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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Proposed AASHTO Guidelines for Performance-Based Seismic Bridge Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25913.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Proposed AASHTO Guidelines for Performance-Based Seismic Bridge Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25913.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Proposed AASHTO Guidelines for Performance-Based Seismic Bridge Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25913.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Proposed AASHTO Guidelines for Performance-Based Seismic Bridge Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25913.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Proposed AASHTO Guidelines for Performance-Based Seismic Bridge Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25913.
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Page 72
Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Proposed AASHTO Guidelines for Performance-Based Seismic Bridge Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25913.
×
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Page 73
Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Proposed AASHTO Guidelines for Performance-Based Seismic Bridge Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25913.
×
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Page 74
Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Proposed AASHTO Guidelines for Performance-Based Seismic Bridge Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25913.
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67 References and Bibliography References AASHTO. 2011. AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design (Second Edition), with 2012, 2014, and 2015 Interim Revisions. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Washington, D.C. AASHTO. 2014. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. Customary U.S. Units (Seventh Edition), with 2015 and 2016 Interim Revisions. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Washington, D.C. Andrus, R.D., N. Ravichandran, S.A. Aboye, A.H. Bhuiyan, and J.R. Martin, II. 2014. Seismic Site Coefficients and Acceleration Design Response Spectra Based on Conditions in South Carolina. FHWA-SC-14-02. South Carolina Department of Transportation. Columbia. Antonellis, G., and M. Panagiotou. 2013. Seismic Design and Performance of Bridges with Columns on Rocking Foundations. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). Berkeley, CA. ATC/MCEER (Joint Venture). 2002. NCHRP Report 472: Comprehensive Specification for the Seismic Design of Bridges. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. Washington, D.C. Babazadeh, A., R. Burgeño, and P. Silva. 2015. Use of 3D Finite-Element Models for Predicting Intermediate Damage Limit States in RC Bridge Columns. Journal of Structural Engineering. Vol. 141, No. 10. Baker, J.W. 2013. Introduction to Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis. White Paper Version 2.0.1, 79 pp. Bensi, M.T., A.D. Kiureghian, and D. Straub. 2011. A Bayesian Network Methodology for Infrastructure Seismic Risk Assessment and Decision Support. PEER Report 2011/02. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). Berkeley, CA. Bertero, R.D. 2014. Great 2010 American Earthquakes: Lessons for Seismic Design and Construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. Vol. 140, No. 4. Bignell, J.L., J.M. LaFave, and N. Hawkins. 2006. Assessment of the Seismic Vulnerability of Wall Pier Supported Highway Bridges on Priority Emergency Routes in Southern Illinois. Report No. FHWA-ICT-07-004. Illinois Center of Transportation. Urbana, IL. Boore, D.M., W.B. Joyner, and T.E. Fumal. 1997. Equations for Estimating Horizontal Response Spectra and Peak Acceleration from Western North American Earthquakes: A Summary of Recent Work. Seismological Research Letters. Vol. 68, pp. 128–153. Boore, D.M., J. Watson-Lamprey, and N.A. Abrahamson. 2006. Orientation-Independent Measures of Ground Motion. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. Vol. 96, pp. 1502–1511. Boore, D.M. 2010. Orientation-Independent, Nongeometric-Mean Measures of Seismic Intensity from Two Horizontal Components of Motion. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. Vol. 100, pp. 1830–1835. Brown, N.R, M.J. Kowalsky, and J. Nau. 2015. Impact of D/T on Seismic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Filled Steel Tubes. Journal of Constructional Steel Research. Vol. 109, April, pp. 111–123. DOI:10.1016/ j.jcsr.2015.01.013. Buckle, I., I. Friedland, J. Mander, G. Martin, R. Nutt, and M. Power. 2006. Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Structures: Part 1—Bridges. Report No. FHWA-HRT-06-032, Office of Infrastructure Research and Development, Turner–Fairbank Highway Research Center, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, McLean, VA. Campbell, K.W., and Y. Bozorgnia. 2003. Updated Near-Source Ground-motion (attenuation) Relations for the Horizontal and Vertical Components of Peak Ground Acceleration and Acceleration Response Spectra. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. Vol. 93, pp. 314–331.

