Appendix E
Atmospheric Chemistry Detailed Measurements
The following table outlines DC-8 observations for atmospheric chemistry field campaigns over the 1991-2019 period. The intent of the table is to convey the steady increase in DC-8 payload capability that has evolved over time. Although it does not provide details on specific techniques, it does provide a list of the variables and their reported measurement frequencies enabled by these instrument advances. These improvements in measurement frequency have been associated with decreased detection limits, improvements in accuracy and precision, identification of instrument interferences, new measurement techniques, instrument downsizing, among others, that have steadily contributed to ever more comprehensive observations. For whole-air sampling (WAS) and online gas chromatography/mass spectrometry instruments, the number of species measured rather than measurement frequency is shown. The table also documents the use of remote sensing observations and the other airborne platforms that have collaborated with the DC-8 on these campaigns. Information on specific compounds, variables, and reporting frequencies are based on information from the public repository of NASA airborne data at https://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/.
Table E.1 Evolution of DC-8 Observations in Support of Atmospheric Chemistry from 1991 to 2019 and List of Collaborating Aircraft for Each Campaign
| PEM-West A | TRACE-A | PEM-West B | PEM-Tropics A | PEM-Tropics B | TRACE-P | INTEX-A | INTEX-B | ARCT AS | DC3 | SEAC4R S | KORUS-AQ | FIREX-AQ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Campaign Year | 1991 | 1992 | 1994 | 1996 | 1999 | 2001 | 2004 | 2006 | 2008 | 2012 | 2013 | 2016 | 2019 |
| No. of Instrument Pls | 12 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 29 | 30 | 23 | 29 |
| PEM-West A | TRACE-A | PEM-West B | PEM-Tropics A | PEM-Tropics B | TRACE-P | INTEX-A | INTEX-B | ARCT AS | DC3 | SEAC4R S | KORUS-AQ | FIREX-AQ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ozone and Reactive Nitrogen | |||||||||||||
| O3 | 10 s | 10 s | 5s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s |
| NO | 60 s | 90 s | 10 s | 10 s | 10 s | 10 s | 60 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s / 5 Hz |
| NO2 | 180 s | 90 s | 100 s | 180 s | 180 s | 60 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s |
| NOy | 90 s | 90 s | 10 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s / 10 Hz | |||||
| PAN | 150 s | 150 s | 150 s | 150 s | 120 s | 120 s | 150 s | 150 s | 30 s | 2s | 2s | 2s | 1 s |
| other PANs | 150 s | 150 s | 150 s | 150 s | 120 s | 120 s | 30 s | 2s | 2s | 2s | 1 s | ||
| Total PNs | 30 s | 15 s | 1 s | ||||||||||
| Total alkyl nitrates | 60 s | 30 s | |||||||||||
| Alkyl nitrates (WAS species) | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | |||
| HNO3 | 15-40 min | 4-15 min | 4-8 min | 4-8 min | 2-6 min | 135 s | 5 s | 90 s | 15 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s |
| HONO | 1 s | ||||||||||||
| HO2NO2 | 30 s | 3s | 15 s | ||||||||||
| Greenhouse Gases | |||||||||||||
| CO2 | 5 s | 5s | 5 s | 5s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s / 5 Hz |
| PEM-West A | TRACE-A | PEM-West B | PEM-Tropics A | PEM-Tropics B | TRACE-P | INTEX-A | INTEX-B | ARCT AS | DC3 | SEAC4R S | KORUS-AQ | FIREX-AQ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CH4 | 5 s | 5 s | 5 s | 5 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s / 5 Hz |
| CO | 5 s | 5 s | 5 s | 5 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s / 5 Hz |
| N20 | 5 s | 5 s | 5 s | 5 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | |
