Appendix A
Acronyms and Abbreviations
5-MTHF | 5-methyltetrahydrofolate |
16:0 | palmitic acid |
μg | microgram |
μmol | micromole |
AI | Adequate Intake |
APrON | Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition Study |
ASN | American Society for Nutrition |
BF | breastfeeding |
BHA | butylated hydroxyanisole |
BHT | butylated hydroxytoluene |
BMI | body mass index |
CARDIA | Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study |
CARE | Community Access, Resources, and Education for Families Act |
CDC | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
CDP | cytidine diphosphate |
CDRR | Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake |
CH3 | methyl group |
CHILD | Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development Study |
CM | chylomicron |
COPSAC | Copenhagen Prospective Study on Asthma in Childhood |
DARLING | Davis Area Research on Lactation, Infant Nutrition and Growth Study |
DASH | Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension |
DHA | docosahexaenoic acid |
DOHaD | Developmental Origins of Health and Disease |
DOMInO | DHA to Optimize Mother Infant Outcomes Study |
DRI | Dietary Reference Intake |
DSHEA | Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act |
EAR | Estimated Average Requirement |
ECHO | Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes Program |
EER | Estimated Energy Requirement |
EPA | eicosapentaenoic acid |
EPIC | European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study |
FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
FDA | U.S. Food and Drug Administration |
g | gram |
GDM | gestational diabetes |
GI | Glycemic Index |
HAPO | Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Study |
HMO | human milk oligosaccharide |
IAAO | indicator amino acid oxidation |
IBFAN | International Baby Foods Action Network |
ICCIDD | International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders |
IFPS | Infant Feeding Practices Study |
IQ | intelligence quotient |
kcal | kilocalorie |
kg | kilogram |
L | liter |
L-5-MTHF | L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate |
LCPUFA | long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid |
LNFPII | lacto-N-fucopentaose II |
m | meter |
MET | methionine |
mg | milligram |
MILQ | Mothers, Infants and Lactation Quality Study |
mL | milliliter |
MTHFR | methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase |
MVM | multivitamin and mineral |
NAPS | Nutrition and Pregnancy Study |
ng | nanogram |
NHANES | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
NIH | National Institutes of Health |
NWA | National WIC Association |
ODS | Office of Dietary Supplements |
ORIP | Omega-3 Fats to Reduce the Incidence of Prematurity |
PA | physical activity |
PAHO | Pan American Health Organization |
PAL | physical activity level |
PC | phosphatidylcholine |
PE | phosphatidylethanolamine |
PEAS | Pregnancy Eating Attributes Study |
PEMT | phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase |
PIN | Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study |
PlGF | placental growth factor |
PMVM | prenatal multivitamin and mineral |
PRAMS | Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System |
RBC | red blood cell |
RDA | Recommended Dietary Allowance |
SAHMRI | South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute |
SAM | S-adenosylmethionine |
SD | standard deviation |
sFlt-1 | soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 |
SNAP | Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program |
SNAP-Ed | Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education |
SWIFT | Study of Women, Infant Feeding and Type 2 Diabetes after Gestational Diabetes Pregnancy |
TCA | tricarboxylic acid |
UBC | The University of British Columbia |
UIC | University of Illinois at Chicago |
UL | Tolerable Upper Intake Level |
UNICEF | United Nations Children’s Fund |
USAID | U.S. Agency for International Development |
USC | University of Southern California |
USDA | U.S. Department of Agriculture |
USP | United States Pharmacopeia |
WABA | World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action |
WaTCH | Women and Their Children’s Health Study |
WHO | World Health Organization |
WIC | Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children |
wt | body weight |
y | year |