68 Proposed AASHTO Guidelines for Performance-Based Seismic Bridge Design CEMP. 2015. City of Seattle—Disaster Recovery Framework. Seattle Office of Emergency Management Program (CEMP). Chiou, J.-S., and Y.-C. Tsai. 2014. Displacement Ductility Capacity Assessment for a Fixed-Head Pile in Cohesionless Soil. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. Vol. 140, No. 3. CSA. 2006. CAN/CSA-S6-06: Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code. CSA International, Ontario, Canada. Delavaud, E., F. Cotton, S. Akkar, F. Scherbaum, L. Danciu, C. Beauval, S. Drouet, J. Douglas, R. Basili, M.A. Sandikkaya, E. Faccioli, and N. Theodoulidis. 2012. Toward a Ground-motion Logic Tree for Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment in Europe. Journal of Seismology. Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 451–473. FEMA. 2005. Improvement of Nonlinear Static Seismic Analysis Procedures. FEMA-440. Washington, D.C. FEMA. 2012a. FEMA P-58-1 Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings, Volume 1—Methodology. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Washington, D.C. FEMA. 2012b. FEMA P-58-2 Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings, Volume 2—Implementation Guide. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Washington, D.C. FEMA. 2012c. FEMA 58-4 Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings, Volume 4—Methodology for Assessing Environmental Impacts. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Washington, D.C. Feng, Y., M.J. Kowalsky, and J. Nau. 2014a. Fiber-Based Modeling of Circular Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns. Journal of Earthquake Engineering. Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 714–734. Feng, Y., M.J. Kowalsky, and J. Nau. 2014b. Finite Element Method to Predict Bar Buckling in RC Structures. Journal of Structural Engineering. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001048, Vol. 141, issue 5(May 20). Feng, Y., M.J. Kowalsky, and J. Nau. 2014c. Effect of Seismic Load History on Deformation Limit States for Longitudinal Bar Buckling in RC Columns. Journal of Structural Engineering. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE) ST.1943-541X.0001153, Vol. 141, issue 8 (August 2015). Franke, K.W., L.T. Ekstrom, and K.J. Ulmer. 2014a. Simplified SPT Performance-Based Assessment of Liquefaction and Effects: Year 1 (Tasks 1 and 2). Utah Department of Transportation. Salt Lake City. Franke, K.W., L.T. Ekstrom, and K.J. Ulmer. 2014b. Simplified SPT Performance-Based Assessment of Liquefaction and Effects: Tasks 5 and 6 (Year 1). Utah Department of Transportation. Salt Lake City. Franke, K.W., L.T. Ekstrom, and K.J. Ulmer. 2015a. Simplified SPT Performance-Based Assessment of Liquefaction and Effects: Year 1 (Tasks 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 and 8). Utah Department of Transportation. Salt Lake City. Franke, K.W., L.T. Ekstrom, and K.J. Ulmer. 2015b. Simplified SPT Performance-Based Assessment of Liquefaction and Effects: Tasks 7 and 8. Utah Department of Transportation. Salt Lake City. Franke, K.W., L.T. Ekstrom, and K.J. Ulmer. 2015c. Simplified SPT Performance-Based Assessment of Liquefaction and Effects: Tasks 5 and 6 (Year 2). Utah Department of Transportation. Salt Lake City. Franke, K.W., L. Astorga, and B. Error. 2016. Simplified SPT Performance-Based Assessment of Liquefaction and Effects: Tasks 7 and 8. Utah Department of Transportation. Salt Lake City. Fulmer, S.J., M.J. Kowalsky, and J.M. Nau. 2013. Seismic Performance of Steel Pipe Pile to Cap Beam Moment Resisting Connections. Final Report FHWA-AK-RD-13-02 to AUTC/AKDOT January. Goodnight, J.C., M.J. Kowalsky, and J. Nau. 2016a. Strain Limit State for Circular RC Bridge Columns. Earthquake Spectra. Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 1627–1652. Goodnight, J.C., M.J. Kowalsky, and J. Nau. 2016b. Modified Plastic Hinge Method for Circular RC Bridge Columns. Journal of Structural Engineering. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001570. Goodnight, J.C., M.J. Kowalsky, and J.M. Nau. 2017a. Seismic Load Path Effects in Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns and Wall Piers—Volume 1: Strain Limit States for RC Bridge Columns. Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities, Juneau, AK. Goodnight, J.C., M.J. Kowalsky, and J.M. Nau. 2017b. Closure to “Modified Plastic-Hinge Method for Circular RC Bridge Columns.” Journal of Structural Engineering. Vol. 143, No. 9. Hajihashemi, A., S. Pezeshk, and T. Huff. 2017. Comparison of Nonlinear Static Procedures and Modeling Assumptions for the Seismic Design of Ordinary Bridges. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction. Vol. 22(2), pp. 1–10. Hose, Y.D., and F. Seible. 1999. Performance Evaluation Database for Concrete Bridge Components and Systems under Simulated Seismic Loads. PEER Report 1999/11. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). Berkeley, CA. Huff, T. 2016a. Issues in the Prediction of Inelastic Behavior in Bridges during Earthquakes. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction. Vol. 21(3), pp. 1–11. Huff, T., and S. Pezeshk. 2016. Inelastic Displacement Spectra for Bridges Using the Substitute-Structure Method. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction. Vol. 21(2), pp. 1–13. Ishihara, K., and M. Yoshimine. 1992. Evaluation of Settlements in Sand Deposits following Liquefaction during Earthquakes. Soils and Foundations, Japanese Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. Vol. 32, No. 1, March, pp. 173–188.

