National Academies Press: OpenBook
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems, second edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25788.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems, second edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25788.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems, second edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25788.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems, second edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25788.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems, second edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25788.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems, second edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25788.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems, second edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25788.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems, second edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25788.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP RESEARCH REPORT 14 2020 Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation • Environment Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems Second Edition Dean Mericas Tim Astfalk Rob Sims Mead & Hunt, Inc. Austin, TX Devon Seal Tim Arendt GresHaM sMItH Columbus, OH Chuck Pace ea enGIneerInG, scIence, and tecHnoloGy, Inc. Hunt Valley, MD Eric Cahoon Woolpert Arlington, VA Karen Miller desIGn2traIn llc The Woodlands, TX

AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans- portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and interna- tional commerce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal responsibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agen- cies and not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. ACRP is modeled after the successful National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) and Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP). ACRP undertakes research and other technical activi- ties in various airport subject areas, including design, construction, legal, maintenance, operations, safety, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. ACRP provides a forum where airport operators can cooperatively address common operational problems. ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100— Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary participants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport operating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), the American Associa- tion of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), Airlines for America (A4A), and the Airport Consultants Council (ACC) as vital links to the airport community; (2) TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academy of Sciences formally initiating the program. ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research organi- zations. Each of these participants has different interests and responsibili- ties, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by identifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel appointed by TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport professionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels prepare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing coop- erative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended users of the research: airport operating agencies, service pro- viders, and academic institutions. ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties; industry associations may arrange for workshops, training aids, field visits, webinars, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport industry practitioners. ACRP RESEARCH REPORT 14, SECOND EDITION Project 02-71 ISSN 2572-3731 (Print) ISSN 2572-374X (Online) ISBN 978-0-309-48122-9 Library of Congress Control Number 2020933523 © 2020 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FTA, GHSA, NHTSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The research report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published research reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet by going to http://www.national-academies.org and then searching for TRB Printed in the United States of America

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation improvements and innovation through trusted, timely, impartial, and evidence-based information exchange, research, and advice regarding all modes of transportation. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 8,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR ACRP RESEARCH REPORT 14, SECOND EDITION Christopher J. Hedges, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Lori L. Sundstrom, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Marci A. Greenberger, Manager, Airport Cooperative Research Program Joseph D. Navarrete, Senior Program Officer Hana Vagnerova, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Natalie Barnes, Associate Director of Publications Margaret B. Hagood, Senior Editor ACRP PROJECT 02-71 PANEL Field of Environment Kevin A. Gurchak, Allegheny County (PA) Airport Authority–Pittsburgh International Airport, Pittsburgh, PA (Chair) Phil Argiroff, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Lansing, MI Devon Cancilla, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO Kimberly Engle, Cryotech Deicing Technology, Fort Madison, IA Michael J. Parletta, The Port Authority of New York & New Jersey—LaGuardia Airport, Flushing, NY Asciatu J. Whiteside, Dallas Fort Worth International Airport, DFW Airport, TX Michael Lamprecht, FAA Liaison Melinda Z. Pagliarello, Airports Council International–North America Liaison Tim A. Pohle, Airlines for America Liaison Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The ACRP Project 02-71 team and principal authors of this report consisted of Dean Mericas, Ph.D., Principal Investigator, Tim Astfalk, PE, and Rob Sims, Mead & Hunt, Inc.; Devon Seal, PE, and Tim Arendt, PE, Gresham Smith; Chuck Pace, PE, EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Inc.; Eric Cahoon, Woolpert; and Karen Miller, M.Ed., Design2Train. The project team would like to thank the members of the project panel for providing the opportunity to conduct this important research. We would also like to thank all those who provided valuable feedback on the draft research products, and the following individuals who were especially generous with their time in participating in on-site field testing and review of the Deicing Management Decision Support Tool: Tim O’Donnell and Tyler Miller at South Bend International Airport; Chris Sieklucki at MBS International Airport; and Mike Cross at Dayton International Airport. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorse- ment by the U.S. government.

