National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×

PROGRESS TOWARD
RESTORING THE EVERGLADES

The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020

Committee on Independent Scientific Review of
Everglades Restoration Progress

Water Science and Technology Board

Division on Earth and Life Studies

A Consensus Study Report of

images

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20001

This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the Department of the Army under Cooperative Agreement No. W912EP-15-2-0002 and by the U.S. Department of the Interior and the South Florida Water Management District. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-67978-7
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-67978-8
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/25853

Cover credit: Eric Edkin

Additional copies of this publication are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.

Copyright 2021 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25853.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×

Image

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president.

The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president.

The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine.

Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×

Image

Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task.

Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies.

For information about other products and activities of the National Academies, please visit www.nationalacademies.org/about/whatwedo.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×

COMMITTEE ON INDEPENDENT SCIENTIFIC REVIEW OF EVERGLADES RESTORATION PROGRESS

CHARLES T. DRISCOLL, Chair, Syracuse University, NY

WILLIAM G. BOGGESS, Oregon State University, Corvallis

CASEY BROWN, University of Massachusetts, Amherst

ROBIN K. CRAIG, University of Utah, Salt Lake City

THOMAS DUNNE, University of California, Santa Barbara

M. SIOBHAN FENNESSY, Kenyon College, Gambier, OH

JAMES W. JAWITZ, University of Florida, Gainesville

EHAB A. MESELHE, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA

DENISE J. REED, University of New Orleans, LA

JAMES SAIERS, Yale University, New Haven, CT

ERIC P. SMITH, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg

MARTHA A. SUTULA, Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa

JEFFREY R. WALTERS, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg

DENISE H. WARDROP, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

NRC Staff

STEPHANIE E. JOHNSON, Study Director

BRENDAN R. MCGOVERN, Research Associate (until December 2019)

ERIC EDKIN, Program Coordinator (from December 2019)

ELLENI GIORGIS, Program Assistant (from September 2020)

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×

WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BOARD

CATHERINE L. KLING (NAS), Chair, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

NEWSHA AJAMI, Stanford University, CA

PEDRO J. ALVAREZ (NAE), Rice University, Houston, TX

JONATHAN D. ARTHUR, Florida Geological Survey, Tallahassee

RUTH L. BERKELMAN (NAM), Emory University, Atlanta, GA

JORDAN R. FISCHBACH, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA

ELLEN GILINSKY, Ellen Gilinsky, LLC, Richmond, VA

WENDY D. GRAHAM, University of Florida, Gainesville

ROBERT M. HIRSCH, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA

VENKATARAMAN LAKSHMI, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

MARK W. LeCHEVALLIER, Dr. Water Consulting, LLC, Morrison, CO

CAMILLE PANNU, University of California, Irvine

DAVID L. SEDLAK (NAE), University of California, Berkeley

JENNIFER TANK, University of Notre Dame, IN

DAVID L. WEGNER, Jacobs Engineering, Tucson, AZ

P. KAY WHITLOCK, Christopher B. Burke Engineering, Ltd., Rosemont, IL

Staff

DEBORAH GLICKSON, Director

LAURA J. EHLERS, Senior Staff Officer

STEPHANIE E. JOHNSON, Senior Staff Officer

M. JEANNE AQUILINO, Financial Business Partner

COURTNEY DEVANE, Administrative Coordinator

CALLA ROSENFELD, Senior Program Assistant

SARAH HAEDRICH, Program Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×

Reviewer Acknowledgment

This Consensus Study Report was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.

We thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Although these reviewers provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions and recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Kenneth W. Potter, University of Wisconsin and Bonnie McCay, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Appointed by the National Academies, they were responsible for making certain that an

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×

independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments received full consideration. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the National Academies.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×

Acknowledgments

Many individuals assisted the committee and the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine staff in their task to create this report. We would like to express our appreciation to Emad Habib, University of Louisiana at Lafayette for assistance with Figure 6-3. We would also like to thank the following people who gave presentations, participated in panel discussions, provided public comment to the committee, or served as field trip guides.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×

Dedication

This report is dedicated to the memory of two long-time supporters of the Everglades and its restoration, Drs. Karl Havens and William (Will) Graf. Karl was a member of the faculty of the University of Florida and the director of the Florida Sea Grant program. He was a member of the National Academies Committee on Independent Scientific Review of Everglades Restoration Progress (CISRERP), participating in committees in 2014 and 2016. Karl was an internationally recognized scholar on the response of freshwater and coastal ecosystems to human disturbances, including excess nutrients and climate change. He had considerable research interests and experience in Lake Okeechobee and Everglades restoration, which this committee put to good use. Karl was passionate in his personal and professional interests and always generous with his time and energy. Karl was an ardent and talented photographer and a great resource for interesting eateries in South Florida.