References and Bibliography 69 Kramer, S.L., and M. Greenfield. 2016. Research Project Highlight. Project No. NCTRKA: Next Generation Liquefaction: Japan Data Collection. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). Berkeley, CA. Kuwabara, T., T. Tamakoshi, J. Murakoshi, Y. Kimura, T. Nanazawa, and J.I. Hoshikuma. 2013. Outline of Japanese Design Specifications for Highway Bridges in 2012. The 44th UJNR Panel Meeting, Joint Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects (UJNR), National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. Kwong, N.S., and A.K. Chopra. 2015. Selection and Scaling of Ground Motions for Nonlinear Response History Analysis of Buildings in Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). Berkeley, CA. LaFave, J., L. Fahnestock, D. Foutch, J. Steelman, J. Revell, E. Filipov, and J. Hajjar. 2013a. Experimental Inves- tigation of the Seismic Response of Bridge Bearings. Illinois Center of Transportation. Urbana, IL. LATBSDC. 2014. An Alternative Procedure for Seismic Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings Located in the Los Angeles Region. Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council, 2014 Edition. Liang, Z., and G.C. Lee. 2013. Towards Establishing Practical Multi-Hazard Bridge Design Limit States. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration. Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 333–340. Mackie, K., K. Cronin, and B. Nielson. 2011. Response Sensitivity of Highway Bridges to Randomly Oriented Multi-Component Earthquake Excitation. Journal of Earthquake Engineering. Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 850–876, DOI: 10.1080/13632469.2010.551706. Mackie, K.R., and B. Stojadinovic. 2015. Fragility Basis for California Highway Overpass Bridge Seismic Decision Making. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). Berkeley, CA. Mander, J., W. Priestley, and R. Park. 1988. Theoretical Stress-Strain Model for Confined Concrete. Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 114, No. 8, pp. 1804–1826. (Cited in Appendix A) Marsh, M.L., and S.J. Stringer. 2013. NCHRP Synthesis 440: Performance-Based Seismic Bridge Design. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Marsh, M.L., I.G. Buckle, and E. Kavazanjian, Jr. 2014. LRFD Seismic Analysis and Design of Bridges Reference Manual. National Highway Institute, Washington, D.C. Moon, F., N. Romano, D. Masceri, J. Braley, N. Samtani, T. Murphy, M. Lopez de Murphy, and D.R. Mertz. 2017. Web-Only Document 245: Bridge Superstructure Tolerance to Total and Differential Foundation Movements. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Nako, A.C., C. Shlke, J. Six, B. Johnson, P. Dusicka, and M. Selamawit. 2009. Seismic Vulnerability of Oregon State Highway Bridges: Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Major Mobility Risks. ODOT Bridge Seismic Committee/ Portland State University. Oregon DOT. 2016a. Bridge Design and Drafting Manual—Section 1, Design. Oregon Department of Transportation. Salem. Oregon DOT. 2016b. Geotechnical Design Manual. Chapter 6: Seismic Design. Oregon Department of Trans- portation. Salem. OSSPAC. 2013. The Oregon Resiliency Plan–Executive Summary: Reducing Risk and Improving Recovery for the Next Cascadia Earthquake and Tsunami. Report to the 77th Legislative Assembly from Oregon Seismic Safety Policy Advisory Commission (OSSPAC). Overby, D., M. Kowalsky, and R. Seracino. 2015a. Final Research Report No. RD-15-15 on A706 Grade 80 Reinforcement for Seismic Applications. California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, CA, and Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Overby, D.T., M. Kowalsky, and R. Seracino. 2015b. A706 Grade 80 Reinforcement for Seismic Applications. North Carolina State Research Report No. RD-15-15. Raleigh, NC. Palma, A.L. 2019. Influence of Response Spectra Definitions on the Bidirectional Seismic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns. Master’s Thesis. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. Paulay, T., and M.J.N. Priestley. 1992. Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY. Priestley, M.J.N, G.M. Calvi, and M.J. Kowalsky. 