| Tracers/Source Discrimination | |||||||||||||
| SO2 | 3-4 min | 3-4 min | 3-5 min | 2-6 min | 135 s | 30 s | 3 s | 15 s | 10 s | 1 s | 2 s | 1 s / 5 Hz | |
| OCS | |...........................................................................(reported by WAS).........................................................................................| | ||||||||||||
| NH3 | 1 s | ||||||||||||
| HCN | 10 min | 10 s | 5 min | 15 S | 10 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s / 5 Hz | |||||
| CH3CN | 10 min | 10 s | 5 min | 10 s | 10 s | 10 s | 1 s | 1 s / 5 Hz | |||||
| Halocarbons (WAS species) | 6 | 12 | 15 | 24 | 27 | 27 | 22 | 25 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 29 | 28 |
| DMS | 3-4 min | 3-4 min | 3-5 min | |.............................................(reported by WAS)-----------------------------------------| | 1 s | ||||||||
| Radical Oxidants, Reservoirs, and Oxidation Products | |||||||||||||
| OH | 20 s | 20 s | 20 s | 20 s | 20 s | 20 s | 30 s | ||||||
| HO2 | 20 s | 20 s | 20 s | 20 s | 20 s | 20 s | 30 s | ||||||
| OH reactivity | 60 s | 60 s | |||||||||||
| PEM-West A | TRACE-A | PEM-West B | PEM-Tropics A | PEM-Tropics B | TRACE-P | INTEX-A | INTEX-B | ARCT AS | DC3 | SEAC4R S | KORUS-AQ | FIREX-AQ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H2O2 | 60 s | 150 s | 150 s | 150 s | 30 s | 30 s | 5 s | 10 S | 15 s | 10 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s / 10 Hz |
| ROOH | 60 s | 150 s | 150 s | 150 s | 30 s | 30 s | 30 s | 30 s | 15 s | 5 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s / 10 Hz |
| Organic hydroxy nitrates | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s / 10 Hz | |||||||||
| Isoprene oxidation products | 10-20 s | 1-5 s | 1 s | 1 s / 10 Hz | |||||||||
| Speciated Nonmethane VOCs | |||||||||||||
| CH2O | 60 s | 60 s | 60 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s / 5 Hz | |||
| Ethane | |................................................(reported by WAS)........................................| | 1 s | 1 s | ||||||||||
| Isoprene (PTR-MS) | |................................................(reported by WAS)........................................| | 10 s | 10 s | 10 s | 1 s | 1 s / 5 Hz | |||||||
| Aromatic compounds (PTR-MS) | |................................................(reported by WAS)........................................| | 10 s | 10 s | 10 s | 1 s | 1 s / 5 Hz | |||||||
| Alkanes (# WAS species) | 7 | 6 | 17 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 18 | 29 |
| Alkenes (# WAS species) | 4 | 5 | 8 | 2 | 7 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 22 |
| Aromatics (ft WAS spec) | 2 | 5 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 5 | 5 | 14 | 15 | |
| Biogenic VOCs (#WAS species) | 1 | 12 | 9 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 7 | |
| PEM-West A | TRACE-A | PEM-West B | PEM-Tropics A | PEM-Tropics B | TRACE-P | INTEX-A | INTEX-B | ARCT AS | DC3 | SEAC4R S | KORUS-AQ | FIREX-AQ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OVOCs (# GC-MS species) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 10 | |||||
| PTR-MS (# species/frequency) | 8/10 s | 10/20 s | 9/15 s | 11/1 s | 42/5 Hz | ||||||||
| Aerosol Optical and Physical Properties and Composition | |||||||||||||
| Particle number | 10 s | 10 s | 5 s | 10 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 10 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s |
| Ultrafine particle number | 10 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | ||||
| Volatility | 10 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 10 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | |||
