National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: Chapter 5 - Engagement and Communication Tools
Page 56
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 6 - Case Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
×
Page 56
Page 57
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 6 - Case Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
×
Page 57
Page 58
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 6 - Case Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
×
Page 58
Page 59
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 6 - Case Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
×
Page 59
Page 60
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 6 - Case Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
×
Page 60
Page 61
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 6 - Case Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
×
Page 61
Page 62
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 6 - Case Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
×
Page 62
Page 63
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 6 - Case Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
×
Page 63
Page 64
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 6 - Case Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
×
Page 64
Page 65
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 6 - Case Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
×
Page 65
Page 66
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 6 - Case Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
×
Page 66
Page 67
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 6 - Case Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25599.
×
Page 67

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

56 Given the organizational experiences, tools, and UAS-specific engagement methods detailed in previous chapters, the subsequent step in this research was to examine these methods on specific stakeholder outreach case studies. This chapter features results from subject matter expert (SME) interviews and specific communication strategy analyses. 6.1 Example Perspectives The following represent example airports that were used to convey commonality and unique aspects of case analyses guidance for each of the outlined scenarios (from SME Interview subject perspectives). • A non-primary general aviation airport, administrated by a municipal (county) government organization, represents a rural region with a large general aviation population (150 hangars; flight training and pleasure) with frequent use by commercial airlines (three flights per day), service providers (agricultural; one flight per day), and business aviation; presence of general aviation, agricultural, and small to large jet aircraft; a large local agricultural industry; and 400,000 residents in the surrounding area; located in Class D and Class G airspace. • A primary commercial service medium hub airport, administrated by a multi-stakeholder municipal government organization, represents a suburban region with frequent use by large general aviation population (200 hangars; flight training and pleasure), commercial airlines (more than 1.3 million annual passengers), cargo, and business aviation; presence of general aviation and small to large jet aircraft; a large local manufacturing industry; a local U.S. Air Force base; and 600,000 residents in the surrounding area; located in Class B and C airspace. • A primary commercial service large hub airport, administrated by a municipal (city) govern- ment organization, represents a dense urban metropolitan region with frequent use by com- mercial airlines, cargo, and business aviation (1,600 flights per day and more than 50 million annual passengers); presence of local general aviation, cargo, and small to large jet aircraft; a large local manufacturing industry; and approximately 4 million residents in the surrounding area; located in Class B airspace. 6.2 Case Analysis Scenarios The following represent three unique case analysis scenarios, directly related to topics and materials presented in Topic A. Each features the definition of a scenario; identification of prob- lem (issue) origin and contributing factors; effect on airport; responsibility for addressing issue; alternative actions to consider; and guidance to specifically address the issue. A series of further related observations, gathered from the SME interviews, are also presented. C H A P T E R 6 Case Studies

Case Studies 57 6.2.1 Scenario 1: Obtaining Operational Approval Scenario Description: A remote pilot wants to operate a UAS near an airport and contacts the airport to ask for information about how to do so. 6.2.1.1 Why Does the Problem Exist? Primary Issue: Inconsistent UAS operator and airport communication inhibits support for responsible and effective use of the technology; the UAS remote pilot/operator is unsure of the specifics necessary to secure approval or is seeking specific advice regarding conducting permis- sible operations within close proximity to the airport. 6.2.1.2 Contributing Factors • Differences in administration, community, available resources, experience, perception, and exposure to other engagement methods or tools; • Each type of airport serves a unique community with a multitude of economic, socio-political, and physical factors affecting their decision-making; • Audience dictates how and what is shared to achieve the desired outcome; • Inexperience with the technology and its application, including regulatory requirements (federal, state, and local), best practices, capabilities/limitations, and applications; • Lack of UAS-specific education: general unawareness of how/why the technology can be beneficial, the controls in place to ensure maintenance of safety and protection of privacy, and the procedures for securing appropriate certification and applicable waivers; and • Failure to contact the right person at the airport (i.e., a designated airport UAS person or champion) or help not immediate or responsive enough to maintain interest. 6.2.1.3 How Does the Problem Affect Airports? • Occurrence of mishap, accident, or improper handling of request may impact level of support, including resources (e.g., personnel, infrastructure, time, and training). • Lack of clear, consistent, and accurate communication can lead to misinterpretation, distrust, and loss of support (e.g., funding, local leadership buy-in, general public action); delay in response may be perceived as lack of care, interest, or support by the airport operator, which may promulgate increased impermissible operations. • Failure to address could lead to operation in disregard for regulatory requirements and creation of a safety and security risk. • Establishes a learning opportunity to develop or clarify a supporting UAS operational policy. 6.2.1.4 Who is Responsible for Addressing This Issue? • Airport operators (administration/management and local government; primary) • FAA (primary) • UAS remote pilot (primary) • State-level DOT (contributor) • Original equipment manufacturer (contributor) • Training/education provider (contributor) • Advocacy organizations (contributor) NOTE: Where possible, primary responsibility holders have been delineated from those able to contribute to address the specified issue. Primary indicates the “agent of change,” while contributor is reflective of a stakeholder or community member with the ability to support the necessary change to implement a solution or solve the issue.

