for Material Management and Minimization
1:40 PM Plutonium Dilute and Dispose Program Scope and Status
Sachiko McAlhany, NNSA, Senior Technical Advisor
2:40 PM BREAK
3:00 PM The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) and Disposal of Surplus Plutonium
Betsy Forinash, Director, National Transuranic Waste Program—Headquarters, Department of Energy’s Office of Environmental Management (DOE-EM)
3:45 PM Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) Activities Related to the Plutonium Dilute and Dispose Program
Thomas Peake, EPA Radiation Protection Division, Director for the Center for Waste Management and Regulations
4:45 PM Opportunity for Public Comment
5:00 PM End Data-Gathering Session

WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 29, 2017

DATA-GATHERING SESSION OPEN TO THE PUBLIC
Keck Room 208

9:00 AM Call to Order and Welcome, Open Session Reminder
Bob Dynes, Committee Chair
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Meetings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25593.
×
9:10 AM New Mexico Stakeholder Perspectives: Southwest Research and Information Center
Don Hancock, Director, via Webcast
9:40 AM Dilute and Dispose: The Best Available Approach for Excess Plutonium Disposition
Ed Lyman, Senior Scientist, Global Security Program, Union of Concerned Scientists
10:30 AM BREAK
10:45 AM Perspectives from the U.S. Government Accountability Office (U.S. GAO)
David Trimble, Director, Natural Resources and Environment, U.S. GAO Eli Lewine, Senior Analyst, Natural Resources and Environment, U.S. GAO
11:30 AM Historical Perspectives and Congressional Authorities
James Werner, Congressional Research Service
12:15 PM BREAK for LUNCH, catered for committee members
1:00 PM Plutonium Disposal Considerations
Matthew Bunn, Professor of Practice, Harvard Kennedy School, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
1:40 PM Opportunity for Public Comment
2:00 PM End Public Session

THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2017

DATA-GATHERING SESSION NOT OPEN TO THE PUBLIC
Department of Energy, Forrestal Building

8:30 AM Meet at the Forrestal Building for Check-in, Badging, and Security Check
9:00 AM Welcome and Introductions, Review Security Procedures, Briefings
12:45 PM Wrap-up
1:00 PM ADJOURN

Note: The data-gathering session of this meeting to be held on November 30, 2017, from 9:00 AM to 1:00 PM, EST, will not be open to the public under Subsection 15(b)(3) of the Federal Advisory Committee Act, 5 U.S.C. App. The Academy has determined that to open this session to the public would disclose information described in 5 U.S.C. § 552(b).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Meetings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25593.
×

MEETING #31: FEBRUARY 12-13, 2018

Gressette Senate Office Building—Committee Room 105
South Carolina Capitol Complex
1101 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC 29201

DATA-GATHERING SESSION NOT OPEN TO THE PUBLIC
Gressette Senate Office Building—Committee Room 105,
South Carolina Capitol Complex, Columbia, SC

MONDAY, FEBRUARY 12, 2018

5:00 PM Call to Order and Welcome
  • Brief introductions of committee and staff
  • Review of the meeting agenda and objectives
  • Overview of SRS Site Tours
    Robert (Bob) Dynes, Committee Chair
    Jennifer (Jenny) Heimberg, Study Director
Perspectives, Concerns, and Questions About DOE Plans to Dilute and Dispose of Surplus Plutonium at WIPP
5:15 PM Rick Lee, Chair of the Governor’s Nuclear Advisory
Council Charles W. Hess, Vice President, High Bridge Associates
5:45 PM James Marra, Director, Citizens for Nuclear Technology Awareness
6:15 PM Gil Allensworth, Chair, Savannah River Site (SRS) Citizens Advisory Board (CAB)
6:45 PM Christopher Wells, Assistant Director of Nuclear Programs, Southern States Energy Board
7:05 PM Public Comments
The committee will listen to comments from the public. Each comment period will be limited to 3 minutes. Note that the committee accepts written comments at any time during the study. Please send written comments to Plutonium_Disposition@nas.edu.
7:30 PM ADJOURN Day One

Note: The data-gathering sessions of this meeting to be held on February 12, 2018, from 10:00 AM to 11:00 AM, EST, and February 13, 2018, from 9:00 AM to 1:30 PM, EST, will not be open to the public under Subsection 15(b)(3) of the Federal Advisory Committee Act, 5 U.S.C. App. The Academy has determined that to open these sessions to the public would disclose information described in 5 U.S.C. § 552(b).

