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Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports (2020)

Chapter: Chapter 2 - Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations

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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 2 - Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 2 - Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 2 - Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 2 - Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 2 - Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 2 - Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 2 - Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 2 - Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 2 - Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 2 - Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 2 - Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 2 - Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 2 - Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 2 - Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 2 - Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 2 - Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 2 - Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 2 - Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 2 - Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
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3 In order to manage UAS in the vicinity of airports, operators and managers must have a general understanding of the requirements and elements of UAS operations. This chapter will provide a basic overview of the elements of UAS operations in order to help airport managers gain an understanding of the requirements to manage these operations near airports. It includes development of concept of operations (Section 2.1); regulations for authorization, approval, and notification (Section 2.2); privacy and data challenges (Section 2.3); and hyperlocal consid- erations (Section 2.4). 2.1 Development of Concept of Operations The concept of operations (CONOPS) for UAS is a description of the nature of UAS opera- tions and the resulting impacts on relevant stakeholders and the environment. CONOPS devel- opment is the first step in effectively employing UAS in the airport environment and is key to the successful integration of UAS in the NAS. The goal of developing a CONOPS is to produce a document that defines the UAS “system architecture” (Table 1) to be operated in the airport environments, the airworthiness requirements of the system, the operational requirements of such systems, the operational plan (e.g., intended missions and operational procedures), and the personnel certification/training requirements to support the operational plan within the target environment. The purpose of this section is to ensure that airport operators and managers understand the elements of UAS operations and are able to advise UAS operators who seek guidance on devel- oping a CONOPS in their vicinity. In this section, CONOPS factors are discussed at a high-level with airport-specific considerations. The section concludes with a list of resources to aid airport management in the development or analysis of UAS CONOPS for airports. 2.1.1 System Architecture The description of the system architecture for a CONOPS should define not only the UAS system, but also the environment it is intended to operate within. These are the factors that need to be considered by both the airport and UAS operator when planning a UAS mission. Table 1 describes each element of the system architecture that should be considered. 2.1.2 Operational Plan The dynamic nature of airport operations requires a plan that is designed to suit the environ- ment and is consistent with regulatory and safety requirements for operations. The operational C H A P T E R 2 Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations

4 Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems Element Description Goals and Objectives At a minimum, the objective of a CONOPS includes the seamless integration of the UAS into the already existing CONOPS architecture at airports. To achieve this objective, emphasis should be placed on the (1) primary use for the UAS, (2) method of operation, and (3) required crew and infrastructure necessary to operate the UAS. Further requirements are elaborated in Section 2.2. Primary use for the UAS: The operation of UAS at airports may require prior approval and authorization by FAA in the form of a certificate of authorization (COA) issued to a public aircraft operator or a COA/exemption issued to the operator of a civil UAS not operating under Part 107. For sUAS operated under Part 107, if the airspace in which the sUAS is to be operated is Class B, Class C, or Class D airspace or within the lateral boundaries of the surface area of Class E airspace designated for an airport, the operator will be required to have air traffic control (ATC) approval in the form of an airspace authorization or an airspace waiver issued by FAA. Airports should review the contents of the COA, exemption, and/or airspace authorization/waiver, which detail among other things, the use of the system, and the method of operation. Method of operation: The COA or other applicable FAA approval may also contain the method and manner in which the operator intends to use the system, including information on the manufacturer’s guidelines and system certification from FAA. Airports can expect UAS to operate primarily in two forms: those requiring prepared takeoff surfaces, and those not requiring such surfaces. It is important that the same level of care and concern given to manned aircraft is allotted to UAS as the potential for mishaps and hazardous situations is very high. Required crew and infrastructure: UAS operations require a different kind of crew setup, placement, and infrastructure to support operations (Valavanis and Vachtsevanos, 2015). At a minimum, the crew required for each UAS type, and the communications methods and infrastructure (including the datalink frequencies, voice communication techniques and frequencies, placement of crew and hardware to support the system operation and regulatory requirements and framework within which the UAS would be operated), should be considered and identified. Key Components of the System The CONOPS should define what components would be integrated into the system as well as those systems not needing integration, but may still impact the airport environment nonetheless. Some key components of UAS to be included are (Maddalon et al., 2013): Remote pilot in command (PIC)/operator of the system Unmanned aircraft/platform Ground control station Ground data terminal Airborne data terminal Electromagnetic frequencies and communication facilities Power source consideration Hangar spaces/shelter for the system Potential risk factors including line-of-sight obstructions System Operation The operation of the system is a step-by-step process that gives airport management a complete picture of the UAS operation. These elements should be documented by the airport operations department/manager in coordination with FAA Airport District Office and ATC. In outlining the system operation, certain key areas need to be addressed including: Airworthiness requirements Airspace segregation Flight routes and procedures Intra-Crew and ATC briefing and communications Datalink frequency, bandwidth, and interference Table 1. Elements of system architecture for UAS CONOPS.

Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations 5 plan is a description of how UAS operations will be conducted within the airport environ- ment from the airport manager, operations department/manager, and air traffic control (ATC) perspective. Before each planned UAS flight, the airport operations manager, operations department/ manager, and ATC must consider the operational environment elements factored into the operational plan. To ensure that most pertinent factors are considered, the following consider- ations are included: a. Operational environment b. Stakeholder coordination c. Flight planning and execution d. Regulatory guidance Except flight planning, execution, and operational environment, other parts of the planned UAS flight could be standardized, which may need to be revised periodically. The flight planning and execution section would be unique for each mission flown and the overriding conditions peculiar to that flight. A checklist approach that identifies sections that must be addressed by all stakeholders prior to any flight could prove helpful and efficient to ensuring all relevant sections of the operational plan are addressed completely. 2.1.3 Personnel Certification Requirements Airport personnel accustomed to working with manned aircraft would find that major differ- ences exist between manned and unmanned aircraft. Currently, no certification requirements Element Description Obstacle and line-of-sight considerations Contingency/emergency plans Safety management systems (SMSs) Regulatory requirements Facility Management Integrating UAS into the airport environment poses a challenge of modifying existing infrastructure to meet system requirements. Priority consideration should be given to the communications/navigational facilities. These include: Command and control datalink Voice communication equipment Navigational aid (NAVAID) utilization by UAS Limitations of UAS Operations There may be an initial desire to treat UAS as traditional manned aircraft, but the inability of UAS to meet many requirements and restrictions placed on manned aircraft is of particular concern to ATC and other airspace users. Integration of UAS and manned aircraft operations requires evaluation and consideration of certain procedures. Some procedures needing assessment include: Takeoff and landing procedures Arrival and departure procedures See/sense/detect-and-avoid procedures Lost communication procedures Weather minimums [Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) and Visual Flight Rules (VFR) requirements] Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs) Table 1. (Continued).

6 Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems exist for the airport personnel working with UAS in airports. However, Part 107 (see Sec- tion 2.2.2.1) identifies sUAS operating rules (Section B) and requirements for remote pilot certification (Section C). Part 107 provides an initial set of guidelines and frameworks from which airport operators can provide guidance to their personnel regarding the nature of UAS operations; what is and is not permissible, and other operational considerations. Further airport training and guidance for airport operations personnel in charge of safety and security could provide additional value to its employees and ensure a culture of UAS safety. Training of safety policy, procedures, and risk mitigations must be shared with the relevant employees. In general, training should seek to introduce UAS types, operations, operational limitations, procedures (airport and UAS), and authorization and approval processes. While FAA has developed minimum requirements for sUAS remote pilot certification, there is no consensus as to a standard training program for persons operating sUAS. As part of the certification requirement toward certifying remote pilots, FAA has an online course found on their website (www.faasafety.gov), as well as the aeronautical knowledge test which applicants must undergo and pass to obtain a remote pilot certificate with an sUAS rating. This course and knowledge test provide prospective operators with a wide range of UAS knowledge including an introduction to sUAS, registration, operations and limitations, and best practices. The course is not meant to be all-inclusive, but provides the operators with a very basic knowledge necessary to safely operate sUAS in the NAS. Pilots may benefit from additional training and knowledge relating to specific types of operations and operating environments. To this end, airport operators could develop their training programs to meet their individual needs while referencing FAA’s online training materials. They could ensure their training pro- gram addresses the topics contained in FAA’s training course and knowledge test tailored to incorporate other areas of importance specific to the environment of their airport, including its vicinity and its unique airport operations. This training could enhance the effectiveness and effi- ciency of sUAS operations around their airports, while promoting a high culture and standard of aviation safety. Airport operators should also consider Part 107 certification for personnel directly responsible for interacting with UAS operators to ensure full knowledge of the dynami- cally changing regulatory environment. 2.1.4 Key Resources The development of the appropriate CONOPS is defined in more detail in the following resources: • Handbook of Unmanned Aircraft Vehicles (Valavanis and Vachtsevanos, 2015), a multi- volume handbook that addresses a number of topics including sections on UAS airspace integration planning and UAS mission planning. • “Perspectives on Unmanned Aircraft Classification for Civil Airworthiness Standards” (Maddalon et al., 2013), a technical report from the NASA UAS in the NAS, which discusses UAS classification and the relationship of those classifications to current manned aircraft categories. • Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems Guide: Exploring Designs, Operations, Regulations, and Economics (Terwilliger et al., 2017), Chapter 5: Business of Unmanned Aviation: From Agencies to Startups, which provides a summary of different UAS stakeholders, their considerations for starting a UAS operational program, and areas of growth for UAS appli- cations in business.

Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations 7 2.2 Authorization, Approval, and Notification While FAA has primary responsibility for regulating UAS operations, including the issuance of relevant authorizations and approvals, it is also important for the airports to know how these processes work. This section provides an overview of these regulations so that airport managers and operators can better advise UAS operators in their vicinity. 2.2.1 Model Aircraft UAS operations that are permissible under certain conditions are “model aircraft.” At the time of this writing, FAA is currently developing and adopting new rules for model aircraft. FAA is asking model aircraft users to follow the previously legislated rules specified in Sec- tion 336 of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012. In October of 2018, the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 repealed Section 336 from the previous authorization and defined in Section 349 new legislation—“Exception for Limited Recreational Operations of Unmanned Aircraft.” The remainder of this section will discuss Section 336 as the current rules to be followed as per FAA. The section concludes with a summary of noteworthy provisions in Section 349 of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018. In order to qualify as a “model aircraft”—under the Special Rule for Model Aircraft in Sec- tion 336 of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 and 14 CFR Part 101, Subpart E, Special Rule for Model Aircraft—the aircraft must be flown strictly for hobby, recreational, or educational purposes, flown in accordance with a community-based set of safety guidelines and within the programming of a nationwide community-based organization, must weigh no more than 55 pounds, and must be operated in a manner that does not interfere with and gives way to any manned aircraft. The definition of recreational use is provided in Figure 1. Model aircraft operations must not endanger the airspace. Model aircraft operators are required to provide the Figure 1. Definition of recreational use of UAS (adapted from 14 CFR § 101; Section 336 of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act, 2012; FAA, 2016a; and FAA, 2016b).