58 Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems 6.2.1.5 Alternative Actions The following represent alternative actions that could be considered or conducted to address the specified issue: • Utilize a common list or repository of UAS operational criteria, best practices, and guidance materials that can be shared with the public, including specific operators seeking clarification or further information (see Chapter 7). • Designate an airport representative to serve as a common UAS point of contact for all inqui- ries (internal and external). Given frequency and scope of requests, consider the creation of a UAS-specific airport safety review board to review operational proposals. • Establish standardized procedures for UAS flight requests and educate airport staff and local ATC on UAS regulations, procedures, and the new standardized method. Standardization can help establish trust between the UAS remote pilot/operator and the airport. Remote pilots requesting to fly will be assured how to contact the airport and what type of information needs to be provided. Without standardization, there can be confusion and mistakes made that could lead to an incident, mishap, or accident. • Tailor outreach tools toward the specific community. This could include community educational seminars, email, social media, local media outlets, and websites. This chapter can assist in evaluating different types of outreach tools. SME 5 (Executive Director, non-primary general aviation airport) tailors outreach tools to an older, rural agricultural community by using minimal social media, keeping local media involved, and using a text messaging system. SME 10 (Airport operator at non-primary reliever airport) uses face-to-face and telephone contact due to primary customer preference. 6.2.1.6 Guidance Based on the request, the first aspect to consider and determine is what type of UAS remote pilot the individual represents; a recreational user, Part 107 remote pilot, or public remote pilot (i.e., government agency representative). Evaluate the request to determine next steps. The type of airspace present will determine specific requirements governing the use of UAS at or near the airport. If the airspace is classified as “uncontrolled” (Class G), then Part 107 rules are in effect. However, if the operation is to occur in permissible “controlled” airspace (Classes B and D and surface area E), then FAA review and approval is necessary through designated mecha- nisms such as the Low Altitude Authorization and Notification Capability (LAANC) system or the FAA Drone Zone Portal. Further operational review and approval may be necessary, given the type of operation to be conducted—night flight, over people, from moving vehicles in densely populated areas, multiple aircraft operation with a single remote pilot, BVLOS, and above 400 feet AGL. NOTE: Class A airspace generally starts at 18,000 feet mean sea level (MSL) and is not reflec- tive of a typical UAS operation near or within proximity to an airport. As identified in the alternative actions, there are several potential strategies that could be employed to address this specific issue (i.e., remote pilot seeking further guidance). Each of these options provides a potential solution. However, in many cases, their implementation may be dependent on several factors, such as availability of resources (e.g., time, financial, and materials), airport operator UAS subject matter expertise (e.g., familiarity with regulations), and level of public interest. In a base condition, where availability of resources, staff, and or expertise is low or non-existent, the airport operator (or other primary responsibility holder) could direct the public, including the individual UAS remote pilot, to the list of UAS-specific materials in Section 7.1 of this report. Additionally, developing a list of consultable contacts, including those with the FAA (e.g., local Flight Standards District Office [FSDO]), state-level