2007. Displacement-Based Seismic Design of Structures. IUSS Press, Pavia, Italy. (Cited in Appendix A) Pyke, R., H.B. Seed, and C.K. Chan. 1975. Settlement of Sands under Multidirectional Shaking. Journal of Geo- technical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. Vol. 101, No. GT4, pp. 279–398. Rahman, J., N. Jagielo, and S. Miles. 2014. Resilient King County. White Paper. King County Emergency Manage- ment. Redmond, WA. REDi. 2013. REDi Rating System. Resilience-based Earthquake Design Initiative for the Next Generation of Buildings. Version 1, Oct. 2013. Roberts, L.A., D. Fick, and A. Misra. 2011. Performance-Based Design of Drilled Shaft Bridge Foundations. Journal of Bridge Engineering. Vol. 16, No. 6.

70 Proposed AASHTO Guidelines for Performance-Based Seismic Bridge Design Sadigh, K., C.-Y. Chang, J.A. Egan, F. Makdisi, and R.R. Youngs. 1997. Attenuation Relationships for Shallow Crustal Earthquakes Based on California Strong Motion Data. Seismological Research Letters. Vol. 68, pp. 180–189. Saiidi, M.S., M. Tazarv, S. Varela, S. Bennion, M.L. Marsh, I. Ghorbani, and T.P. Murphy. 2017. NCHRP Research Report 864: Seismic Evaluation of Bridge Columns with Energy Dissipating Mechanisms, Volume 1: Research Overview and Volume 2: Guidelines. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Saiidi, M.S., M. Mehraein, G. Shrestha, E. Jordan, A. Itani, M. Tazary, D. Sanders, T.P. Murphy, M.L. Reno, and M.N. Pohll. 2020. NCHRP Research Report 935: Proposed AASHTO Seismic Specifications for ABC Column Connections. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Saini, A., and M.S. Saiidi. 2014. Probabilistic Damage Control of Approach for Seismic Design of Bridge Columns. Center for Civil Engineering Earthquake Research (CCEER). CCEER 14-02. Reno, NV. Shantz. T. 2017. Lateral Spreading Analysis of New and Existing Bridges. Memo to Designers 20-15. California Department of Transportation, Sacramento. Silver, M.L., and H.B. Seed. 1971. Volume Changes in Sand during Cyclic Loading. Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division. Vol. 97, No. 9, pp. 1171–1182. South Carolina DOT (SC DOT). 2015. Bridge Design Memorandum–DM0115, Re: SCDOT Seismic Design Specifications for Highway Bridges, Version 2.0. Revisions to Sections 3, 6, 7, 8, and 9. South Carolina Department of Transportation, Columbia. South Carolina DOT. 2019. Geotechnical Design Manual. South Carolina Department of Transportation, Columbia. Stephens, M., D. Lehman, and C. Roeder. 2015. Concrete Filled Tube Bridge Pier Connections for Accelerated Bridge Construction. Technical Report CA15-2417. California Department of Transportation, Sacramento. Stephens, M., D. Lehman, and C. Roeder. 2016. Design of CFST Column-to-Foundation/Cap Beam Connections for Moderate and High Seismic Regions. Engineering Structures. Vol. 122, pp. 323–337. Stewart, J., N. Abrahamson, G. Atkinson, J. Baker, D. Boore, Y. Bozorgnia, K. Campbell, C. Comartin, I.M. Idriss, M. Lew, M. Mehrain, J. Moehle, F. Naeim, and T. Sabol. 2011. Representation of Bidirectional Ground Motions for Design Spectra in Building Codes. Earthquake Spectra. Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 927–937. DOI: 10.1193/1.3608001. Tazarv, M., and M.S. Saiidi. 2014. Next Generation of Bridge Columns for Accelerated Bridge Construction in High Seismic Zones. CCEER 14-06. Center for Civil Engineering Earthquake Research (CCEER). Reno, NV. Tehrani, P., and D. Mitchell. 2014. Seismic Risk Assessment of Four-Span Bridges in Montreal Designed Using the Canadian Bridge Design Code. Journal of Bridge Engineering. Vol. 19, No. 8. Tokimatsu, K., and H.B. Seed. 1987. Evaluation of Settlement in Sand Due to Earthquake Shaking. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. Vol. 113, No. 8, August. Trono, W., J. Gabriel, C.P. Ostertag, and M. Panagiotou. 2015. Seismic Response of a Damage-Resistant Recentering Post-tensioned-HYFRC Bridge Column. Journal of Bridge Engineering. Vol. 20, No. 7. Vosooghi, A., and M.S. Saiidi. 2010. Post-Earthquake Evaluation and Emergency Repair of Damaged RC Bridge Columns Using CFRP Materials. Center for Civil Engineering Earthquake Research (CCEER). CCEER 10-05. Reno, NV. Wang, Z., W.