___________________

1 Meeting #2 was a closed committee-only session.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Meetings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25593.
×

MEETING #4: MARCH 12-14, 2018

New Mexico trip:
Los Alamos, Albuquerque, Carlsbad, and the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP)

MONDAY, MARCH 12, 20182

The classified subgroup will visit Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in the morning of March 12.

SITE VISIT
Los Alamos National Laboratory, ARIES Facility

8:00 AM Welcome and the Advanced Recovery and Integrated Extraction System (ARIES) Overview and Related Dilute and Dispose Activities (To Be Determined LANL Personnel)
8:30 AM Tour ARIES
11:00 AM LUNCH on-site, catered
Meeting with dilute and dispose NNSA Staff
11:30 AM End Tour

DATA-GATHERING SESSION OPEN TO THE PUBLIC
Sheraton Albuquerque Airport Hotel, Gran Quivera Room, Albuquerque, NM

5:00 PM Call to Order and Welcome
  • Brief introductions of committee and staff
  • Review of the meeting agenda and objectives
    Robert (Bob) Dynes, Committee Chair Jennifer
    (Jenny) Heimberg, Study Director
5:15 PM Perspectives, Concerns, and Questions About DOE Plans to Dilute and Dispose of Surplus Plutonium at WIPP
George Anastas, retired, Past President of Health Physics Society
5:45 PM Disposal of Plutonium at WIPP
Don Hancock, Director of Nuclear Waste Programs, Southwest Research and Information Center
6:15 PM Perspectives, Concerns, and Questions About DOE Plans to Dilute and Dispose of Surplus Plutonium at WIPP
Lokesh Chaturvedi, Independent Consultant
6:45 PM The Role of the Governor’s Radioactive Waste Consultation Task Force
Ken McQueen, Cabinet Secretary of New Mexico’s Energy, Minerals, and Natural Resources Department
7:00 PM Public Comments

___________________

2 All times shown below are Mountain Time.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Meetings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25593.
×
The committee will listen to comments from the public. Each comment period will be limited to 3 minutes. Note that the committee accepts written comments at any time during the study. Please send written comments to Plutonium Disposition@nas.edu.
7:30 PM ADJOURN Day One

TUESDAY, MARCH 13, 2018

DATA-GATHERING SESSION OPEN TO THE PUBLIC
Skeen-Whitlock Building, Carlsbad, NM

4:00 PM Call to Order and Welcome
  • Brief introductions of committee and staff
  • Review of the meeting agenda and objectives
  • Overview of the TRANSCOMM and Emergency Operations Center tours
    Robert (Bob) Dynes, Committee Chair
4:15 PM WIPP Regulatory and Operations Overview
Todd Shrader, Manager, Carlsbad Field Office
George Basabilvazo, Chief Scientist, Carlsbad Field Office
Perspectives, Concerns, and Questions About DOE Plans to Dilute and Dispose of Surplus Plutonium at WIPP
6:00 PM Russell Hardy, Director, Carlsbad Environmental Monitoring & Research Center
6:20 PM John Heaton, Chairman of the Mayor’s Nuclear Task Force
6:40 PM Cathrynn Brown, State Representative, and Susan Crockett, Eddy County Commissioner
7:00 PM Public Comments
The committee will listen to comments from the public. Each comment period will be limited to 3 minutes. Note that the committee accepts written comments at any time during the study. Please send written comments to Plutonium_Disposition@nas.edu.
7:30 PM ADJOURN Day Two

Note: The data-gathering session of this meeting to be held on March 12, 2018, from 8:00 AM to 11:30 AM, MDT, will not be open to the public under Subsection 15(b)(3) of the Federal Advisory Committee Act, 5 U.S.C. App. The Academy has determined that to open this session to the public would disclose information described in 5 U.S.C. § 552(b).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Meetings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25593.
×

MEETING #73: MAY 2-3, 2018

The Keck Center
500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001

WEDNESDAY, MAY 2, 2018

DATA-GATHERING SESSION OPEN TO THE PUBLIC
Keck Room 208

2:30 PM New Mexico’s Agreements, Laws, and Regulations: Review of Potential Changes to the Land Withdrawal Act (LWA) and Consultation and Cooperation (C&C) Agreement
Lindsay Lovejoy, Attorney
3:30 PM Termination of Safeguards for the Surplus Plutonium in the Dilute and Dispose Option
Debarah S. Holmer, Office of Environment, Health, Safety and Security (EHSS/AU), Department of Energy (DOE)
4:00 PM Outline of the Dilute and Dispose Option Life-Cycle Cost Estimate (LCCE) Contents
Virginia Kay, Deputy Director, Office of Material Disposition (NA-233), Office of Material Management and Minimization, National Nuclear Security Administration, DOE
4:30 PM Public Comments
4:45 PM ADJOURN

___________________

3 Meetings #5 and #6 were committee-only sessions.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Meetings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25593.
×

MEETING #8: JUNE 26, 2018

The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center
100 Academy Drive, Irvine, CA 92617

TUESDAY, JUNE 26, 2018

All times shown below are Pacific Standard Time.