Case Studies 59 DOT, airport tenants (commercial air carriers and other service providers), original equipment manufacturers, training/education providers, advocacy and national CBOs, local law enforce- ment, and local aviation operators (UAS remote pilots, general and commercial pilots and operators, and other aviation operational facilities), could provide the airport with avenues to further identify, investigate, and address future challenges. Given the availability of more resources, the following approach could be considered, in addition to base guidance: • Designate a single point of contact (e.g., UAS operations representative) to manage incoming inquiries and requests. • Adapt and share UAS-specific resources with the targeted population using various publicly accessible mediums: websites, social media, online or face-to-face briefings, and brochures. • Establish a standardized advisement mechanism, to channel incoming requests to the UAS point of contact, document interactions, and ensure consistency in the management of requests. For those situations where a substantial degree of resources and support are made available, the following could also be considered: • Develop or adapt UAS resources into educational materials and provide formal delivery at prescheduled events, in partnership with the FAA, state-level DOT, local law enforcement, original equipment manufacturers, training/education providers, and advocacy or national CBOs. • Establish a UAS-specific airport safety review board, featuring representation from the air- port, FAA, state-level DOT, local law enforcement, UAS SMEs, and applicable advocacy organizations or other stakeholders. • Join and collaboratively contribute expertise and experience toward applicable partnerships or create a local partnership to address unique challenges affecting the airport and opera- tional aviation community. Further guidance, from the perspectives of the three example airports, is as follows: • Non-primary general aviation airport: – There is reduced potential need for safety review board, given lower volume/traffic and staff available. – UAS operational review and approval through FAA mechanisms (e.g., LAANC or FAA Drone Zone) is necessary, given presence of Class D airspace (surface to 2,500 feet MSL). – Outreach methodologies need to address the general aviation community featuring smaller aircraft operations and their subsequent higher frequency at these types of airports. Such airports usually feature low-altitude training activities (e.g., terrain clearance tasks; “touch and go,” no-flap, and rejected landings; pattern work; and abort training exercises). This, combined with some commercial operations, will require a broader outreach to the com- munity and to UAS remote pilots/operators. Such outreach should include education on the type of typical general aviation operations at an airport communicating specifics of local traffic patterns, the difference between airspace types (and allowances under each), and the requirements for the use of UAS operations within the vicinity of the airport. • Primary commercial service medium hub airport: – There is increased potential need for a safety review board, given volume/traffic and staff available. – UAS operational review and approval through FAA mechanisms (e.g., LAANC) is neces- sary, given presence of Classes B (surface to 10,000 feet MSL) and C airspace (surface to 2,500 feet MSL).

