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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Evaluating the Use of Spatially Precise Diurnal Population Data in Aviation Noise Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25871.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Evaluating the Use of Spatially Precise Diurnal Population Data in Aviation Noise Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25871.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Evaluating the Use of Spatially Precise Diurnal Population Data in Aviation Noise Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25871.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Evaluating the Use of Spatially Precise Diurnal Population Data in Aviation Noise Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25871.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Evaluating the Use of Spatially Precise Diurnal Population Data in Aviation Noise Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25871.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Evaluating the Use of Spatially Precise Diurnal Population Data in Aviation Noise Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25871.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Evaluating the Use of Spatially Precise Diurnal Population Data in Aviation Noise Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25871.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Evaluating the Use of Spatially Precise Diurnal Population Data in Aviation Noise Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25871.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Evaluating the Use of Spatially Precise Diurnal Population Data in Aviation Noise Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25871.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Evaluating the Use of Spatially Precise Diurnal Population Data in Aviation Noise Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25871.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Evaluating the Use of Spatially Precise Diurnal Population Data in Aviation Noise Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25871.
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ACRP Web-Only Document 48: Evaluating the Use of Spatially Precise Diurnal Population Data in Aviation Noise Studies Metron Aviation, Inc. Herndon, Virginia DGW Consulting Group, LLC Richmond, Virginia Contractor’s Final Report for ACRP Project 02-84 Submitted May 2020 ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). It was conducted through the Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP), which is administered by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for- profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FTA, GHSA, NHTSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. DISCLAIMER The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research. They are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the program sponsors. The information contained in this document was taken directly from the submission of the author(s). This material has not been edited by TRB.

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR ACRP Web-Only Document 48 Christoper J. Hedges, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Lori L. Sundstrom, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Marci A. Greenberger, Manager, Airport Cooperative Research Program Joseph D. Navarrete, Senior Program Officer Elizabeth Sumerlin, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Natalie Barnes, Associate Director of Publications Jennifer Correro, Assistant Editor ACRP PROJECT 02-84 PANEL ACRP 2: Area of Environment Sandra J. Lancaster, Dallas Fort Worth International Airport, DFW Airport, TX (Chair) Edwin "Bert" Ganoung, Jr., San Francisco International Airport Commission, San Francisco, CA Mark R. Johnson, Ricondo & Associates, Inc., Overland Park, KS Timothy Middleton, HMMH, Hackensack, NJ Timothy Middleton, The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Jersey City, NJ Nicholas Nagle, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN Christian Valdes, Landrum & Brown, Inc., Irvine, CA James B. Byers, III, FAA Liaison Bill He, FAA Liaison Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation improvements and innovation through trusted, timely, impartial, and evidence-based information exchange, research, and advice regarding all modes of transportation. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 8,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

iv Table of Contents List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ viii Acronyms ................................................................................................................................... ix 1 Summary ..................................................................................................................................1 2 Emerging Practices and Activity-Based Models ......................................................................3 2.1 Introduction to Diurnal Population Movement and Spatiotemporal Data ........................3 2.2 Activity-Based Models and Transportation Planning .......................................................4 2.3 Activity-Based Models and Emergency Response ...........................................................6 2.4 Spatiotemporal Data for Use in Marketing .....................................................................10 2.5 Spatiotemporal Data and Aircraft Noise Studies ............................................................11 2.6 Conclusions .....................................................................................................................11 3 Evaluation of Data Sources ....................................................................................................13 3.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................13 3.2 Category 1: American Community Survey .....................................................................14 3.2.1 Data Availability .......................................................................................................14 3.2.2 Data Quality ..............................................................................................................14 3.2.3 Data Applicability .....................................................................................................15 3.2.4 Data Compatibility ....................................................................................................15 3.2.5 Conclusions ...............................................................................................................15 3.3 Category 1: LEHD Origin–Destination Employment Statistics (LODES) .....................15 3.3.1 Data Availability .......................................................................................................16 3.3.2 Data Quality ..............................................................................................................16 3.3.3 Data Applicability .....................................................................................................17 3.3.4 Data Compatibility ....................................................................................................17 3.3.5 Conclusions ...............................................................................................................17 3.4 Category 2: ORNL’s LandScan™ Global ......................................................................17 3.4.1 Data Availability .......................................................................................................17 3.4.2 Data Quality ..............................................................................................................18 3.4.3 Data Applicability .....................................................................................................19 3.4.4 Data Compatibility ....................................................................................................19 3.4.5 Conclusions ...............................................................................................................20 3.5 Category 2: ORNL’s LandScan™ USA .........................................................................20 3.5.1 Data Availability .......................................................................................................20