Will Graf was a Foundation University Professor Emeritus at the University of South Carolina. He served on CISRERP committees from 2004 to 2016, including as chair for the second biennial review (NRC, 2008). He also served on two prior National Academies Everglades committees from 2002 to 2004. Will had a long and distinguished career in geography, focusing on the geomorphology and hydrology of rivers, and the intersection of science and policy for public lands and waters. Will was generous in professional service, and he chaired or served on more than 20 committees of the National Academies, serving continuously on at least one committee (sometimes more) for 30 years. He had many interests, including hiking, kayaking, and traveling, and he delighted in sharing these passions with other committee members by organizing bicycling adventures in Newport Beach and a subgroup trip to Picayune Strand. The committee fondly remembers Will’s train whistle calling committee meetings to order and his relentless enthusiasm for the application of Everglades restoration science.

Karl and Will were tremendous colleagues and great friends. They will be missed.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×

Preface

The Everglades is a wondrous and unique landscape. This vast wetland drains a complex of sawgrass marshes and sloughs, hardwood hammocks, pinelands, and cypress swamps before discharging into its surrounding estuaries, including the St. Lucie Estuary, the Caloosahatchee Estuary, Biscayne Bay, and Florida Bay. The Everglades is also surrounded by ever-increasing urban development. Although there is an inherent tension between the built and natural environment, a fully functioning Everglades is critical to many ecosystem services that benefit the ever-increasing population of South Florida, including drinking water supply; mitigation against sea-level rise and storm surges; and healthy, productive, and diverse wildlife and fisheries, among many others. Unfortunately, drainage and development compromised the form and function of the Everglades and continue to impair the quantity and quality of water. Recent observations show that the Everglades are also increasingly challenged by changing climate. Sea-level rise, erratic and extreme weather, and harmful algal blooms are all manifestations of climate change and have focused public attention on the critical need to restore and protect the natural environment of South Florida.

Recognizing the consequences of the long-term degradation of the South Florida landscape, in 1999 the federal government partnered with the State of Florida to initiate the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) to maintain and improve the ecosystem’s structure and function. In establishing the CERP, Congress also requested that an independent scientific review be conducted on progress toward restoration with biennial reports. The National Academies formed the Committee on Independent Scientific Review of Everglades Restoration Progress (CISRERP) in 2004. This report is the eighth in the series.

This report period coincides with a particularly exciting period for the CERP. Twenty years in, the restoration efforts are, at last, seeing the completion and operation of some projects and progress in others. This transition from planning projects to beginning of their operation, integration, and optimization is

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×

rewarding for the many people and groups who have worked long and hard on Everglades restoration. This pivot toward project operation represents an opportunity to learn about the first stages of ecosystem response to restoration and to use this information to inform and guide future restoration efforts.

The CISRERP consists of scientists, social scientists, and engineers with a range of relevant expertise and experience in the environmental sciences, hydrology, wetland and estuarine science, systems engineering, statistics, modeling, project and program administration, law, economics, and public policy. Some committee members have experience in past CISRERP reviews or have relevant research experience working on the Everglades. Other committee members are less familiar with this complex and important system. This span of experience is healthy and brings a range of perspectives to the issues and activities we considered. The full committee met on four occasions in Florida and twice virtually over a 12-month period. We reviewed reports and published literature, heard oral presentations, and had discussions with federal, state, and tribal personnel, academic scientists, representatives of nongovernmental organizations and interest groups, and the public. I am humbled and honored to work with such a distinguished and dedicated group. The CISRERP members are highly accomplished and have worked diligently and effectively as a team to produce this report. I have been impressed with the careful analysis, ideas, time committed, and thoughtful suggestions by committee members in reviewing materials and developing the report. This report represents a consensus of the committee on the restoration progress and challenges anticipated in future restoration not only from the perspective of the most recent 2-year period, but also more broadly since the CERP was initiated 20 years ago.

The committee is indebted to many individuals for supplying information and resources that have been critical to our review. In particular, the committee’s technical liaisons—Glenn Landers (USACE), Eva Velez (USACE), Nafeeza Hooseinny (SFWMD), and Robert Johnson (DOI)—greatly facilitated our work by effectively responding to frequent requests for information and providing access to agency resources and expertise. The committee is appreciative of the efforts of numerous people who readily provided valuable insights and knowledge of the Everglades ecosystem and its restoration through presentations, conversations, terrific field trips, and public comments (see Acknowledgments).

The committee has been extremely fortunate to work with gifted staff from the National Academies to help us meet our charge. Stephanie Johnson has been stellar as project officer of eight CISRERP committees for the National Academies. The CERP is a remarkably challenging and interesting program entailing a complex biophysical system, many interconnected restoration projects, a number of federal, state, and tribal agencies that work together to accomplish the restora-

Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×

tion, and stakeholders who are passionate about the Everglades but at times have conflicting ideas and interests. Stephanie’s intellect, experience, and tenacity have been essential to help the committee navigate through the complexity in order to address the issues facing the CERP. Her perseverance and leadership have been critical in the development of this report. We were fortunate to have the services of Brendan McGovern to support the logistical needs of the committee and provide sage advice on local restaurants for memorable and productive dinners after committee meetings and field trips. Unfortunately, Brendan left the National Academies before the committee’s work was complete. His positive outlook, hard work, and stories have been missed. Fortunately, Brendan was replaced by Eric Edkin. Eric’s technical mastery was invaluable to the committee, particularly when it was necessary to transition to virtual meetings. Without these capable staff, the committee would have experienced difficulty meeting the challenge of this review and report.