8 Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems airport operator and the ATC tower (if there is one) with prior notice of the operation when operated within 5 miles of an airport. As a summary, Figure 2 depicts examples of Part 101 per- missible (i.e., compliant) and non-compliant UAS operations. According to FAA (2017a), an airport operator cannot deny (i.e., prohibit or prevent) such operations, but an objection can be noted as unsafe or suspected unauthorized use can be reported (FAA, 2017a); see Section 2.2.3 Reporting Suspected Unauthorized Use. The following represent resources that may assist airport operators in external cooperation and coordination with recreational and educational users in their community: • FAA, Memorandum, Educational Use of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS): https:// www.faa.gov/uas/resources/uas_regulations_policy/media/interpretation-educational-use- of-uas.pdf • FAA, FAQ, Flying for Fun Under the Special Rule for Model Aircraft: https://www.faa.gov/ uas/faqs/#ffr • FAA, Interpretation of the Special Rule for Model Aircraft: https://www.faa.gov/uas/media/ model_aircraft_spec_rule.pdf • FAA, Advisory Circular (AC) 91-57a, Model Aircraft Operating Standards: https://www. faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/AC_91-57A_Ch_1.pdf Under the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018, with the repeal of current model aircraft rules and instructions to FAA to enact new rules under the legislation’s directives, the new rules shall contain once implemented provisions for UAS registration, requirements for BVLOS operations for recreational model users, and automated authorization in controlled air- space in “accordance with the mutually agreed upon operating procedures established with Figure 2. 14 CFR § 101 compliant and non-compliant UAS operations (Ed. = educational use, STEM = science, technology, engineering, and mathematics).

Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations 9 the airport operator and airport ATC tower (when an air traffic facility is located at the airport).” These provisions take effect once FAA implements the new rules. 2.2.2 Other FAA UAS Operational Approval Mechanisms If a UAS operation does not meet the “model aircraft” requirements outlined in Section 2.2.1, the process for permissible UAS operations in the NAS varies depending on whether the UAS is operated under Part 91 or Part 107 (sUAS only) and whether the operation is considered a public aircraft operation or civil aircraft operation. These approval mechanisms for both public and civil operators are depicted in Figure 3 and described in the following subsections. 2.2.2.1 Part 107 sUAS Part 107 provides clarity and a streamlined operational pathway for operators seeking to use UAS commercially. In other words, Part 107 provides one pathway for legal UAS operations that are not covered by the hobbyist/recreational requirement in Part 101 (Section 2.2.1). The basic operating requirements for Part 107 operations are shown in Figure 4. Additionally, to provide flexibility and accommodate new and innovative UAS technology, Part 107 contains a waiver process for authorizing expanded operations beyond the scope of what is currently permitted under the rule via a certificate of waiver when the operation can be conducted safely. Figure 3. Federal UAS operational approval mechanisms.

10 Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems Waivable sections of Part 107 include: • Operation from a moving vehicle or aircraft (§ 107.25) • Daylight operation (§ 107.29) • Visual line-of-sight aircraft operation (§ 107.31) • Visual observer (§ 107.33) • Operation of multiple small unmanned aircraft systems (§ 107.35) • Yielding the right of way (§ 107.37(a)) • Operation over people (§ 107.39) • Operation in certain airspace (§ 107.41) • Operating limitations for small unmanned aircraft (§ 107.51) Waiver Information in Part 107 can be found in the following resources: • UAS remote pilots can apply for deviations from Part 107, as a certificate of waiver online (expect a 90-day review and approval cycle, based on complexity of requested waiver): https:// www.faa.gov/uas/request_waiver/ Figure 4. 14 CFR Part 107 requirements and waiver procedures (adapted from 14 CFR § 107 and FAA, 2016b).

Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations 11 • FAA, Waiver Application Instructions (2017): https://www.faa.gov/uas/request_waiver/ media/waiver_application_instructions.pdf • FAA, Waiver Safety Explanation Guidelines for Part 107 Waiver Applications (2017): https:// www.faa.gov/uas/request_waiver/waiver_safety_explanation_guidelines/ As of August 22, 2018, FAA has granted a total of 1,988 Part 107 waivers, including: • 1,818 Night waivers • 106 Airspace waivers2 • 37 Operation of multiple small UAS waivers • 28 Operating limitations waivers • 22 Visual line-of-sight waivers • 13 Operations over people waivers • 13 Visual observer waivers • 4 Moving vehicle/aircraft waivers The following resources may assist airport operators to evaluate proposed operations within their vicinity, specifically related to Part 107: • FAA, AC 107-2: Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS): https://www.faa.gov/uas/media/ AC_107-2_AFS-1_Signed.pdf • FAA, sUAS Part 107: The Small UAS Rule: https://www.faa.gov/uas/media/faa-uas-part107- flyer.pdf • FAA, Fact Sheet—Small Unmanned Aircraft Regulations (Part 107): https://www.faa.gov/ news/fact_sheets/news_story.cfm?newsId=20516 • FAA, Summary of Small Unmanned Aircraft Rule (Part 107): https://www.faa.gov/uas/media/ Part_107_Summary.pdf 2.2.2.2 Certifications of Waiver or Authorization Prior to the implementation of Part 107, businesses seeking to operate UAS (as civil aircraft) needed to apply for and receive a “Section 333 Exemption” and certificate of authorization (COA) from FAA. Public aircraft operators did not need to obtain a Section 333 Exemption, however they needed to obtain a public COA from FAA. These approval mechanisms are still applicable for use in cases falling outside of Part 107, including, for example, the operation of UAS weighing 55 lbs. or greater. Additionally, public aircraft operators can voluntarily elect to operate UAS as civil aircraft under Part 107, or, for operations outside the bounds of Part 107, as civil aircraft under a Section 333 Exemption and accompanying COA. While airport operators are not involved with the process of issuing COAs, it is important for airport managers and operations departments/managers to understand the requirements and processes that UAS operators are required to follow to operate a UAS. Furthermore, airports operating UAS would also use similar COA processes. Public COA. Qualifying federal, state, and local agencies may choose to operate UAS as a public aircraft operation. A public operation involves a “public aircraft” UAS (meaning that it is publicly owned or operated on behalf of a public agency or government), carrying out a “govern- mental function” under the authority of a COA issued to the government entity or as specified in a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA), between the using agency and FAA Headquarters. UAS operated as public aircraft are required to comply with airspace restrictions and airport coordi- nation requirements contained in the applicable COA or MOA. 2The FAA no longer publishes airspace waivers in the waiver database, so the actual number of airspace waivers granted will be higher.

12 Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems The public COA process is summarized in Figure 5 and is specific to operators of public UAS by government agencies, organizations, or their vendors. These COAs still exist today for flights that do not meet requirements of Part 107 or their specific waiver-able conditions. Generally, the COA procedure allows operation of a registered and marked aircraft by a certified pilot within a specific geographic area, but also requires application and approval from the FAA Air Traffic Organization (ATO). The process is handled through an online system (https://ioeaaa.faa.gov/ oeaaa/) and approvals are provided to the applicant for 2 years (unless otherwise specified in the COA), and include a nationwide “blanket” COA with similar requirements to the Part 107 rules [e.g., operation under 400 feet above ground level (AGL)]. Special Governmental Interest COA. Public and, in select cases, civil UAS operations may need to be conducted to support activities which answer significant and urgent governmental interests, including national defense, homeland security, law enforcement, and emergency oper- ations objectives. In the event that these operations cannot be supported by FAA’s regular COA processes or Part 107 waiver process due to their exigent circumstances, they may be conducted under the authority of a COA addendum or Part 107 authorizations/waivers granted through the special government interest process managed by System Operations Security. FAA may apply this process if the following conditions are met: • The proponent must be operating under the authority of an active COA (including Blanket COAs) or in compliance with Part 107, as determined by System Operations Security. • The UAS operations to be authorized must be conducted within a timeframe incompatible with the processing time required for regular COA or Part 107 processes, as determined by System Operations Security. • The requested operations must be flown by a governmental entity or sponsored/supported by a governmental entity (i.e., the operation is to be flown at the request of or is specifically supported by a governmental entity) as determined by System Operations Security. • The operations must directly support an active (e.g., not demonstration) homeland security, law enforcement, or emergency operations effort, or some other response, relief, or recovery activity benefiting a critical public good (e.g., restoration of an electrical grid or some other Figure 5. COA process for UAS operations before the Part 107 (adapted from FAA, 2014a and FAA, 2017b).

Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations 13 critical infrastructure, or media coverage). The fulfillment of this requirement is determined by System Operations Security in consultation, as needed, with FAA’s interagency partners. Qualifying proponents of public UAS operations should contact the System Operations Support Center (SOSC), a component of System Operations Security, at (202) 267-8276 for assistance. A backup request should be sent to the SOSC via email at: 9-ator-hq-sosc@faa.gov. Additional details are located in Chapter 7 of FAA Order JO 7200.23A, Unmanned Aircraft Systems (August 1, 2017). Section 333 Exemption. For commercial (civil) UAS not operated under Part 107, the authority to operate derives from a special airworthiness certificate (SAC), restricted category aircraft (14 CFR § 21.25), or an exemption (with COAs) issued under Section 333 of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012. Section 333 directed the Secretary of Transportation to determine whether UAS operations posing the least amount of public risk and no threat to national security could safely be operated in the NAS and, if so, to establish requirements for the safe operation of these systems in the NAS. This provision was created prior to Part 107, but, as described in Figure 6, it is still relevant for a small percentage of UAS operations that cannot be conducted under Part 107. When a Section 333 Exemption is granted, the petitioner is issued a blanket COA. Blanket COAs typically permit nationwide flights in Class G airspace at or below 400 feet AGL. If the intended operation cannot be conducted under the provisions of the blanket COA, the propo- nent must apply for a Standard COA for specific airspace. Civil UAS operated under Part 91 must comply with the airspace restrictions and airport coordination requirements contained in the Section 333 Exemption and applicable COA. UAS operations conducted under a blan- ket COA must be preceded by a NOTAM (72 to 24 hours before) featuring the pilot’s name and address, specified operational area (location and altitude), time and type of operation, and registration number of UAS (FAA, 2016c). NOTAMs can be filed by contacting one of the following: a) Local base operations or NOTAM issuing authority b) NOTAM Flight Service Station at 1-877-4-US-NTMS (1-877-487-6867) Figure 6. Description of the purpose of Section 333 (adapted from FAA, 2008; FAA, 2014a; and FAA, 2017b).

14 Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems Additionally, sample NOTAMs filed for Killeen-Fort Hood Regional Airport and Southern California Logistics Airport are provided in Figure 7 (Neubauer et al., 2015). 2.2.3 Reporting Suspected Unauthorized Use If UAS operations are occurring within the vicinity of an airport that do not meet the require- ments outlined in Sections 2.2.1 and 2.2.2, there are several options that can be used to report suspected unauthorized use. These methods should be used for any suspicious, illegal, or unsanc- tioned operations creating unsafe conditions within the NAS or in violation of state/local laws and ordinances. • FAA Hotline Reporting Form: https://hotline.faa.gov/ • Contact local Flight Standards District Office (FSDO): https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/ field_offices/fsdo/ • Contact state/local law enforcement if state laws governing use of UAS/aircraft or opera- tional personnel are violated, including trespass, privacy, and/or operation of a vehicle (e.g., Florida State Statute 860.13, Operation of aircraft while intoxicated or in a careless or reckless manner; 2017); reference Law Enforcement Engagement With Suspected Unauthorized UAS Operations (FAA, 2016e) in reporting. Figure 7. Sample NOTAMs issued for Killeen-Fort Hood Regional Airport and Southern California Logistics Airport (Neubauer et al., 2015).

Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations 15 2.2.4 Segregating UAS Traffic Airport operators can expect to receive requests and/or notifications from civil, public, and model aircraft operators to operate UAS in close proximity of a facility (i.e., within 5 statute miles). While airports generally do not have the authority to approve or deny UAS operations within close proximity, it is helpful to understand the rules for operating UAS near airports so that airports can best inform these stakeholders. If operating within Classes B, C, D, or E airspace, FAA policy requires that the UAS operator monitor the on-site ATC tower frequency and call the ATC tower, on a landline, upon initiation and completion of operations. The rules governing the operation of UAS within close proximity to airports differ for Part 107 and non- Part 107 operations. 2.2.4.1 Part 107 Operations Within Vicinity of Airports Part 107 uses the segregation of air traffic as the initial means of ensuring safety of opera- tions. The rule requires UAS operators to fly their aircraft no higher than 400 feet AGL, unless flown within a 400-foot radius of a structure and no higher than 400 feet above the structure’s immediate uppermost limit, at speeds no greater than 100 miles per hour, within visual line of sight, and only during daylight hours. Certain portions of Part 107 will impact airports. Part 107 allows sUAS to operate in Class B, Class C, or Class D airspace, or within the lateral boundaries of the surface area of Class E air- space designated for an airport if the operator has obtained prior authorization from ATC. Prior ATC authorization is not required for operations in Class G airspace. Under Part 107, ATC approval for UAS to operate in certain airspace must be in the form of either an airspace waiver or airspace authorization issued to the operator. Requests must be submitted through the FAA’s DroneZone Portal or LAANC (discussed below). If a Part 107 operator contacts an ATC facility directly for authorization, FAA Order JO 7200.23A, Unmanned Aircraft Systems, instructs ATC facilities not to issue the authorization, and instead directs the operator to the FAA UAS website, http://www.faa.gov/uas/. It is also important to note that, while Letters of Agreement (LOA) between an airport and a UAS operator may be used in conjunction with an airspace waiver/authorization, they cannot be used in lieu of airspace authorizations/waivers. Currently, airspace authorization requests are subject to long waiting periods; it can take FAA up to one year to issue an authorization. To address these challenges, FAA is collaborat- ing with private industry to facilitate the sharing of airspace data in an effort to streamline the airspace authorization process. Under FAA’s “UAS Data Exchange” umbrella, the agency will support multiple partnerships, the first of which is the Low Altitude Authorization and Noti- fication Capability or “LAANC.” LAANC is an industry-developed application with the goal of providing UAS operators near real-time processing of airspace notifications and automatic approval of requests that are below approved altitudes in controlled airspace. Airspace data is provided through the UAS facility maps created by ATC facilities which show the maximum altitude around airports where FAA may authorize operations without further coordination with the individual ATC facility. Airspace authorization requests to operate at altitudes above the limits of the UAS facility map will need to be processed using FAA’s current online portal process. FAA launched a prototype evaluation of LAANC in October 2017 and it is currently deploying in waves regionally across the country. As of February 2019, LAANC is available at 480 airports. A list of facilities/airports participating in LAANC is available at https://www.faa.gov/uas/programs_partnerships/uas_data_exchange/ airports_participating_in_laanc/#all.