-C. Xie, and M.D. Pandey. 2016. Computationally Efficient Vector-Valued Seismic Risk Analysis of Engineering Structures. Journal of Structural Engineering. Vol. 142, No. 9. Washington State Emergency Management Council–Seismic Safety Committee. 2012. Resilient Washington State–A Framework for Minimizing Loss and Improving Statewide Recovery after an Earthquake. Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Information Circular. Vol. 114. Available at https://www.dnr.wa.gov/ Publications/ger_ic114_resilient_washington_state.pdf Worden, C.B., M.C. Gerstenberger, D.A. Rhoades, and D.J. Wald. 2012. Probabilistic Relationships Between Ground-Motion Parameters and Modified Mercalli Intensity in California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. Vol. 102, No. 1, pp. 204–221. Xie, Y., and J. Zhiang. 2016. Optimal Design of Seismic Protective Devices for Highway Bridges Using Performance- Based Methodology and Multiobjective Genetic Optimization. Journal of Bridge Engineering. Vol. 22, No. 3. Youd, T.L. 1972. Compaction of Sands by Repeated Straining. Journal of the Soils Mechanics and Foundations Division. Vol. 98, No. SM7, pp. 709–725. Zhang, G., P.K. Robertson, and R.W.I. Brachman. 2004. Estimating Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Displacements Using the Standard Penetration Test or Cone Penetration Test. Journal of Geotechnical and Environmental Engineering. Vol. 139, No. 8, pp. 861–871. Zimmerman, R.B., M. 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References and Bibliography 71 Bibliography Abrahamson, N.A., W.J. Silva, and R. Kamai. 2013. Update of the AS08 Ground-Motion Prediction Equations Based on the NGA–West2 Data Set. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). Berkeley, CA. Abrahamson, C., H.-J. M. Shi, and B. Yang. 2016. Ground-Motion Prediction Equations for Arias Intensity Consistent with the NGA–West2 Ground-Motion Models. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). Berkeley, CA. ACI. 2014. ACI 341.2R-14 Analysis and Design of Seismic-Resistant Concrete Bridge Systems. American Concrete Institute. Farmington Hills, MI. ACI. 2016. ACI 341.4R-16 Report on the Seismic Design of Bridge Columns Based on Drift. American Concrete Institute. Farmington Hills, MI. AmirHormozaki, E., G. Pekcan, and A. Itani. 2013. Analytical Fragility Curves for Horizontally Curved Steel Girder Highway Bridges. CCEER 13-3. Center for Civil Engineering Earthquake Research (CCEER). Reno, NV. ASCE. 2014. ASCE 41-13 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings. American Society of Civil Engineers. Reston, VA. ASCE. 2017. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (7-16). 2 vols. American Society of Civil Engineers. Reston, VA. Ashford, S.A., M.H. Scott, and D. Rayamajhi. 2013. Report SRS 500-300 on Reducing Seismic Risk to Highway Mobility: Assessment and Design for Pile Foundations Affected by Lateral Spreading. Oregon Department of Transportation, Salem, and Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Astorga, L., B. Error, B. Peterson, and K.W. Franke. 2015. Simplified SPT Performance-Based Assessment of Liquefaction and Effects: Tasks 3 and 4. Utah Department of Transportation. Salt Lake City, UT. Baker, J.W., T. Lin, S.K. Shahi, and N. Jayaram. 2011. New Ground Motion Selection Procedures and Selected Motions for the PEER Transportation Research Program. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). Berkeley, CA. Barbosa, A.R., T. Link, and D. Trejo. (2015). Seismic Performance of High-Strength Steel RC Bridge Columns. Journal of Bridge Engineering. 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000769, 04015044. Bebamzadeh, A., A. Rahmani, M. Taiebat, C.E. Ventura, and W.D.L. Finn. 2014. Performance-based Seismic Design of Bridges using High Performance Computing Tools. Proceedings of the 10th U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering Frontiers of Earthquake Engineering. Anchorage, AK. Beyer, K., and J.J. Bommer. 2006. Relationships Between Median Values and Between Aleatory Variabilities for Different Definitions of the Horizontal Component of Motion. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. Vol. 96, pp. 1512–1522. Beyer, K., and J. Bommer. 2007. Selection and Scaling of Real Accelerograms for Bi-Directional Loading: A Review of Current Practice and Code Provisions. Journal of Earthquake Engineering. Vol. 11:S1, pp. 13–45. Brandenberg, S.J., J. Zhang, P. Kashghandi, Y. Huo, and M. Zhao. 2011. Demand Fragility Surfaces for Bridges in Liquefied and Laterally Spreading Ground. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). Berkeley, CA. Caltrans. 2017. Lateral Spreading Analyses for New and Existing Bridges. Memo to Designers 20-15, May, 16p. Conte, J.P., and Y. Li. 2015. Probabilistic Performance-Based Optimal Seismic Design of Isolated Bridge Structures. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering. Vancouver, Canada. Doolen, T., A. Saeedi, and S. Emami. 2011. Final Report TPF-5(221) on Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) Decision Making and Economic Modeling Tool. Oregon Department of Transportation, Salem, and Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Douglas, J. 2011. Ground-Motion Prediction Equations 1964-2010. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). Berkeley, CA. Dusicka, P., R. Bazaez, and S. Knoles. 2015. Final Report SPR 741 on Bridge Seismic Retrofit Measures Consid- ering Subduction Zone Earthquakes. Oregon Department of Transportation, Salem, and Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Dusicka, P., and A. Lopez. 2016. Technical Report SPR 770 on Impact of Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquake on the Evaluation Criteria of Bridges. Oregon Department of Transportation, Salem, and Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Espinoza, A.O., and S.A. Mahin. 2012. Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Bridges Allowed to Uplift during Multi-Directional Excitation. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). Berkeley, CA. Field, E.H., G.P. Biasi, P. Bird, T.E. Dawson, K.R. Felzer, D.D. Jackson, K.M. Johnson, T.H. Jordan, C. Madden, A.J. Michael, K.R. Milner, and M.T. Zeng. 2013. Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 3 (UCERF3)—The Time-Independent Model. U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA.

72 Proposed AASHTO Guidelines for Performance-Based Seismic Bridge Design Gheitasi, A., and D.K. Harris. 2014. A Performance-Based Framework for Bridge Preservation Based on Damage- Integrated System-Level Behavior. Presented at 93rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Ghosh, S.K. 2014. Significant Changes from ASCE 7-05 to ASCE 7-10, Part 1: Seismic Design Provisions. PCI Journal. p. 60. Goodnight, J.C., M.J. Kowalsky, and J.M. Nau. 2013. The Effect of Load History on Performance Limit States of Circular Bridge Columns. Journal of Bridge Engineering. Vol 18, No. 12, pp. 1383–1396. Horton, Jr., J.W., and R.A. Williams.2012. The 2011 Virginia Earthquake: What are Scientists Learning? Eos, Transactions. American Geophysical Union. Vol. 93, No. 33, pp. 317–324. Huff, T. 2016b. Structural Demand on Bridges Subjected to Bidirectional Ground Motions. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction. Vol. 22(1), pp. 1–13. Huang, Y., S. Whittaker, and N. Luco. 2008. Maximum Spectral Demands in the Near-Fault Region. Earthquake Spectra. Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 319–341. ICC. 2014. International Building Code. International Code Council, Country Club Hills, IL. International Code Council. 2014. International Code Council Performance Code 2015. Johnson, L.A., and S.A. Mahin. 2016. The Mw 6.0 South Napa Earthquake of August 24, 2014: A Wake-up Call for Renewed Investment in Seismic Resilience Across California. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). Mather, CA. Johnson, L.A., S. Rabinovici, G.S. King, and S.A. Mahin. 2016. California Earthquake Early Warning System Benefit Study. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). Mather, CA. Konakli, K., and A.D. Kiureghian. 2011. Stochastic Dynamic Analysis of Bridges Subjected to Spatially Varying Ground Motions. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). Berkeley, CA. Konstantinidis, D., J.M. Kelly, and N. Makris. 2011. 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Seismic Performance Evaluation of Precast Girders with Field-Cast Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) Connections. Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER). Buffalo, NY. Li, Q., and A. Belarbi. 2012. Performance Based Design Approach for RC Square Bridge Columns under Combined Loading Including Torsion. Proceedings of the Structures Congress 2012. Chicago, IL. Link, T. 2014. Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns Constructed with Grade 80 Reinforcement. Master’s Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis. Malushte, S. 2016. Comparison of ASCE 7 and ASCE 43 for Informed Adoption of ASCE 7 for Seismic Design of SDC-1 SSCs. Proceedings at the Department of Energy Natural Phenomena Hazards (NPH) Meeting. Germantown, MD. Mehary, S.T., and P. Dusicka. 2015. Final Report SRS 500-480 on Seismic Retrofit Benefit Considering State- wide Transportation Assessment. 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References and Bibliography 73 Oregon DOT. 2012. US 26: West Fork Dairy Creek, MP 46.30, Sunset Highway, No. 047, MP 46.20-46.40, Washington County, Key 14838. Oregon Department of Transportation. Salem. Oregon DOT. 2013a. I-84 @ Troutdale Interchange, Hwy 2 over Marine Drive, Structure No. 21816, Columbia River Highway, MP 16.58-17.35, Multnomah County, Key 17541. Oregon Department of Transportation. Salem. Oregon DOT. 2013b. Task 8.7.1.8 Report: I-5 Columbia River Crossing Soft Rock Ground Motion. Oregon Department of Transportation. Salem. Overby, D.T. 2016. Stress-Strain Behavior of ASTM A706 Grade 80 Reinforcement. Master’s Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. Petersen, M.D., Y. Zeng, K.M. Haller, R. McCaffrey, W.C. Hammond, P. Bird, M. Moschetti, Z. Shen, J. Bormann, and W. Thatcher. 2013. Geodesy- and Geology-Based Slip-Rate Models for the Western United States (Excluding California) National Seismic Hazard Maps. U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA. Petersen, M.D., M.P. Moschetti, P.M. Powers, C.S. Mueller, K.M. Haller, A.D. Frankel, Y. Zeng, S. Rezaeian, S.C. Harmsen, O.S. Boyd, et al. 2014. Documentation for the 2014 Update of the United States National Seismic Hazard Maps. U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA. Petersen, M.D., C.S. Mueller, M.P. Moschetti, S.M. Hoover, J.L. Rubinstein, A.L. Llenos, A.J. Michael, W.L. Ellsworth, A.F. McGarr, A.A. Holland, and J.G. Anderson. 2015. Incorporating Induced Seismicity in the 2014 United States National Seismic Hazard Model–Results of 2014 Workshop and Sensitivity Studies. U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA. Petersen, M.D., C.S. Mueller, M.P. Moschetti, S.M. Hoover, A.L. Llenos, W.L. Ellsworth, A.J. Michael, J.L. Rubinstein, A.F. McGarr, and K.S. Rukstales. 2016. 2016 One-Year Seismic Hazard Forecast for the Central and Eastern United States from Induced and Natural Earthquakes. U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA. Ramanathan, K., R. DesRoches, and J.E. Padgett. 2012. A Comparison of Pre- and Post-Seismic Design Considerations in Moderate Seismic Zones Through the Fragility Assessment of Multispan Bridge Classes. Engineering Structures. Vol. 45, pp. 559–573. Rautenberg, J.M., S. Pujol, H. Tavallali, and A. Lepage. 2013. Drift Capacity of Concrete Columns Reinforced with High-Strength Steel. ACI Structural Journal. Vol. 110 (2), pp. 307–317. Restrepo, J. I., F. Seible, B. Stephan, and M.J. Schoettle. 2006. Seismic Testing of Bridge Columns Incorporating High-Performance Materials. ACI Structural Journal. Vol. 103 (4), pp. 496–504. Schlechter, S., J. Gordon, and S. Dickenson. 2012. Site Response, Liquefaction, and Preliminary Seismic Hazard Assessment (GRI Task 1.3) ODOT OR18: Newberg-Dundee Bypass (Phase 1) Project. Oregon Department of Transportation. Salem. Serinaldi, F. 2015. Dismissing Return Periods! Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment. Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 1179–1189. Shahi, J., and J. Baker. 