DATA-GATHERING SESSION NOT OPEN TO THE PUBLIC
Beckman Center, Board Room

12:00 PM Welcome and Call to Order
Robert (Bob) Dynes, Committee Chair
12:15 PM Overview of Current Status and Next Steps of the Dilute and Dispose Program
Pete Hanlon, Assistant Deputy Administrator, Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation, National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), Department of Energy (DOE)
12:45 PM Surplus Plutonium Disposition Program
Sachiko McAlhany, Senior Technical Advisor, NA-23
Todd Shrader, Manager, Carlsbad Field Office, Office of Environmental Management (DOE-EM) Samuel Callahan, Director, Office of Security, AU-50
2:30 PM BREAK in the Foyer

DATA-GATHERING SESSION NOT OPEN TO THE PUBLIC
Beckman Center, Board Room

2:40 PM Welcome
Robert (Bob) Dynes, Committee Chair
2:45 PM Planning, Inventory, and Capacity at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP)
Todd Shrader, Manager, Carlsbad Field Office, DOE-EM
3:45 PM End Data-Gathering Session Open to the Public

DATA-GATHERING SESSION NOT OPEN TO THE PUBLIC
Beckman Center, Board Room

3:50 PM CONT’D (if needed) Surplus Plutonium Disposition Program
Sachiko McAlhany, Senior Technical Advisor, NA-23, NNSA
Todd Shrader, Manager, Carlsbad Field Office, DOE-EM
Samuel Callahan, Director, Office of Security, AU-50, NNSA
5:00 PM NNSA’s Quantities and Production Rates
Sachiko McAlhany, Senior Technical Advisor, NNSA
6:00 PM ADJOURN

Note: The data-gathering sessions of this meeting to be held on June 26, 2018, from 12:00 PM to 2:30 PM and 3:45 PM to 6:00 PM, PDT, will not be open to the public under Subsection 15(b)(3) of the Federal Advisory Committee Act, 5 U.S.C. App. The Academy has determined that to open these sessions to the public would disclose information described in 5 U.S.C. § 552(b).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Meetings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25593.
×

MEETING #9 CLASSIFIED SUBGROUP ONLY: AUGUST 23, 2018

Video Teleconference (VTC)

THURSDAY, AUGUST 23, 2018 (all times shown are Eastern)

DATA-GATHERING SESSION NOT OPEN TO THE PUBLIC
VTC: DOE-HQ, LLNL, and ORNL

12:00 PM Sachiko McAlhany, Senior Technical Advisor, National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
1:45 PM Move to Committee-Only Session
Robert Dynes, Committee Chair, Committee on the Disposal of Surplus Plutonium
3:30 PM ADJOURN

Note: The data-gathering session of this meeting to be held on August 23, 2018, from 12:00 PM to 2:30 PM, EDT, will not be open to the public under Subsection 15(b)(3) of the Federal Advisory Committee Act, 5 U.S.C. App. The Academy has determined that to open this session to the public would disclose information described in 5 U.S.C. § 552(b).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Meetings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25593.
×

