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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25806.
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NUTRIENT
REQUIREMENTS

OF DAIRY
CATTLE

Eighth Revised Edition

Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle

Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources

Division on Earth and Life Studies

A Consensus Study Report of

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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25806.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001

This study was supported by Ajinomoto Animal Nutrition North America, Inc.; American Dairy Science Association Foundation; BASF; Cargill, Inc.; DSM; Elanco Animal Health; Evonik Industries AG; Hubbard Feeds; Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy; Institute for Feed Education & Research; Kemin Industries; National Research Support Project (NRSP-9); Novus International; Perdue Agribusiness; U.S. Food and Drug Administration; and Zinpro Corporation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-67777-6
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-67777-7
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/25806
Library of Congress Control Number: 2021915851

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Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25806.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25806.
×

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The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25806.
×

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Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25806.
×

COMMITTEE ON NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF DAIRY CATTLE

RICHARD A. ERDMAN, Co-Chair, University of Maryland, College Park (retired)

WILLIAM P. WEISS, Co-Chair, The Ohio State University, Wooster (retired)

MICHAEL S. ALLEN, Michigan State University, East Lansing (retired)

LOUIS ARMENTANO, University of Wisconsin–Madison (retired)

JAMES K. DRACKLEY, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

JEFFREY L. FIRKINS, The Ohio State University, Columbus

MARY BETH HALL, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Madison, Wisconsin

MARK D. HANIGAN, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg

ERMIAS KEBREAB, University of California, Davis

PAUL J. KONONOFF, University of Nebraska–Lincoln

HÉLÈNE LAPIERRE, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec

MICHAEL J. VANDEHAAR, Michigan State University, East Lansing

Staff

CAMILLA YANDOC ABLES, Study Director

ROBIN A. SCHOEN, Board Director

JENNA BRISCOE, Research Associate

SARAH KWON, Senior Program Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25806.
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BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Chair

CHARLES W. RICE, Kansas State University, Manhattan

Members

SHANE C. BURGESS, University of Arizona, Tucson

SUSAN CAPALBO, Oregon State University, Corvallis

GAIL CZARNECKI-MAULDEN, Nestlé Purina PetCare, St. Louis, MO

GEBISA EJETA, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

JAMES S. FAMIGLIETTI, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena

FRED GOULD (NAS), North Carolina State University, Raleigh

DOUGLAS B. JACKSON-SMITH, The Ohio State University, Wooster

JAMES W. JONES (NAE), University of Florida, Gainesville

STEPHEN S. KELLEY, North Carolina State University, Raleigh

JAN E. LEACH, Colorado State University, Fort Collins

JILL J. McCLUSKEY, Washington State University, Richland

KAREN I. PLAUT, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

JIM E. RIVIERE (NAM), Kansas State University, Manhattan

Staff

ROBIN A. SCHOEN, Director

CAMILLA YANDOC ABLES, Senior Program Officer

KARA N. LANEY, Senior Program Officer

JENNA BRISCOE, Research Associate

SARAH KWON, Senior Program Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25806.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25806.
×

Figures and Tables

FIGURES

3-1 Feed energy supply system for dairy cattle

3-2 Effects of increasing dietary starch content on the DE value of example diets with and without adjusting NDF and starch digestibility for dietary starch concentration and DMI (Equations 3-5a and 3-5b) where starch replaces either forage fiber or soyhulls (SH)

3-3 Body condition scoring chart

4-1 Residuals for final prediction model used for FA digestion

4-2 Predicted intestinal (postruminal) apparent digestibility as FA intake increases compared to calculated total-tract apparent digestibility

5-1 Carbohydrate fractions in feeds include NDF and NDSC

5-2 Factors affecting the optimal forage NDF concentration of diets for lactating cows

5-3 Example of how the dietary ratio of ADF/NDF (0.50 for the top two plots or 0.75 for the bottom two plots) influences the paNDF model of White et al. (2017b)

6-1 Observed, predicted, and residual (observed minus predicted) microbial N (MicN) flows (g/d)