16 Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems 2.2.4.2 Non-Part 107 Operations in Close Proximity to Airports Public aircraft operators and civil aircraft operators not operating under Part 107 will be required to comply with the airport notification/coordination requirements of the applicable COA. The rules governing the operation of model aircraft in the vicinity of airports also differ from those for operations occurring under Part 107 and/or public/civil operations occurring under a COA/Section 333 Exemption. Under the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, Section 336, and 14 CFR Part 101, Subpart E, Special Rule for Model Aircraft, model aircraft operators are only required to provide the airport operator and the ATC tower (if there is one) with prior notice of the operation when operated within 5 miles of an airport. 2.2.5 Airport Operator Review of UAS Operational Requests Civil and public UAS operating under a COA (and a Section 333 Exemption for civil UAS) may be required to obtain permission from an airport before operating within 5 statute miles of an airport. sUAS operated under Part 107 are not required to obtain permission from an airport operator before conducting operations in the vicinity of an airport. However, Part 107 prohib- its sUAS from interfering with airport operations and an airspace authorization from ATC is required for operations in Class B, Class C, or Class D airspace or within the lateral boundaries of the surface area of Class E airspace designated for an airport. Model aircraft operators are required to provide notification to an airport (and ATC if there is a tower), before operating within 5 miles of an airport. While permission from an airport may not always be required, airport operators can expect to receive requests from those within their community to operate UAS in close proximity of a facility (i.e., within 5 statute miles). In such cases, a detailed analysis of the request may assist to uncover potential safety or liability risks associated with the request. Figure 8 represents a process to evaluate such requests and possible actions or decision points, given the applicant provided information. The following represents an overview of the linear review process: 1. Is the request from a remote pilot seeking to fly under 14 CFR Part 101 (Subpart E, Special Rule for Model Aircraft)? If yes, proceed to step a; if no, evaluate as a non-Part 101 UAS operation (proceed to step 2). NOTE: Items 1a to 1e are considered best practices, as an airport operator cannot deny (i.e., prohibit or prevent) recreational (Part 101) model aircraft operations, but an objection can be noted and unsafe or suspected unauthorized use can be reported (FAA 2017, Flying for Fun Under the Special Rule for Model Aircraft). a. Is the proposed use for personal enjoyment or education use (e.g., evaluation of a UAS design or exhibition to promote STEM)? If yes, proceed; if no, object, deny endorsement, and rec- ommend user seek appropriate federal operational approval (e.g., Part 107, public/civil COA, or SAC). b. Confirm the user will not be receiving compensation (e.g., payment, goods, or services in kind) or they are not capturing data for a faculty-led research project. If yes, proceed; if no, object, deny endorsement, and recommend user seek appropriate federal operational approval (see Figure 2 for a breakdown of typically authorized vs. not-authorized operations under Part 101). c. Does the proposed use (operation) and the specific UAS comply with the requirements of a national community-based organization (CBO), such as the Academy of Model Aero- nautics? If yes, proceed; if no, object, deny endorsement, and recommend user either modify proposed use to comply with CBO requirements or seek appropriate federal operational approval.

Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations 17 d. Does the proposed use comply with state and local laws governing such use (e.g., UAS, aircraft, or vehicles) in your area? If yes, proceed; if no, request the user complies (revises opera- tional plan to address specific requirements and exhibits proof of compliance), or else object and deny endorsement. e. Has the user contacted all airports, heliports, and seaplane bases within a 5SM radius of the proposed operational area? (NOTE: check location using tools such as B4UFly). If yes, and all additional criteria have been satisfied, approve/support operations; if no, request the user complies and exhibits proof of compliance, or else object and deny endorsement. 2. Is the user either a public (e.g., governmental organization or public school/college/university) or civil (all others) operator? If yes, proceed to step a; if no, request further information. NOTE: Public COA holders are permitted to self-certify remote pilots. a. Has the user obtained appropriate Federal approval for operation in your area (as defined below; FAA UAS operational requirement)? If yes, proceed; if no, deny approval/endorsement (such flight not permissible) until criteria are met. i. Under Part 107: in Class G airspace with a registered and marked sUAS conform- ing to weight and performance limits (e.g., less than 55 pounds MTOW, less than 100mph/87knots; see Section 2.2.2.1). Figure 8. UAS operational approval evaluation flowchart.