60 Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems – As airspace extends out further for these types of airports, the airspace layout and configu- ration is an important aspect for consideration and education of operation limitations. Outreach to the community needs to expand into the correct regions for this airport’s locale. As these types of airports are usually closer to cities and more urbanized areas, outreach will require a more detailed review of potential UAS user groups and types of UAS operations. Although these airports have less commercial carrier operations than a large hub, medium hub airports typically feature growth; master plan demand fore- casts and accurate planning for future operations and potential areas of UAS risk must be ascertained. • Primary commercial service large hub airport: – There is the highest exhibited need for a safety review board, given greater volume/traffic and staff available. – UAS operational review and approval through FAA mechanisms (e.g., LAANC) is neces- sary, given the presence of Class B airspace. – The surrounding areas of such large and complex airports are usually close to a major city or metropolitan area. The airport must use its higher capacity to maximize outreach efforts as the large amount of operations represents the highest risks for UAS interference with airport operations. 6.2.1.7 Notable SME Observations The following represent notable observations from the SME interviews, applicable to this scenario: • Populations sometimes resist change; but change is needed to address concerns and make appropriate changes to support safety and economic benefits. • General public has numerous preconceived notions of UAS, ranging from privacy concerns to safety. How can an airport effectively communicate intent, while alleviating concerns? • Following regulatory compliance of the Fatality Analysis Reporting System, COA and LOA provide the widest and most accurate dissemination; non-professionals do not use FAA communication/briefing/approval mechanisms (e.g., AWAS, NOTAMs, WX Briefing, LAANC) and are more apt to violate rules. • Foster partnerships with local government and advocacy organizations. • Many requests for information received from the public tend to relate specifically with how to operate UAS safely or how to get a license. • Not contacted as frequently as in the past; tower manager has become much more accessible, frequently meeting with local groups. Part 107 UAS pilots are becoming more sophisticated and more familiar with LAANC; they are very respectful of manned activity. Had more than 900 LAANC requests; in support of construction, media, and other local operations, which are becoming more commonplace. • Public is requesting permission from the wrong contacts, due to confliction written into regu- lations and advisory materials (e.g., hobbyists versus Part 107 need to coordinate, compared to obtaining approval). • Start by making sure people know the door is open to help them understand; make aware that you are an available resource. • Have a thorough understanding of local traffic pattern, including low level helicopters. • Do not be afraid of doing research on regulations; understand what constraints are and where you have influence/power. When you understand, you can confidently speak with drone users and other members of the community. Make something graphical to explain your concern clearly; need to be willing to get out there and engage. • There is need for greater understanding of UAS within the NAS—where they are at and how they are treated by FAA.

Case Studies 61 6.2.2 Scenario 2: Illegal Commercial UAS Activity in Proximity to Airport Scenario Description: A recreational UAS remote pilot is inappropriately conducting com- mercial operations within close proximity to the airport, unaware of rules and requirements governing such operations (i.e., need for Part 107 certification to conduct commercial UAS activity). 6.2.2.1 Why Does the Problem Exist? Primary Issue: Safety in the NAS is directly affected by local communication and support, including awareness of regulations governing the applicable use of UAS; potential for occurrence of airspace conflict between recreational UAS and manned aircraft traffic, as well as operation in direct violation of operational requirements. 6.2.2.2 Contributing Factors • UAS operations are primarily occurring at the local level; within VLOS. • Airports represent the highest concentration of manned aircraft traffic in potential conflict with UAS operations (below 400 feet AGL). • Civil, public, and recreational UAS operators continue to rapidly grow. Civil UAS operator knowledge is confirmed through Part 107 examination and certification, public UAS certifica- tion is confirmed through internal mechanisms, while recreational UAS operation is subject to registration and CBO rule compliance. • Wide availability and affordability of UAS, coupled with lack of UAS-specific education in the recreational market. • New uses for UAS are constantly occurring (e.g., firefighting, commercial goods delivery, and insurance inspection). 6.2.2.3 How Does the Problem Affect Airports? • Increased potential for mishap/accident/conflict due to higher congestion in close proximity to airport. • Airport personnel, who are the local aviation SMEs, are called upon to identify/address issues and mitigate public concerns. They must contend with public perception and public relations for any aviation issues and typically provide guidance to address related issues. • Such activities reinforce negative perceptions surrounding UAS activity. 6.2.2.4 Who is Responsible for Addressing This Issue? • Airport personnel, who are local SMEs, know FAA requirements, local terrain and conditions, and how to communicate with local populace (general public, civic leaders, aviation profes- sionals, and recreational users) (primary) • FAA (primary) • National CBO (primary) • State and local law enforcement (primary) • Individual recreational UAS remote pilot (primary) • State-level DOT (contributor) • Original Equipment Manufacturer (contributor) • Local UAS operators/clubs/organizations; professional, public, and recreational (contributor) • Local media (contributor) • Local UAS reseller/vendor (contributor)