| Hygroscopicity, f(RH) | 60 s | 60 s | 10 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | ||||||
| Fine particle growth, g(RH) | 20 s | 20 s | 1 s | ||||||||||
| CCN | 1 S | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | ||||||||
| Scattering | 1 s | 10 s | 10 s | 10 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | |||||
| Absorption | 5 s | 60 s | 60 s | 10 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | |||||
| Extinction | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | ||||||||||
| Phase function/refractive index | 50 s | 50 s | 2 s | ||||||||||
| Size distribution (frequency) | 10 S | 10 S | 10 S | 60 s | 5 s | 5 s | 15 s | 10 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | |
| PEM-West A | TRACE-A | PEM-West B | PEM-Tropics A | PEM-Tropics B | TRACE-P | INTEX-A | INTEX-B | ARCT AS | DC3 | SEAC4R S | KORUS-AQ | FIREX-AQ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Size distribution (range) | 0.1-8 µm | 0.1-8 µm | 0.1-20 µm | 0.1-20 µm | |--------0.1-1550 µm--------| | |---------------0.01-1550 µm...................| | .01-50 µm | ||||||
| Cloud droplet size distribution | 1 s | 10 s | 10 s | 10 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | |||||
| Black carbon | 10 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | ||||||||
| Brown carbon | Bulk filters | 150 s | |||||||||||
| Water-soluble organic carbon | Bulk filters | Filters | |||||||||||
| Fine aerosol composition | 160 s | 10 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | 1 s | |||||||
| Water-soluble ions | Filters | |.............................................Bulk filters.............................................| | |||||||||||
| Single-particle composition | 300 s | 300 s | |||||||||||
| PEM-West A | TRACE-A | PEM-West B | PEM-Tropics A | PEM-Tropics B | TRACE-P | INTEX-A | INTEX-B | ARCT AS | DC3 | SEAC4R S | KORUS-AQ | FIREX-AQ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Remote Sensing | |||||||||||||
| Spectral actinic flux | (broadband UV only) | 30 s | 10 s | 10 s | 10 s | 10 s | 3s | 3s | 3s | 3s | 1 s | ||
| Ozone | DIAL | DIAL | DIAL | DIAL | DIAL | DIAL | DIAL | DIAL | DIAL | DIAL | DIAL | DIAL | DIAL |
| Ozone (stratospheric) | AROT AL | ||||||||||||
| Aerosol backscatter | DIAL | DIAL | DIAL | DIAL | DIAL | DIAL | DIAL | DIAL | DIAL | HSRL | HSRL | HSRL | HSRL |
| Aerosol extinction | HSRL | HSRL | HSRL | HSRL | |||||||||
| Multiwavelength aer properties | HSRL | HSRL | HSRL | HSRL | |||||||||
| Aerosol optical depth | 4STAR | 4STAR | 4STAR | ||||||||||
| Trace gas column densities | 4STAR | ||||||||||||
| Water vapor | LASE | ||||||||||||
| Fire radiative power | MASTER | ||||||||||||
| Temperature profiles | MTP | ||||||||||||
| Solar radiation | SSFR/B BR | SSFR/B BR | |||||||||||
| PEM-West A | TRACE-A | PEM-West B | PEM-Tropics A | PEM-Tropics B | TRACE-P | INTEX-A | INTEX-B | ARCT AS | DC3 | SEAC4R S | KORUS-AQ | FIREX-AQ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cloud radar | APR2 | ||||||||||||
| Other Participating and Collaborating Aircraft | |||||||||||||
| NASA | P-3B | P-3B | P-3B | King Air | P-3B | ER-2 | King Air | ER-2 | |||||
| NASA-sponsored | Learjet | ||||||||||||
| NSF | C-130 | GV | |||||||||||
| NOAA | P-3 | P-3B | Twin Otter | ||||||||||
| DOE | G-1 | G-1 | |||||||||||
| Canada | CV-580 | ||||||||||||
| Germany | Falcon | Falcon | Falcon | ||||||||||
| UK | BAe-146 | BAe-146 | |||||||||||
| France | Falcon | ATR-42 | |||||||||||
| South Korea | King Air | ||||||||||||
Note: Instrument Acronyms:
4STAR – Spectrometer for Sky-Scanning, Sun-Tracking Atmospheric Research
APR2 – Airborne Precipitation Radar 2nd Generation
AROTAL – Airborne Raman Ozone, Temperature, and Aerosol Lidar