Charles Driscoll, Chair
Committee on Independent Scientific Review of Everglades Restoration Progress

Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×

Acronyms

AF acre-feet
ASR aquifer storage and recovery
BBCW Biscayne Bay Coastal Wetlands
BBSEER Biscayne Bay and Southeastern Everglades Ecosystem Restoration
BBSM Biscayne Bay Simulation Model
BMAP Basin Management Action Plans
BMP best management practice
BOD biochemical oxygen demand
C&SF Central and Southern Florida
CEPP Central Everglades Planning Project
CERP Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
cfs cubic feet per second
CHNEP Coastal & Heartland National Estuary Partnership
CISRERP Committee on Independent Scientific Review of Everglades Restoration Progress
COP Combined Operational Plan
COP-PDT+ Combined Operational Plan project delivery team
CROGEE Committee on the Restoration of the Greater Everglades Ecosystem
CSSS Cape Sable seaside sparrow
DOI U.S. Department of the Interior
EAA Everglades Agricultural Area
EIS Environmental Impact Statement
ENP Everglades National Park
Page xxii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
ERTP Everglades Restoration Transition Plan
FDEP Florida Department of Environmental Protection
FEB flow equalization basin
FWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
FY fiscal year
HAB harmful algal bloom
HSI habitat suitability index
IDS Integrated Delivery Schedule
IOP Interim Operational Plan
IRL-S Indian River Lagoon-South
LNWR Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge
LOWRP Lake Okeechobee Watershed Restoration Project
LTER Long-Term Ecological Research
MAP monitoring and assessment plan
N nitrogen
NASEM National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
NCEAS National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis
NEPA National Environmental Policy Act
NGVD National Geodetic Vertical Datum
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NPS National Park Service
NRC National Research Council
P phosphorus
PACR Post Authorization Change Report
PPA project partnership agreement
ppb parts per billion
ppt parts per thousand
PSU practical salinity unit
QAOT Quality Assurance Oversight Team
Page xxiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
RECOVER REstoration, COordination, and VERification
RPA reasonable and prudent alternative
RSM Regional Simulation Model
RSMGL Regional Simulation Model Glades-Lower East Coast Simulation Area
SAV submerged aquatic vegetation
SEACOM Florida Bay Seagrass Community Model
SESYNC National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center
SFERTF South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Task Force
SFWMD South Florida Water Management District
SFWMM South Florida Water Management Model
SSR System Status Report
STA stormwater treatment area
TMDL total maximum daily load
TTFF Tamiami Trail Flow Formula
USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture
WAI wetland affinity index
WCA Water Conservation Area
WERP Western Everglades Restoration Project
WQBEL water quality–based effluent limit
WRDA Water Resources Development Act
WSE Water Supply and Environment
WY water year (May 1 to April 30)
Page xxiv Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R1
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R2
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R3
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R4
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R5
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R6
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R7
Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R8
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R9
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R10
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R11
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R12
Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R13
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R14
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R15
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R16
Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R17
Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R18
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R19
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R20
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R21
Page xxii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R22
Page xxiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R23
Page xxiv Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25853.
×
Page R24
Next: Summary »
Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020 Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $85.00 Buy Ebook | $69.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

During the past century, the Everglades, one of the world's treasured ecosystems, has been dramatically altered by drainage and water management infrastructure to improve flood management, urban water supply, and agricultural production. The remnants of the original Everglades now compete for water with urban and agricultural interests and are impaired by contaminated runoff from these two sectors. The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP), a joint effort launched by the state and the federal government in 2000, seeks to reverse the decline of the ecosystem. The multibillion-dollar project was originally envisioned as a 30- to 40-year effort to achieve ecological restoration by reestablishing the natural hydrologic characteristics of the Everglades, where feasible, and to create a water system that serves the needs of both the natural and the human systems of South Florida.

In establishing the CERP, Congress also requested that an independent scientific review be conducted on progress toward restoration with biennial reports. The National Academies' Committee on Independent Scientific Review of Everglades Restoration Progress has provided biennial reviews of restoration progress and advice on scientific and engineering issues that may impact progress since 2004. This eighth study of the series describes substantive accomplishments over the past 2 years and reviews developments in research, monitoring, and assessment that inform restoration decision making. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020 also reviews the recently developed Combined Operational Plan, which is a prerequisite for CERP progress in the central Everglades, and examines issues facing the northern and southern estuaries, including priorities for science to support restoration decision making.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!