62 Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems 6.2.2.5 Alternative Actions The following represent alternative actions that could be considered or conducted to address the specified problem: • Under no circumstances should airport operators attempt to take control of the UAS or they risk assuming liability (further information is available in Law Enforcement Engage- ment With Suspected Unauthorized UAS Operations, 2016e). • There are several options that can be used to report suspected unauthorized use of UAS within the vicinity of an airport. These methods should be used for any suspicious, illegal, or unsanctioned operations creating unsafe conditions within the NAS or in violation of State/ local laws and ordinances. – FAA Hotline Reporting Form: https://hotline.faa.gov/ – Contact local Flight Standards District Office (FSDO): https://www.faa.gov/about/ office_org/field_offices/fsdo/ – Contact State/local law enforcement if state laws governing use of UAS/aircraft or opera- tional personnel are violated, including trespass, privacy, and/or operation of a vehicle (e.g., Florida State Statute 860.13, Operation of aircraft while intoxicated or in a careless or reck- less manner; 2017); reference Law Enforcement Engagement With Suspected Unauthorized UAS Operations (FAA, 2016e) in reporting. • SME 4, a representative from a primary commercial service: large hub airport, works with local law enforcement to try and prevent unauthorized UAS activity. • Preventive and deterrence methods can be placed on the property. This can include examples, such as signs depicting “no drones” with further contact information. Signage can also be placed in surrounding neighborhoods that fall within the five-mile surround of the airport (FAA No Drone Zone signage examples: https://www.faa.gov/uas/where_to_fly/no_drone_ zone/). It is essential that federal, state, and local laws governing the prohibition of UAS be fully reviewed before implementing a “No Drone Zone.” • Hosting a local campaign for education or educational seminars can help inform the public on proper UAS uses and the legality of operations. SME 2 (Director of Aviation Services, U.S. Department of Interior) is responsible for a UAS-related outreach campaign (“Drones for Good”) that proactively educates the public; SME 9 (airport operator of primary com- mercial service: medium hub airport) hosts 10 Air Service 101 events a year to help educate the community. • Promote hobby groups that practice safe and responsible flight. SME 7 (executive director of primary commercial service: non-hub airport) discusses community engagement with hobbyists and emphasizes importance of being involved in user groups. 6.2.2.6 Guidance This scenario represents a case where a recreational pilot is inappropriately and illegally conducting commercial operations, without appropriate certification (Part 107 or under a public entity’s training and certification) and possibly without applicable approvals (if in Class B-E airspace). Illegal UAS operations are most related to the purview and involvement of law enforcement agencies (federal, state, and local levels). Education on what is consid- ered legal versus illegal must be clear and concise in any outreach documentation or efforts. The methodology for the use of law enforcement depends on the type of airport and must be planned for accordingly based on available resources, geographical reach, law enforce- ment capabilities in the area, and overall applicability of the laws in place. As with the past example, a hybrid approach incorporating the five major options identified under alternative actions could be considered, based on available resources of the primary responsibility holders including the airport operator, FAA representatives, the national CBO (AMA), and state and