MEETING #134: APRIL 16-18, 2019

The Keck Center
500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001

TUESDAY, APRIL 16, 2019

DATA-GATHERING SESSION OPEN TO THE PUBLIC
Keck Room 201

9:00 AM Welcome and Meeting Overview
Robert (Bob) Dynes, Committee Chair
9:15 AM WIPP Compliance, Capacity, Storage, and Transportation
George Basabilvazo, Chief Scientist, Carlsbad Field Office (CBFO), Department of Energy (DOE), and Gregory M. Sahd, Federal Security Officer, CBFO
30 min presentation, 30 min questions from committee
10:15 AM Program Plan for Disposing of 6 MT of Surplus Plutonium
Maxcine Maxted, Savannah River Nuclear Materials Program Manager, Office of the Assistant Manager for Nuclear Materials Stabilization, DOE-Environmental Management (EM)
45 min presentation, 30 min questions from committee
11:30 AM LUNCH, tickets for cafeteria for committee members
12:30 PM Overview of Performance Assessments for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium
Sean Dunagan, Manager of Special Projects and Remote Site Support, Sandia National Laboratories
Questions welcomed from committee throughout presentation
BREAK—at the discretion of the chair
3:45 PM WIPP Compliance Recertification Process and Planned Change Notice Considerations
Tom Peake, Director, Center for Waste Management and Regulations, Environmental Protection Agency
30 min presentation, 30 min questions from committee
4:45 PM Feasibility and Risks of Human Intrusion in WIPP
Cameron Tracy, Stanton Nuclear Security Postdoctoral Fellow, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
30 min presentation, 30 min questions from committee
5:45 PM Opportunity for Public Comments
Each public comment will be limited to no more than 3 minutes' duration
6:00 PM End Data-Gathering Session (no later than 6:00 PM, but potentially ending earlier if there are few public comments)

___________________

4 Meetings #10, #11, #12 were committee-only sessions.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Meetings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25593.
×

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 17, 2019

DATA-GATHERING SESSION OPEN TO THE PUBLIC
Keck Room 201

9:00 AM Call to Order and Welcome, Brief Introductions by the Committee
Bob Dynes, Committee Chair
9:15 AM NNSA Introduction
Bill Kilmartin, Director, Office of Material Disposition, National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
5 minutes
9:20 AM Life-Cycle Cost Estimate Planning Documents: Risk and Opportunity Management Plan (ROMP) and the Risk and Opportunity Analysis Report (ROAR)
Tom Cantey, Surplus Plutonium Disposition Program Manager, Office of Material Disposition, NNSA and Sterling Robertson, Surplus Plutonium Disposition Program Manager, Savannah River Nuclear Solutions
30 min presentation, 30 min questions from committee
10:20 AM National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Strategy
Paloma Richard, NEPA Document Manager, Office of Material Disposition, NNSA
10 min presentation, 20 min questions from the committee
10:50 AM BREAK
11:00 AM Engagement with IAEA for 6 MT
Kevin Veal, Director, Office of International Nuclear Safeguards, NNSA
5 min briefing, 20 min questions from committee
11:30 AM LUNCH
12:30 PM Overview of Dilute and Dispose Waste Form Criticality Analysis for Disposal at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
John Scaglione, Used Fuel Systems Group Leader, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
45 min presentation, 30 min questions from committee
1:45 PM DOE (NNSA and EM) Follow-Up to Address Unanswered Questions from Day One
2:15 PM Opportunity for Public Comments Each public comment will be limited to no more than 3 minutes duration
2:30 PM End Data-Gathering Session (no later than 2:30 PM, but potentially ending earlier if there are few public comments)

THURSDAY, APRIL 18, 2019

DATA-GATHERING SESSION NOT OPEN TO THE PUBLIC
Keck Center

9:00 AM Welcome and Introductions
Bob Dynes
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Meetings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25593.
×
9:10 AM NNSA Roundtable Discussions on Classified Aspects of Dilute and Dispose Plans and Updates to Security Planning
Speaker to Be Determined
10:30 AM Impacts of Dilute and Dispose Plans on Existing WIPP Security Processes
Greg Sahd, CBFO
11:30 AM End Data-Gathering Session

Note: The data-gathering session of this meeting to be held on April 18, 2019, from 9:00 AM to 11:30 AM, EDT, will not be open to the public under Subsection 15(b)(3) of the Federal Advisory Committee Act, 5 U.S.C. App. The Academy has determined that to open this session to the public would disclose information described in 5 U.S.C. 552(b).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Meetings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25593.
×
Page 122
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Meetings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25593.
×
Page 123
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Meetings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25593.
×
Page 124
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Meetings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25593.
×
Page 125
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Meetings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25593.
×
Page 126
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Meetings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25593.
×
Page 127
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Meetings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25593.
×
Page 128
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Meetings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25593.
×
Page 129
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Meetings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25593.
×
Page 130
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Meetings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25593.
×
Page 131
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Meetings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25593.
×
Page 132
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In 2018, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine issued an Interim Report evaluating the general viability of the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration's (DOE-NNSA's) conceptual plans for disposing of 34 metric tons (MT) of surplus plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), a deep geologic repository near Carlsbad, New Mexico. It provided a preliminary assessment of the general viability of DOE-NNSA's conceptual plans, focused on some of the barriers to their implementation. This final report addresses the remaining issues and echoes the recommendations from the interim study.

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