18 Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems ii. Under Part 107 with certificate of waiver: In accordance with Part 107, except where allowable deviation is specified in approved certificate of waiver. iii. Under public/civil COA, within approved (or defined) operational area or under nationwide blanket COA requirements: In Class G airspace with a registered and marked sUAS conforming to weight and performance limits (e.g., less than 55 pounds MTOW, less than 100mph/87knots); either case also requires pilot to file a NOTAM 24 to 72 hours before operation. iv. Under SAC: within specified requirements of approval. b. Will the flight be conducted under the authority of a certified and current PIC (as defined below; FAA UAS operational requirement)? If yes, proceed; if no, deny approval/ endorsement (such flight not permissible) until criteria are met. i. Operations under Part 107: Operator with FAA certified Remote Pilot Certificate (certified within last 2 years). ii. Operations under Civil COA (with Section 333 Exemption) or SAC: Current manned rated pilot (applicable certification must be current within last 2 years; e.g., any Part-61 certification except student pilot; includes sport, private, instrument, com- mercial, and airline transport pilot). iii. Operations under Public COA: Organizations are permitted to self-certify remote pilots (confirm certification endorsement). c. Does the user have an operational plan, including appropriate SMS and checklists, specific to the UAS (non-mandatory best practice, with exception of checklist which is a FAA UAS operational requirement)? If yes, and any additional criteria you deem necessary have been met, proceed; if no, deny approval/endorsement until criteria are met (i.e., recommend they create and submit an appropriate operational plan addressing specific areas of concern or desired detail). d. Has the user contacted all applicable stakeholders that may be affected by operation (e.g., landowner[s], other government agencies, or other parties; non-mandatory best prac- tice)? If yes, proceed; if no, deny approval/endorsement until criteria are met (i.e., contact affected parties). e. Does the proposed use comply with state and local laws governing such use (e.g., UAS, aircraft, or vehicles) in your area (FAA UAS operational requirement)? If yes, and all additional criteria you may have has been satisfied approve/support operations; if no, request the user complies (revises operational plan to address specific requirements and exhibits proof of compliance), or else deny approval/endorsement. 2.2.6 Further Resources The following represent resources that may assist airport operators in external cooperation/ coordination with public and civil (i.e., commercial) UAS operators in their community: • Know Before You Fly website: http://knowbeforeyoufly.org/ • FAA – UAS webpage (including Getting Started, Beyond the Basics, and FAQ): https://www.faa. gov/uas/ – State and Local Regulation of Unmanned Aircraft Systems Fact Sheet: https://www.faa.gov/ uas/resources/uas_regulations_policy/media/uas_fact_sheet_final.pdf – FAA Order JO 7200.23A (August 1, 2017): https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/ Order/JO_7200.23A_Unmanned_Aircraft_Systems_(UAS).pdf • Academy of Model Aeronautics – National Model Aircraft Safety Code: https://www.modelaircraft.org/files/105.pdf – Safety Handbook: https://www.modelaircraft.org/sites/default/files/100.pdf

Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations 19 • Online Aeronautical Charts (featuring UAS NOTAMs; i.e., DROTAMs; see “Layers— Weather”): https://skyvector.com • Example UAS Operational Checklists/Manuals – Pre-flight: https://support.dronedeploy.com/v1/docs/pre-flight-checklist – General checklist: https://inside.mines.edu/UserFiles/File/PoGo/Compliance%26Ethics/ UAS_Checklist_PrePostFlight_Draft2016Nov5.pdf – Commercial Best Practices: https://www.aig.com/content/dam/aig/america-canada/us/ documents/business/specialty/guide-lrc-aero_business-uas-best-practices-sample-final.pdf – Pre/post-operation checklist: https://www.faasafety.gov/files/helpcontent/courses/suas_ 5095_lms_2/resources/index.htm – Example Operations Manual: http://www.pipermountainaerial.com/uploads/1/0/2/0/ 102025336/piper-mountain-aerial_uas-operations-manual.pdf 2.3 Privacy and Data Considerations This section briefly discusses privacy and data considerations for UAS operations in the vicin- ity of airports. It is not in the airport’s authority to dictate or provide legal guidance regarding UAS privacy for those operating in the vicinity of their airport. However, there are some con- siderations worth noting so that airports can best inform these stakeholders. Additionally, when these operations are established under agreement with the airport, some additional privacy/ considerations are established. The very characteristics that make UAS so promising for commercial uses, including their small size, maneuverability and capacity to carry various kinds of recording or sensory devices, are the same characteristics that raise privacy issues among members of the public. Public con- cerns related to privacy are commonly associated with UAS operations that collect data including videos and images that, if disclosed, could reveal private information of people and businesses. This concern is relevant for both Part 101 (hobbyist), public UAS operations (COA [or certifi- cate of waiver] and Part 107), and commercial UAS operations (Part 107 or Section 333 Exemption). To mitigate these concerns, the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce) brought together stakeholder groups includ- ing privacy advocates, governments and industry to craft privacy best practices, which were endorsed and published in 2016 (Table 2). Additionally, if an airport enters into an agreement with a UAS operator (e.g., a routine per- mission to operate from the airport or its surrounding airspace; a tenant agreement to operate routinely from the airport), then privacy and data policy issues should be considered to maintain the appropriate level of privacy as necessary for the nature of those operations and the agree- ment. The most direct approach to addressing this concern would be the implementation of a Privacy Considerations Airport’s Role Unauthorized photography of people and property Share best privacy and practice resources with operators inquiring about operating in vicinity of airport Direct them to review any additional community or organizational standards applicable to the UAS operator Disclosure of sensitive information (under airport agreement with operator) Agreements for routine operation with UAS operators should address any privacy concerns between the airport and the UAS operator (e.g., establishment of a non-disclosure agreement) Table 2. Guidance for airport privacy considerations.