Case Studies 63 local law enforcement. As the PIC, the UAS remote pilot is responsible for their actions, even if unaware of the laws and regulations governing use; however, the primary responsibility holders, in conjunction with and support from potential contributors (e.g., state-level DOTs, Office of Emergency Management personnel, local operators/clubs/organizations, media, and resellers/vendors) could use this as a catalyst moment to establish a concerted effort to engage in outreach and education among their community. Further guidance, from the perspectives of the three example airports, is as follows: • Non-primary general aviation airport: – UAS operational review and approval through FAA mechanisms (e.g., LAANC or FAA Drone Zone) is necessary, given presence of Class D airspace. – For these types of airports, due to their respective size and location (based on smaller and/or remote communities), coordination with local law enforcement is key. Although such airports have security plans in place, the vigilance level in the immediate vicinity of such an airport may be less; for UAS illegal activity, the airport could also collaborate with nearby airport located citizens for reporting suspect activity. – Training on UAS activity with local law enforcement is encouraged so that the understand- ing of the rules and regulations is known to all parties (in accordance with federal, state, and local laws) and that proper enforcement can occur. • Primary commercial service medium hub airport: – There is significant higher risk potential due to airspace classification (Classes B and C) and volume of traffic. – UAS operational review and approval through FAA mechanisms (e.g., LAANC) is neces- sary, given the presence of Classes B and C airspace. – These types of airports may have their own security personnel or airport police that should be able to enforce suspect UAS activity. These departments within airports could coordinate with airport management on a joint-program to educate the public and also outline who is responsible for enforcement within the overall airport organization structure. Medium hub airports may also have to rely more on their local law enforcement, if the airport is near a major city where UAS activity is more likely to occur. – As these airports have higher volumes of air traffic and therefore usually have a higher con- troller workload with subsequent higher vigilance requirements, airspace de-confliction is a key element of ensuring UAS activity compliance. Use of technologies to detect or prevent illegal UAS activity (e.g., counter UAS technology) may be a beneficial future element to consider. • Primary commercial service large hub airport: – Significant higher risk potential due to airspace classification (B) and volume of traffic. – UAS operational review and approval through FAA mechanisms (e.g., LAANC) is neces- sary, given presence of Class B airspace. – Large hub airports (i.e., LAX and DCA) typically have an internal airport police force that will require coordination with on airport UAS strategy to prevent or address illegal UAS activity. Coordination with local law enforcement is also recommended as such airports are also usually near larger metropolitan areas and the geographical reach is thus further from the airport. In addition, some high-risk airports where terrorist activities have a higher likelihood of occurring, may warrant further coordination with state or federal law enforcement agencies. – Given the higher volumes of air traffic at such airports and the higher controller workload with subsequent increased vigilance requirements, airspace de-confliction is a key element to ensuring UAS activity compliance. Use of technologies to detect or prevent illegal UAS activity (e.g., counter UAS technology) may be a beneficial future element to consider.

64 Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems 6.2.2.7 Notable Observations The following represent notable observations from the SME interviews, applicable to this scenario: • Recreational UAS operators can be unaware of requirements, provisions, and best practices relating to UAS operations, including training, certification, and applicability. There are instances of recreational users conducting civil/commercial operations. • Ensure de-confliction/coordination of airspace, especially among hobbyists, civil, and public (including military), and identify ways to achieve and maintain de-confliction/coordination. • Situational awareness of the terrain is needed. Ensure that appropriate safety checks and resources (e.g., accurate maps, local contacts, current checklists, and documentation) are available to operators. • There might be traffic/congestion in populous areas. • Understand FAA/state/local policies and routinely communicate with affected parties. • Overcome resistance to change, especially from those satisfied with keeping things the same (i.e., need to overcome static reluctance). • Recommend that airports communicate a policy/brief description of local airspace with link to FAA facility map. Do not be silent based on the perception that if nothing is said, it must be legal. • There has been significant increase in UAS sightings from pilots (near misses) observed over the last year. However, no specific UAS incident other than sightings have been reported. 6.2.3 Scenario 3: Establishing Economic Benefit of UAS at an Airport Scenario Description: An airport is considering marketing research, development, testing, and evaluation services to local technology firms and manufacturers; they are experiencing diffi- culty in communicating their message and obtaining support from the local population, includ- ing the general public, municipal leaders, and local economic partners. 6.2.3.1 Why Does the Problem Exist? Primary Issue: The need to achieve economic benefit from the inclusion of UAS operations at or in close proximity to airports; due to relative proliferation and growth of UAS, the market- ing approach is not yet a proven one-methodology item; and the existence of concerns affecting investment potential, including privacy, sensitivity of proprietary details, technology develop- ment dependencies, potential need for specialized infrastructure, and risk. 6.2.3.2 Contributing Factors • There is insufficient support, including availability of resources (e.g., marketing and com- munication personnel, finances, and time). • Lack of UAS-specific education; local economic development/government unaware of UAS benefits/capabilities, lack of UAS operators/professionals, and public sentiment, including those aviation professionals resistant to change, against the use of UAS (e.g., safety or privacy concerns, worries of loss of jobs/revenue, and belief rules/regulations are over burdensome). • Competition from conventional methods when technology is unable to meet or exceed con- ventional performance, complete required functions, or finish tasks due to technical or regu- latory limitations (e.g., flight BVLOS, over people/specific areas, and in close proximity to manned aviation operations). • There is a lack of partnership among operators, government organizations, and local business. • There is a need to ensure de-confliction in airspace (among manned and unmanned operations). • Promotion of safety in the aviation space has only recently begun to include UAS.