2014. NGA–West2 Models for Ground Motion Directionality. Earthquake Spectra. Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 1285–1300. Shahrooz, B.M., J.M. Reis, E.L. Wells, R.A. Miller, K.A. Harries, and H.G. Russell. 2014. Flexural Members with High-Strength Reinforcement: Behavior and Code Implications. Journal of Bridge Engineering. ASCE. 04014003. pp. 1–7. Shantz, T. 2012. Guidelines on Foundation Loading and Deformation Due to Liquefaction Induced Lateral Spreading. California Department of Transportation, Interim Guidelines, January. California Department of Transportation, Sacramento. Sheikh, M.N., and F. Legeron. 2014. Performance Based Seismic Assessment of Bridges Designed According to Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering. Vol. 41, No. 9, pp. 777–787. Slavin, C.M., and W.M. Ghannoum. 2015. Defining Structurally Acceptable Properties of High-Strength Steel Bars through Material and Column Testing, Part 1: Materials Testing Report. CPF Research Grant Agreement #05-14. Charles Pankow Foundation. McLean, VA. Sokoli, D. 2014. Seismic Performance of Concrete Columns Reinforced with High Strength Steel. Master’s Thesis. University of Texas at Austin. Sokoli, D., and W.M. Ghannoum. 2016. High-Strength Reinforcement in Columns under High Shear Stresses. ACI Structural Journal. Vol. 113 (3), pp. 605–614. Soules, J.G. 2016. Changes to the 2016 Edition of ASCE 7. Presented at the 61st Annual Structural Engineering Conference in Lawrence, KS. South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT). 2008. Seismic Design Specifications for Highway Bridges. Available at https://www.scdot.org/business/pdf/structural-design/specs_2008.pdf. Stuedlein, A.W., A.R. Barbosa, and Q. Li. 2016. Final Report SPR 304-701 on Evaluation of Torsional Load Transfer for Drilled Shaft Foundations. Oregon Department of Transportation, Salem, and Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.

74 Proposed AASHTO Guidelines for Performance-Based Seismic Bridge Design Sun, Y., G. Cai, and T. Takeshi. 2013. Seismic Behavior and Performance-based Design of Resilient Concrete Columns. Applied Mechanics and Materials. Vols. 438–439, pp. 1453–1460. Trejo, D., A.R. Barbosa, and T. Link. 2014. Technical Report SRS 500-610 on Seismic Performance of Circular Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns Constructed with Grade 80 Reinforcement. Oregon Department of Transportation, Salem, and Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium (PacTrans), Seattle, WA. Unjoh, S., S. Nakatani, K. Tamura, J. Fukui, and J.-I. Hoshikuma. 2002. Design Specifications for Highway Bridges. Proceedings of the 34th Joint Meeting of U.S.-Japan Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects, UJNR, NSIT Special Publication. Vol. 987, pp. 231–240 (in English). Washington State DOT. 2013. Design Memorandum: Seismic Isolation Bearings Requirements. Washington State Department of Transportation. Seattle, WA. Zhang, G., P.K. Robertson, and R.W.I. Brachman. 2002. Estimating Liquefaction-Induced Ground Settlements from CPT for Level Ground. Canadian Geotechnical Journal. Vol. 39, pp. 1168–1180.

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Performance-based seismic design (PBSD) for infrastructure in the United States is a developing field, with new research, design, and repair technologies; definitions; and methodologies being advanced every year.

The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 949: Proposed AASHTO Guidelines for Performance-Based Seismic Bridge Design presents a methodology to analyze and determine the seismic capacity requirements of bridge elements expressed in terms of service and damage levels of bridges under a seismic hazard. The methodology is presented as proposed AASHTO guidelines for performance-based seismic bridge design with ground motion maps and detailed design examples illustrating the application of the proposed guidelines and maps.

Supplemental materials to the report include an Appendix A - SDOF Column Investigation Sample Calculations and Results and Appendix B - Hazard Comparison.

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