ACRP Research Report 14: Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems, Second Edition, provides practical technical guidance for the cost- effective control of runoff from aircraft and airfield deicing and anti-icing operations. This second edition reflects the latest advancements in the state of practice. The report will be of particular interest to airport industry practitioners, including airport and aircraft operators, consultants, and regulators. ACRP Report 14 has become a standard reference for the management of airport deicing runoff, addressing a wide array of practices for the cost-effective control of runoff from deicing and anti-icing operations. However, since its publication in 2009, significant advancements in technologies, practices, and products have been achieved. In addition, regulatory and industry developments have occurred, reflecting increased understanding of the environmental impacts associated with deicing activities and the effectiveness of existing stormwater management practices. Research was needed to pro- vide airport industry practitioners with the latest guidance and management practices related to deicing activities. The research, led by Mead & Hunt, resulted in not only an update to this report but also an update of the library of ACRP deicing practices fact sheets, the development of a spreadsheet-based airport stormwater management decision-support tool, and the creation of new videos to provide advanced training in managing airport deicing runoff. The team began with a review of the latest knowledge and practices, including outreach to practi- tioners (including manufacturers, airlines, and research organizations). This effort served as the basis for confirming the areas of the report that would need to be revised and/or updated, developing the decision-support tool, and establishing the topics and level of detail to be covered in the training videos. The second edition offers guidance to help practitioners develop a framework for their deicing runoff control program based on aircraft and airfield deicing require- ments (e.g., safety issues, FAA regulations, SAE International deicing standards, and available deicing products), environmental concerns (pollutants and monitoring), and environmental regulations). The report then offers guidelines for selecting individual practices focused on source reduction; collection and containment; treatment, recycling, or disposal; storage; and other factors. The updated fact sheets complement the report by offering detailed descriptions of a comprehensive collection of best management practices, including source reduction techniques, collection/containment practices, treatment and recycling alternatives, and information on storage options, diversion controls, and monitoring technologies. F O R E W O R D By Joseph D. Navarrete Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

The deicing management decision support tool allows users to input airport-specific information using a series of yes/no responses, checked boxes, drop down menus, and numerical entries to produce a report summarizing potential options for source reduction; collection systems; treatment, recovery, and disposal; and storage. It is available on the TRB website by searching for ACRP Research Report 14, second edition. Finally, the training videos focus on advanced deicing runoff management. They are designed to build on existing training resources produced by previous ACRP research, and are available in the ACRP WebResource 3: Airport Stormwater Resource Library and Train- ing Materials website (http://www.trb.org/ACRP/Blurbs/176798.aspx). This site provides searchable, single-point access to all ACRP stormwater-related resources, many non-ACRP resources, and web-based training.

1 Summary 3 Chapter 1 Introduction 3 Background 5 Purpose and Objectives 5 Guidance Structure 6 Chapter 2 Guidelines for Developing Integrated Deicing Runoff Management Systems 6 Aircraft and Airfield Requirements for Deicing 9 Environmental Concerns 18 Regulatory Drivers 21 Framework for Planning Deicing Runoff Control Programs 29 Role and Application of Modeling Tools 33 Chapter 3 Guidelines for Selecting Individual Practices 33 Overview and Screening Process for Deicing Practices 58 Guidance on Use and Interpretation of the Fact Sheets 62 Chapter 4 Deicing Fact Sheets 62 Aircraft Deicing Source Reduction 63 Airfield Pavement Deicing Source Reduction 63 Deicing Runoff Containment/Collection 63 Deicing Runoff System Components 64 Deicing Runoff Treatment/Recycling 65 References 67 Acronyms and Abbreviations C O N T E N T S Note: Photographs, figures, and tables in this report may have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.

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The first edition of this report, in 2009, provided a comprehensive industry reference for the management of airport deicing runoff. The second edition has been wholly updated to reflect the latest industry practices.

The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 14: Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems, second edition, explores a wide array of practices designed to provide for the practical, cost-effective control of runoff from aircraft and airfield deicing and anti-icing operations.

Additional resources with the report include a Set of Fact Sheets, a Decision Support Tool, a Decision Support Tool User Guide, and a Decision Support Tool Instructional Video.

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