Case Studies 65 6.2.3.3 How Does the Problem Affect Airports? • Unfamiliarity of requirements/regulations prevents appropriate use of UAS or delays incorporation (i.e., late to market, requiring later catch up). • Reduces financial support; creates a burden for stakeholders; takes resources away from other important priorities. • Loss of authority or credibility in the eyes of the general public and other stakeholders. • There is a need to educate airport marketing personnel. 6.2.3.4 Who is Responsible for Addressing This Issue? • Airport operator (primary)—marketing/public relations staff/department • Local and national economic development and advocacy organizations (primary) • Service providers (primary) • Partners and stakeholders (contributor) • Local manufacturers and industry (contributor) • Local media (contributor) • UAS remote pilots (contributor)—civil and public (recreational to a limited capacity for sales of equipment/training, but not related to operation) 6.2.3.5 Alternative Actions The following represent alternative actions that could be considered or conducted to address the specified problem: • Educate local community, potential investors, and local government officials. SME 5 (execu- tive director, non-primary general aviation airport) recommends focusing on the question of how UAS benefit the airport and explaining the advantages of using UAS, over conventional methods. SME 1 (UAS test range operator) emphasizes educating legislators to ensure they have a full understanding of airspace and how segregation is possible. All SMEs agree that the education of the local community is imperative to gain their acceptance. • Create or participate in a series of partnerships, as follows: – Local economic development partnerships featuring airport operator, local government, chambers of commerce, local manufacturers, service providers, and industry; – Advocacy organizations such as AUVSI, AAAE, and ASSURE as these agencies can help promote the use of UAS and establish credibility; and – Local schools and universities using UAS to promote aviation and provide enhanced com- munity engagement and involvement. • SME 1, SME 5, SME 7, SME 8 (commercial UAS operator), and SME 9 are all involved in partnerships or encourage coordination with such groups. • Create a marketing and public relations division or educate current personnel at the air- port about UAS and their benefits. An educational program, such as MOOC or other online courses, can provide flexible options to educate on-site personnel. • Develop and implement a marketing campaign or materials supporting coordinated messages exhibiting benefits, capabilities, and points of contact. 6.2.3.6 Guidance Guidance on UAS economic benefit understanding is primarily related to the types of users and their subsequent benefit to the communities at an airport. The establishment of the correct perception of UAS is crucial. This can only happen through proper education within airport outreach material. The promotion of aviation and the uses of aviation apply to UAS opera- tions and must be carefully construed as such, given proper legal limitations. This is the balance that must be achieved in order for the public to understand the overall benefit of UAS. Key guidance elements are: understanding the types of UAS operations (categories), that each have