6-2 The product/precursor ratio of 15N enrichment in ruminal bacteria divided by the 15N enrichment in urinary urea-N (assumed in equilibrium with BUN) converted to a percentage and expressed against dietary CP percentage

6-3 Residual errors for predictions of true milk protein by Equation 6-6

6-4 Residual errors from Equation 6-6 corrected for study effects versus various diet and animal factors

7-1 Comparison of true Ca absorption (g/d) (measured apparent absorption adjusted for estimated metabolic fecal Ca) versus predicted 2001 NRC values (open circles) and the adjusted (solid squares) absorption coefficients for individual feeds as shown in Table 7-1

9-1 Water losses as reported by percentage of TWI (water acquired through drinking and feed consumption) by lactating dairy cows housed in (A) thermoneutral (15°C, TWI = 108 kg) and (B) high temperatures (28°C, TWI = 113 kg) as reported by Khelil-Arfa et al. (2014)

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25806.
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10-1 Relationship between daily HP and ME (both as Mcal/kg BW0.75) and plots of observed − predicted versus predicted and residuals

10-2 Broken-line regression (A) and residuals (B) of contribution of microbial N to total N to dry feed DMI in calves from 0 to 20 weeks of age

10-3 Observed minus predicted values for ADG from 397 literature treatment means, with residuals plotted

10-4 Comparison of actual mean ADG from 111 treatment means from the literature with values predicted by the current model or the previous (NRC, 2001) model

11-1 Fat and protein content of EBW in Holstein cattle

11-2 Expected fat, protein, and energy content of ADG in cattle from weaning to first calving using the new equations of this edition or equations from NRC (2001) for animals gaining 0.6 or 1.0 kg BW/d

12-1 Estimated (Equation 12-1 and NRC, 2001) daily DMI by cows (>1 parturition) fed diets with 30 to 55 percent NDF (mostly from forages) during the dry period

15-1 Schematic representation of the dry milling ethanol process for corn ethanol production

15-2 Schematic representation of the wet milling process for corn ethanol and high-fructose corn syrup

20-1 Example of quadratic scaling using the parameter estimates for Equation 20-187 for milk protein responses to MP intake and Equation 20-197 and Equation 20-198 to calculate rescaled linear and quadratic terms given maximal responses of 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, and 2 times the original maximum

20-2 Predictions of milk protein from Equation 20-185 using the original parameters or after scaling to a plateau that was twice that of the original equation

TABLES

3-1 Proportion of Starch Digested at Base (dStarch_Starch_base) for Various Starch Sources

3-2 Energetic Parameters from Reanalysis of Data Over Several Decades from Beltsville Energy Metabolism Unit (Moraes et al., 2015) and Values for Seventh (NRC, 2001) and Current Editions

3-3 Comparison of Gestation Energy and Protein Requirements Calculated Using NRC (2001) and Current Model (Assumed Birth Weight of Calf = 44 kg)

4-1 Calculated Total-Tract Digestibility Coefficients of FA

4-2 Effect of Amount of Supplemental Fat on Digestibility of FA in Supplemental Fat

5-1 Recommended Minimum Forage and Total NDF and Maximum Starch Concentration of Diets for Lactating Cows When a Diet Is Fed as a TMR, the Forage Has Adequate Particle Size, and Dry Ground Corn Is the Predominant Starch Source

5-2 Predicted Minimum Dietary DM on the 8-mm Sieve of the PSPS with Varying DM on the 19-mm Sieve Predicted to Maintain Mean Ruminal pH ≥6.0 or ≥6.1 for Lactating Dairy Cattle Fed TMR Varying in Dietary Composition

Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25806.
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6-1 Duodenal EN (g N/d) Flows from Cattle as Reported

6-2 AA Composition of the CP and TP Fractions Involved in the Estimation of AA Supply and Recommendations

6-3 Residuals Analyses for NRC (2001)–Based Predictions of Milk Protein Production as Compared to Predictions from the Revised Model

6-4 Proposed Target Efficiencies of Converting MP and EAA to Export Proteins and Body Gain and the Associated Descriptive Statistics for the Database