v 3.5.2 Data Quality ..............................................................................................................20 3.5.3 Data Applicability .....................................................................................................21 3.5.4 Data Compatibility ....................................................................................................22 3.5.5 Conclusions ...............................................................................................................22 3.6 Category 2: ESRI Daytime Population ...........................................................................22 3.6.1 Data Availability .......................................................................................................23 3.6.2 Data Quality ..............................................................................................................23 3.6.3 Data Applicability .....................................................................................................23 3.6.4 Data Compatibility ....................................................................................................23 3.6.5 Conclusions ...............................................................................................................23 3.7 Category 3: AirSage Activity Density ............................................................................24 3.7.1 Data Availability .......................................................................................................24 3.7.2 Data Quality ..............................................................................................................24 3.7.3 Data Applicability .....................................................................................................25 3.7.4 Data Compatibility ....................................................................................................25 3.7.5 Conclusions ...............................................................................................................25 3.8 Category 3: Other Mobile Data Providers .......................................................................25 3.9 Conclusions .....................................................................................................................25 4 Practices and Guidelines for Using Spatiotemporal Population Data with Aviation Noise Studies ....................................................................................................................................28 4.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................28 4.2 Applicability of Spatiotemporal Population Data ...........................................................28 4.3 Limitations of Current Tools and Methods .....................................................................28 4.4 Further Research Needs ..................................................................................................29 4.5 Types of Aviation Noise Studies .....................................................................................30 4.5.1 NEPA Studies ...........................................................................................................30 4.5.2 Environmental Justice Analysis ................................................................................30 4.5.3 Land Use Compatibility Planning (“Part 150” Studies) ...........................................30 4.5.4 Other Analyses/Studies .............................................................................................31 4.5.5 Research Studies .......................................................................................................32 5 Creating a Spatiotemporal Aviation Noise Study with Examples .........................................34 5.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................34 5.2 Choose the Population Data ............................................................................................34 5.3 Choose the Noise Metric .................................................................................................35 5.3.1 Time-Averaged Metrics for Different Lengths of Time ...........................................35

vi 5.3.2 Operations Weighting for Noise-Sensitive Periods ..................................................35 5.4 Prepare the Flight Data ....................................................................................................36 5.5 Model the Noise ..............................................................................................................37 5.6 Analyze the Noise ...........................................................................................................38 5.6.1 Las Vegas Area Optimization Environmental Assessment (EA) Example Study ....38 5.6.2 San Francisco Research Study, JPDO/IPSA NextGen Portfolio Assessment ..........44 5.7 Existing Policy and Practices Consistency ......................................................................50 5.7.1 NEPA Studies Guidance ...........................................................................................53 5.7.2 NEPA Significance Thresholds ................................................................................54 5.7.3 Land Use Compatibility Planning (“Part 150” Studies) ...........................................55 5.7.4 Other Analyses/Studies .............................................................................................56 6 References ..............................................................................................................................57 Appendix A Relationship of Policies and Practices .................................................................. A-1 A.1 Existing Aviation Environmental Policies, Regulations, and Guidance ...................... A-1 A.2 Additional Aviation-Related Environmental Guidance and Practices ......................... A-6 A.3 Related DOT Agencies ............................................................................................... A-10

vii List of Figures Figure 1: Atlanta Activity-Based Model – People Not at Home, 12:00 PM ...................................5 Figure 2: Atlanta Activity-Based Model – People Not at Home, 11:00 PM ...................................5 Figure 3: LODES Movement for the City of San Francisco .........................................................16 Figure 4: LandScan Cells and Centroids Overlaid on Census Block Centroids ............................19 Figure 5: LandScan USA Centroids (gray) Overlaid on Census Block Centroids (black) ............21 Figure 6: Example of ESRI’s Daytime Population Data near Washington, D.C. .........................22 Figure 7: LODES Residential (left) and Workplace (right) Population Distributions ..................26 Figure 8: Census 2010 Population (left) and Resampled LandScan Data (right) ..........................27 Figure 9: NextGen 2013 JPDO/IPSA Noise Analysis ...................................................................32 Figure 10: Modified Operations Count in ASIF File .....................................................................37 Figure 11: Sample AEDT Point Receptor File ..............................................................................38 Figure 12: Las Vegas LandScan USA Daytime Population ..........................................................39 Figure 13: Las Vegas LandScan USA Nighttime Population ........................................................40 Figure 14: Las Vegas (LAS) Baseline Daytime Tracks; Baseline (left); Alternative (right) ........40 Figure 15: Las Vegas (LAS) Day Contours; Baseline (left); Alternative (right) ..........................41 Figure 16: Baseline (No Action, red) and Alternative (Optimized, blue) Daytime 55-60 dB LAeqD Contour and High Population Areas ........................................................................41 Figure 17: Las Vegas (LAS) Baseline Nighttime Tracks; Baseline (left) Alternative (right) .......42 Figure 18: Las Vegas (LAS) Night Contours; Baseline (left); Alternative (right) ........................42 Figure 19: Las Vegas (LAS) 24-Hour Contours; Baseline (left); Alternative (right) ....................43 Figure 20: SFO Modified LAeqD With Evening Noise 3x Weighting, LandScan USA Day Population .............................................................................................................................45 Figure 21: SFO LAeqN Noise, LandScan USA Night Population ................................................46 Figure 22: LODES Working Population and Modified LAeqD Noise..........................................47 Figure 23: LODES Residential Population and LAeqN Noise ......................................................48 Figure 24: ESRI Daytime Population and Modified LAeqD Noise ..............................................49 Figure 25: Relationship of Policies and Practices..........................................................................52 Figure 26: Representative Noise Impact Graph Depicting Significant Changes ...........................55