20 Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems non-disclosure agreement between all parties involved in supporting the operation. Potential topics of disclosure include operator’s clientele and business specific details regarding the opera- tions performed under the agreement with the airport. A non-disclosure agreement would allow all parties to agree upon mutually what is ineligible for disclosure as well as the limits on the agreement. While privacy is an important consideration, it is not regulated by aviation entities. Neither the airport nor FAA has the authority to regulate on the basis of privacy considerations. Some additional resources for reference regarding privacy and community-based guidance on UAS best practices have been developed and are referenced below (AUVSI, 2012; Know Before You Fly, 2015; and NTIA, 2016). The following resources listed below can be referenced for additional guidance on UAS privacy policy, best practice, and considerations. • Voluntary Best Practices—NTIA (NTIA, 2016): This document addresses UAS guidance for privacy, transparency, and accountability for both private and commercial UAS use. • Know Before You Fly, UAS Best Practices (Know Before You Fly, 2015): This website outlines several coordination-related best practices to protect privacy. • AUVSI, Code of Conduct (AUVSI, 2012): This code provides best practices for “safe, non- intrusive” UAS operations in order to “accelerate public confidence in these systems.” It pro- vides a checklist that is categorized by guidance to achieve safety, professionalism, and respect in UAS operations. 2.4 Hyperlocal Restrictions and Federal Preemption Section 2.2 provided a basis for the current governing regulations related to UAS operations. As a general matter, FAA’s safety authority preempts any state or local government regulation of aircraft operations. However, state and local governments do retain certain authority to limit the aeronautical activities of their own departments and institutions. State and local governments have enacted UAS rules that test the boundaries of this authority. In response to a flurry of local and state UAS policy proposals, FAA clarified in a Fact Sheet on State and Local Regulation of UAS that FAA maintains regulatory authority over matters pertaining to aviation safety. The fact sheet explains why a consistent regulatory system for aircraft operations, including UAS, is essential to ensuring aviation safety. The fact sheet also provides examples of state and local laws affecting UAS for which consultation with FAA is recommended, such as “restrictions on flight altitude or flight paths, regulation of the navigable airspace, and mandating UAS-specific equipment or training.” Furthermore, the fact sheet gives examples of UAS laws likely to fall within state and local police power, such as “requirements for police to obtain a warrant prior to using UAS for surveillance; prohibitions on the use of UAS for voyeurism; exclusions on using UAS for hunting or fishing, or harassing individuals engaged in those activities; and prohibitions on attaching firearms or other weapons to a UAS” (FAA, 2015a). In 2018, FAA issued a press release (2018, July 20), which reiterated the fact that, “[c]ities and municipalities are not permitted to have their own rules or regulations governing the operation of aircraft.” In 2017, one such local ordinance, in the City of Newton, Massachusetts, was involved in a case of first impression, laying the foundation for similar ordinances across the country to be challenged. In the Newton case a federal judge struck down parts of the ordinance that conflicted

Understanding the Requirements to Manage UAS Operations 21 with federal law and the intent of Congress. The stricken parts were the city’s ban of drone flights over private property at or below 400 feet without the property owner’s permission; the requirement to register the drones with the city; and a ban on drones overflying schools, city property, or sporting events without specific permission (“Judge overturns local law that effec- tively banned drones over small town,” 2017, September 22). It is noteworthy to recognize that a property owner’s right remains to allow or prohibit take- offs and landings from their property. This extends to public land as well as private residences, but does not conflict with federal law on the governance of the airspace above said land. This is why the National Park Service, for instance, is within its right to prohibit takeoffs and landings from the surface or require a person request permission.

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Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports Get This Book
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The introduction of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) has presented a wide range of new safety, economic, operational, regulatory, community, environmental, and infrastructure challenges to airports and the National Airspace System. These risks are further complicated by the dynamic and shifting nature of UAS technologies.

The Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 212: Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems provides guidance for airports on UAS in the areas of managing UAS operations in the vicinity of an airport and engaging stakeholders (Volume 1), incorporating UAS into airport infrastructure and planning (Volume 2), and potential use of UAS by airport operators (Volume 3).

Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports provides guidance for airport operators and managers to interact with UAS operations in the vicinity of airports. The demand for commercial UAS may increase significantly once advanced UAS operations—including beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) operations, operations over people, and operations of multiple UAS by one pilot—are allowed through broader regulatory frameworks. The introduction of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) has presented a wide range of new safety, economic, operational, regulatory, community, environmental, and infrastructure challenges to airports and the National Airspace System. These risks are further complicated by the dynamic and shifting nature of UAS technologies.

Volume 2: Incorporating UAS into Airport Infrastructure—Planning Guidebook provides planning, operational, and infrastructure guidance to safely integrate existing and anticipated UAS operations into an airport environment.

Volume 3: Potential Use of UAS by Airport Operators provides airports with resources to appropriately integrate UAS missions as part of their standard operations.

Supplemental resources to ACRP Research Report 212 are provided in ACRP Web-Only Document 42: Toolkits and Resource Library for Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems.

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