6-5 Example of Adequate EAA Supplies for a Mature Nonpregnant Cow (650 kg BW) Consuming 26 kg/d of a Diet with 34 Percent NDF with Graded MPY, Based on Target Efficiencies in Table 6-4

7-1 Revised AC for Ca from Mineral Supplements and Feed Ingredient Classes

7-2 Description of Data Used to Generate Mg Equations

7-3 Concentrations of Cr in Common Feeds (mg Cr/kg DM)

7-4 Comparison Between Current and Previous (NRC, 2001) Zn Requirements for Dry and Lactating Cows

8-1 Factors for Converting Common Sources of Vitamins into IU

8-2 Intake, Duodenal Flow, and Apparent Ruminal Synthesis of B Vitamins in Dairy Cows (mg/kg of DMI)

9-1 Equations Used to Predict FWI (kg/d) in Dairy Cattle

9-2 Drinking Water Standards for Humans and Upper Potentially Concernable Concentrations for Cattle

9-3 Guidelines for TDS in Water for Dairy Cattle Consumption

9-4 Elements and Major and Minor Ionic Species That Are Common of Ground Waters

9-5 Guidelines for NO3 and NO3-N in Drinking Water for Dairy Cattle

10-1 Ratios of EBW to BW and Energy Requirements for Maintenance

10-2 Effect of Environmental Temperature on Energy Requirement of Young Calves

10-3 Studies Comprising the Data Used to Relate DMI to Microbial N Flow

10-4 Composition of Some Common Ingredients Used in the Manufacture of MRs

10-5 Summary of Studies in Which CF Digestibility Was Measured in Weaned Calves (Seven Studies, 37 Treatment Means)

10-6 Studies Used to Validate Prediction Models

10-7 Daily Energy and Protein Requirements of Young Replacement Calves Fed Only Milk or MR

10-8 Daily Energy and Protein Requirements of Small-Breed Calves Fed Milk or MR and Starter at Two Different Ratios

10-9 Daily Energy and Protein Requirements of Large-Breed Calves Fed Milk or MR and Starter at Two Different Ratios

10-10 Daily Energy and Protein Requirements of Weaned Large- or Small-Breed Calves Fed Only Solid Feeds

10-11 Daily Energy and Protein Requirements of Large-Breed Veal Calves Fed Only Milk or MR

10-12 ACs for Minerals Used for Young Calves

10-13 Recommended Concentrations of Minerals in MR and Starter (DM Basis) to Provide AIs for Calves Between 35 and 125 kg of BW and Growing Between 0.5 and 1.2 kg/d

10-14 Concentrations of Minerals and Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Whole Milk (per Liter)

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25806.
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10-15 Recommended AIs for Fat-Soluble Vitamins

10-16 Example Nutrient Specifications for Typical Starter Varying in CP and Starch Content

10-17 Predicted EBW Gains for Calves (Small-Breed and Large-Breed Calves Are Similar) of Equal EBW Before and After Weaning

10-18 Regression Equations to Estimate IgG in Colostrum Using BRIX Readings

11-1 Publications Used to Develop Equations for Composition of Gain in Dairy Heifers

11-2 Target Weights (kg), Ages, and ADGs (kg/d) for Growing Dairy Cattle

11-3 Requirements for Energy and Protein in Heifers with MatBW of 700 kg

11-4 Requirements for Energy and Protein in Heifers with MatBW of 520 kg

12-1 Average Composition of Colostrum

15-1 Major Coproducts Resulting from the Dry Grain Corn-Milling Process

18-1 Correction Factors Proposed for Individual AAs to Estimate the True AA Concentration from Concentrations Obtained After a 24-Hour Hydrolysis

19-1 Nutrient Composition, Digestibility, and Variability of Some Feedstuffs Commonly Fed to Dairy Cattle

19-2 AA, TFA, and FA Content of Some Feedstuffs Commonly Fed to Dairy Cattle

19-3 Composition of Inorganic Mineral Sources and Element Absorption Coefficients for Dairy Cattle on a 100 Percent DM Basis