viii List of Tables Table 1: Key Exposure-Based Metrics (Source: AEDT Technical Manual) .................................35 Table 2: LandScan USA Day vs. Night Population .......................................................................43 Table 3: Weighted 24-Hour Population vs. Census .......................................................................44 Table 4: Sample San Francisco Day Populations ..........................................................................50 Table 5: Sample San Francisco Night Populations ........................................................................50 Table 6: Existing Aviation Environmental Policies, Regulations, and Guidance ...................... A-1 Table 7: Additional Aviation-Related Environmental Guidance and Practices ......................... A-6 Table 8: Related DOT Agencies ............................................................................................... A-10

ix Acronyms AAD ...........................Average Annual Day ACRP .........................Airport Cooperative Research Program ACES .........................Airspace Concept Evaluation System ACS ............................American Community Survey AEDT .........................Aviation Environmental Design Tool ARC ...........................Atlanta Regional Commission ASCENT ....................Aviation Sustainability Center ASIF ...........................AEDT Standard Input File ATFM ........................Air Traffic Flow Management CAEP .........................Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection CANSO ......................Civil Air Navigation Services Organization CATEX ......................Categorical Exclusion CDR ...........................Call Detail Record CEQ............................Council on Environmental Quality CFR ............................Code of Federal Regulations CNEL .........................Community Noise Equivalent Level COE............................FAA Center of Excellence CSV ............................Comma-Separated Values CTPP ..........................Census Transportation Planning Package DNAP .........................Dynamic Noise Avoidance Planner DNL ...........................Day-Night Level DOT ...........................Department of Transportation EA ..............................Environmental Assessment EIS..............................Environmental Impact Statement EJ................................Environmental Justice EPA ............................U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ERA............................Environmentally Responsible Aviation ESRI ...........................Environmental Systems Research Institute FAA............................Federal Aviation Administration

x FACT .........................Future Air Capacity Task FEATHERS ...............Forecasting Evolutionary Activity-Travel of Households and their Environmental Repercussions FHWA ........................Federal Highway Administration FICON........................Federal Interagency Committee on Noise FRA ............................Federal Railway Administration FTP .............................File Transfer Protocol GIS .............................Geographic Information System GPS ............................Global Positioning System ICAO ..........................International Civil Aviation Organization ID ...............................Identifier INM ............................Integrated Noise Model IPSA ...........................Interagency Portfolio and System Analysis JPDO ..........................Joint Planning and Development Office km ..............................Kilometer LAeq ..........................A-Weighted Equivalent Sound Level LAeqD........................Day Equivalent Sound Level LAeqN........................Night Equivalent Sound Level LEHD .........................Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics Leq .............................Equivalent Sound Level LMAX ........................Maximum Sound Level LODES .......................LEHD Origin–Destination Employment Statistics LU ..............................Land Use m ................................Meter NA ..............................Number Above NAS............................National Airspace System NASA .........................National Aeronautics and Space Administration NEM ...........................Noise Exposure Map NEPA .........................National Environmental Policy Act NextGen .....................Next Generation Air Transportation System nmi .............................Nautical Mile

xi OD ..............................Origin–Destination ORNL .........................Oak Ridge National Laboratory PBN ............................Performance-Based Navigation RS ...............................Remote Sensing SEL ............................Sound Exposure Level SID .............................Standard Instrument Departure SWAC ........................System Wide Analysis Capability TA ..............................Time Above TAAM ........................Total Airport and Airspace Model TAZ ............................Travel Analysis Zone TPADS .......................Technology Portfolio Assessment and Decision Support Tool U.S.C. .........................United States Code UAS............................Unmanned Aircraft System USA............................United States of America XML ...........................eXtensible Markup Language

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Evaluating the Use of Spatially Precise Diurnal Population Data in Aviation Noise Studies Get This Book
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Knowing where people are at different times of the day potentially enables the design of airspace routes that minimize the environmental impact to a shifting population on the ground.

The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Web-Only Document 48: Evaluating the Use of Spatially Precise Diurnal Population Data in Aviation Noise Studies examines the potential role of spatiotemporal population data in aviation noise studies.

Aviation noise analysis has traditionally focused on modeling the noise from an average day of operations. There is potential to move from this static approach to identifying high-aircraft-noise areas to a dynamic method of assessing aircraft noise experienced by people where they are as they move about the day and night.

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