66 Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems their respective benefits, whether private or commercial, and their applicability to the airport’s overall operation while highlighting safety and security. As with the past examples, availability of resources will dictate the end applicability of potential solutions identified under alternative actions. However, in a base condition, each of the primary responsibility holders could be con- sidered for the lead role in organizing and managing strategic partnerships, featuring the unique benefits, capabilities, and connections of the other specified primaries and contributors. Further guidance, from the perspectives of the three example airports, is as follows: • Non-primary general aviation airport: – UAS operational review and approval through FAA mechanisms (e.g., LAANC or FAA Drone Zone) will be necessary for each operation, given presence of Class D airspace. – Economic benefits of UAS operations for general aviation airports of this type have to pro- mote community involvement in aviation and applications of UAS to new types of business (e.g., survey business, telecommunications companies, and inspection service companies). The airport should be considered as the hub of such operations, serving as the attractant for such businesses. An economic cost benefit analysis could then be ascertained, in partner- ship with applicable stakeholders. • Primary commercial service medium hub airport: – There is significant higher risk potential due to airspace classification (B and C) and volume of traffic. – The same economic benefit principles as a general aviation airport may not hold true for larger commercial airports simply due to the size of the operations and the larger aircraft, which becomes more of a concern for safety and associated risks. For these types of air- ports, it is important to establish a balance between safety and the economic benefits when UAS operations are contained and properly managed. – The economic benefits for UAS operations for these types of airports need to be expressed in a way that balances the overall community economic impacts (such as business enhance- ment and promotion of aviation with the overall applicability of UAS in the region). Because of the type of operation at a larger airport, the focus on UAS outreach should be on certification, safety, and security with a lesser promotion of overall economic benefits. • Primary commercial service large hub airport: – There is significant higher risk potential due to airspace classification (B) and volume of traffic. – The same economic benefit principles that apply to both the general aviation and medium hub airports may not hold true for large hub commercial airports, based on increased operational sizing, volume, and aircraft types supported. However, as with the medium hub, it is important to establish a balance between safety and the economic benefits when UAS operations are contained and properly managed. – As with the medium hub airport, the economic benefits for UAS operations need to be expressed in a way that balances the overall community economic impacts (such as busi- ness enhancement and promotion of aviation with the overall applicability of UAS in the region). Focus on UAS outreach should be on certification, safety, and security, with lesser promotion of overall economic benefits. 6.2.3.7 Notable Observations The following represent notable observations from the SME interviews, applicable to this scenario: • Keeping up with service demand is important as the field is rapidly growing as are the interests in application of UAS technologies. • Slow review and approval turn around can delay or prevent desired UAS operations.

Case Studies 67 • Many airports are directly connected to economic development. There is a need to ensure economic viability and support by attracting those with mature technology to the operational setting and ensuring availability of a well-trained work force. • Ensuring appropriate communication connectivity with all applicable parties, from FAA towers to local municipal leaders, is important. • Partnering with local chambers and economic development offices to collaborate and foster a healthy UAS development environment is needed. • Targeting potential commercial users to share important resources and engage with the larger community, including community leaders, can be helpful. • Establishing the goal to posture the airport as a single point of contact will help manage information, people, regulations, guidance, and other beneficial resources.

Next: Chapter 7 - Other Resources »
Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports Get This Book
×
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

The introduction of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) has presented a wide range of new safety, economic, operational, regulatory, community, environmental, and infrastructure challenges to airports and the National Airspace System. These risks are further complicated by the dynamic and shifting nature of UAS technologies.

The Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 212: Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems provides guidance for airports on UAS in the areas of managing UAS operations in the vicinity of an airport and engaging stakeholders (Volume 1), incorporating UAS into airport infrastructure and planning (Volume 2), and potential use of UAS by airport operators (Volume 3).

Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports provides guidance for airport operators and managers to interact with UAS operations in the vicinity of airports. The demand for commercial UAS may increase significantly once advanced UAS operations—including beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) operations, operations over people, and operations of multiple UAS by one pilot—are allowed through broader regulatory frameworks. The introduction of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) has presented a wide range of new safety, economic, operational, regulatory, community, environmental, and infrastructure challenges to airports and the National Airspace System. These risks are further complicated by the dynamic and shifting nature of UAS technologies.

Volume 2: Incorporating UAS into Airport Infrastructure—Planning Guidebook provides planning, operational, and infrastructure guidance to safely integrate existing and anticipated UAS operations into an airport environment.

Volume 3: Potential Use of UAS by Airport Operators provides airports with resources to appropriately integrate UAS missions as part of their standard operations.

Supplemental resources to ACRP Research Report 212 are provided in ACRP Web-Only Document 42: Toolkits and Resource Library for Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!