20-1 General Location and Nutrient Abbreviations Used for Constructing Model Terms

20-2 Model Abbreviations for Diet and Digestive Macronutrients

20-3 Model Abbreviations for Diet and Digestive AAs and FAs

20-4 Model Abbreviations for Maintenance Use of Energy and Protein

20-5 Model Abbreviations for Total and Productive Use of Energy (Mcal/D), Protein (kg or G/D (_G)), and Fat (kg or G/D (_G))

20-6 Model Abbreviations for Minerals and Vitamins

20-7 Feed Categories Used for Model Calculations

20-8 Fractional Recovery (Recaa, G Observed/G True) and Hydration Factors (G Anhydrous AA/G Hydrated AA) for Adjustment of AA Composition Determined by a Standard 24-Hour Acid Hydrolysis and for Conversion from Protein Bound to Free Forms

20-9 Heats of Combustion (Mcal/kg) for Digested Nutrients

20-10 Nonlinear Regression of Gravid Uterine, Uterine, and Fetal Wet Weights, Protein, and Net Energy on Day of Gestation

20-11 A Summary of the Animal Characteristics for the Evaluation Data Used

20-12 A Summary of the Dietary Characteristics for the Evaluation Data

20-13 Residual Analyses for Predictions of DMI of Lactating Animals and Ruminal Outflow of Nitrogen (N), Starch, and NDF

20-14 Residual Analyses for Predictions of Ruminal Outflow of AAs (g/d) by Equation 20-87

20-15 Residual Analyses for Predictions of Fecal Nutrient Output (kg/d)

20-16 Residual Analyses for Predictions of Milk and Milk Component Production

20-17 Standard Deviation for Analyses of Repeated Samplings of Feed Grains and By-Products Reported by St-Pierre and Weiss (2015)

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25806.
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Preface

The Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, in accordance with the Statement of Task (see Appendix A) developed the eighth revised edition of the Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle and accompanying software model. Although extensively revised and in many cases expanded, most chapters in the previous edition (NRC, 2001) are included in this version. Although nutrient interactions abound, the committee maintained the approach of separating discussion (chapters) mainly by nutrient (e.g., energy, protein, minerals), but some chapters discuss specific classes of animals (calves or transition cows). New chapters on production systems, feed by-products, additives, toxic agents, and feed analysis were added. Chapters include a review of the literature (mostly on papers published after 2000) with an emphasis on justification of requirements and equations. The software model was extensively revised from the previous edition to include all of the revisions discussed in the text.

Information in some chapters is not directly used in the software, but they are in-depth reviews of topics related to the nutrition and feeding of dairy cattle. Most chapters include equations that were incorporated into the software to estimate nutrient supply, requirements (or responses), and other outputs that may have value to nutritionists and other users. The availability of the needed inputs was paramount when deciding on which equations to include. The inputs required are usually available from on-farm data or from commercial feed testing laboratories. For some outputs, published equations were evaluated and, if appropriate, incorporated directly into the model (e.g., estimated water consumption). When multiple published equations were available, the committee evaluated the inference space of the equations, the availability of the needed inputs, and fit statistics and chose the ones that it thought were best. In some cases, users are allowed to choose specific equations. The committee attempted to describe strengths and weaknesses of various equations. For other outputs, data from mostly published sources were collated, and new equations were derived from the database (e.g., milk protein yield responses). Last, in situations where very little data were available, equations may represent simple mean responses (e.g., some mineral requirements). Adequate information is in the text so that users can determine how equations were derived.

As with previous editions, changes were not made to requirements (or recommendations) unless new data or a reanalysis of older data indicated changes were necessary. However, most nutrient requirements underwent at least minor revision. The greatest changes occurred with protein. The protein/amino acid supply and requirement system was completely revised compared to the seventh edition, with much greater emphasis on amino acids rather than protein. Dry matter intake equations were developed for all classes of cattle, and in some cases, include feed factors in addition to animal characteristics. The calf requirement system for protein, energy, and minerals underwent extensive revision. To estimate environmental impact, methane production is estimated, as is manure excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus. The feed composition database is completely revised and includes estimates of variation and ranges for many common feeds. Although this edition is a significant and comprehensive update, substantial gaps in knowledge still exist, and these were pointed out in specific chapters. This was done to not only encourage research in those areas but also indicate why requirements or supply functions were not presented for certain nutrients.

The software does not use stochastic processes; however, estimates of variance for equation coefficients and various fit statistics are included. Users can use that information to determine the amount of confidence they assign to specific estimates. A major goal in the development of the feed composition data tables was to generate accurate estimates of variation by rigorously screening data. For many minerals and vitamins, inadequate data were available to derive accurate estimates of variation, and to indicate the level of uncertainty in those situations the term Adequate Intake was used in place of requirement.

Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25806.
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The software model is integral to the book. The interface is similar to the 2001 model, but output has been extensively revised and provides more information than previously and in a user-friendly format. As with all software, the output is only as accurate as the inputs, and users are encouraged to use actual data, rather than defaults, whenever possible. This revision and its accompanying software should be of value to teachers and students of dairy cattle nutrition, field nutritionists and veterinarians, nutrition scientists, and ultimately producers and consumers of dairy products.

Richard A. Erdman and William P. Weiss, Co-Chairs
Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle

Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25806.
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Acknowledgments

This Consensus Study Report was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.

We thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations of this report nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Jesse Goff, Iowa State University (emeritus). He was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with the standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the authoring committee and the National Academies.

The committee thanks the American Dairy Science Association (ADSA) Foundation for major financial support and for assisting on fundraising. Substantial financial support was also provided by Ajinomoto Animal Nutrition North America Inc.; BASF; Cargill Inc.; DSM; Elanco Animal Health; Evonik Industries AG; Hubbard Feeds; Institute for Feed Education & Research; Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy; Kemin Industries; Novus International; Perdue Agribusiness; U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Zinpro Corporation; and internal funding. The committee is indebted to the following commercial laboratories that graciously provided raw feed composition data: Cumberland Valley Analytical Services (Waynesboro, Pennsylvania); Dairy One (Ithaca, New York); Dairyland Laboratories Inc. (Arcadia, Wisconsin); and Rock River Laboratory Inc. (Watertown, Wisconsin).

The assistance of the National Animal Nutrition Program (NANP), a National Research Support Project (NRSP-9) administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture, was vital to the completion of this project. Specifically, Veridiana Daley, Robin White, and Huyen Tran, all with the NANP, developed several equations used in the calf submodel and to estimate ruminal digestibility of nutrients and developed methods to screen the feed databases that are used in the model. Luis Moraes (The Ohio State University) and Adelyn Fleming (Virginia Tech) contributed to development and evaluation of equations used to estimate protein and amino acid supply. Jim Quigley (Cargill Animal Nutrition) assisted with the calf chapter, Christiane Girard (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) assisted with the vitamin chapter, and Roger Martineau (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) assisted with building the database

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25806.
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used to develop protein and amino acid equations and in evaluation of the resulting equations. Mike Van Amburgh (Cornell University) and the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System team provided amino acid and fatty acid data for the ingredient library.

Last, the committee acknowledges the dedication of Camilla Yandoc Ables, National Academies senior program officer, to this project. She kept the project organized and provided excellent guidance and sometimes a friendly push to keep things moving. The committee also thanks Robin Schoen, director of the Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, for her support during the process.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25806.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25806.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25806.
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Next: Summary »
Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition Get This Book
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Since 1944, the National Research Council (NRC) has published seven editions of the Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. This reference has guided nutritionists and other professionals in academia and the dairy and feed industries in developing and implementing nutritional and feeding programs for dairy cattle.

The eighth revised edition of the Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle builds on the previous editions. A great deal of new research has been published and there is a large amount of new information for many nutrients. This book represents a comprehensive review of the most recent information available on efficient, profitable, and environmentally conscious dairy cattle nutrition and ingredient composition.

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