BBR – BroadBand (solar and infrared) Radiometers DIAL – Differential Absorption Lidar HSRL – High Spectral Resolution Lidar
LASE – Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment: Measuring Water Vapor, Aerosols, and Clouds
MASTER – MODIS/ASTER Airborne Simulator
MTP – Microwave Temperature Profiler
SSFR – Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer
WAS – Whole Air Sampler
Campaign Acronyms (with reference):
PEM-West A – Pacific Exploratory Mission-West A (Hoell et al., 1996)
TRACE-A – Transport and Chemical Evolution (Fishman et al., 1996)
PEM-West B – Pacific Exploratory Mission-West B (Hoell et al., 1997)
PEM-Tropics A – Pacific Exploratory Mission-Tropics A (Hoell et al., 1999)
PEM-Tropics B – Pacific Exploratory Mission-Tropics B (Raper et al., 2001)
TRACE-P – Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (Jacob et al., 2003)
INTEX-A – Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment A (Singh et al., 2006)
INTEX-B – Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment B (Singh et al., 2009)
ARCTAS – Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (Jacob et al., 2010)
DC3 – Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry Experiment (Barth et al., 2015)
SEAC4RS – Studies of Emissions, Atmospheric Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (Toon et al., 2016) KORUS-AQ – Korea-United States Air Quality Field Study (Crawford et al., 2021)
FIREX-AQ – Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (NASA, 2020)
REFERENCES
Barth, M. C., C. A. Cantrell, W. H. Brune, S. A. Rutledge, J. H. Crawford, H. Huntrieser, L. D. Carey, D. MacGorman, M. Weisman, K. E. Pickering, E. Bruning, B. Anderson, E. Apel, M. Biggerstaff, T. Campos, P. Campuzano-Jost, R. Cohen, J. Crounse, D. A. Day, G. Diskin, F. Flocke, A. Fried, C. Garland, B. Heikes, S. Honomichl, R. Hornbrook, L. G. Huey, J. L. Jimenez, T. Lang, M. Lichtenstern, T. Mikoviny, B. Nault, D. O'Sullivan, L. L. Pan, J. Peischl, I. Pollack, D. Richter, D. Riemer, T. Ryerson, H. Schlager, J. St. Clair, J. Walega, P. Weibring, A. Weinheimer, P. Wennberg, A. Wisthaler, P. J. Wooldridge, and C. Ziegler. 2015. The Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) field campaign. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96(8):1281-1309. DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-13-00290.1.
Crawford, J. H., J.-Y. Ahn, J. A. Al-Saadi, L. Chang, L. K. Emmons, J. Kim, G. Lee, J.-H. Park, R. J. Park, J. H. Woo, C. K. Song, J.-H. Hong, Y.-D. Hong, B. L. Lefer, M. Lee, T. Lee, S. Kim, K.-E. Min, S. S. Yum, H. J. Shin, Y.-W. Kim, J.-S. Choi, J.-S. Park, J. J. Szykman, R. W. Long, C. E. Jordan, I. J. Simpson, A. Fried, J. E. Dibb, S. Y. Cho, and Y. P. Kim. 2021. The Korea-United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) field study. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2020.00163.
Fishman, J., J. M. Hoell, R. D. Bendura, R. J. McNeal, and V. W. J. H. Kirchhoff. 1996. NASA GTE TRACE A experiment (September-October 1992): Overview. Journal of Geophysical Research 101(D19): 23865-23879. DOl:10.1029/96JD00123.
Hoell, J. M., D. D. Davis, S. C. Liu, R. E. Newell, H. Akimoto, R. J. McNeal, and R. J. Bendura. 1997. The Pacific Exploratory Mission-West Phase B: February-March, 1994. Journal of Geophysical Research 102(D23):28223-28239. DQI:10.1029/97JD02581.
Hoell, J. M., D. D. Davis, S. C. Liu, R. Newell, M. Shipham, H. Akimoto, R. J. McNeal, R. J. Bendura, and J. W. Drewry. 1996. Pacific Exploratory Mission-West A (PEM-West A): September-October 1991. Journal of Geophysical Research 101(D1):1641-1653. D0l:10.1029/95JD00622.
Hoell, J. M., D. D. Davis, D. J. Jacob, M. O. Rodgers, R. E. Newell, H. E. Fuelberg, R. J. McNeal, J. L. Raper, and R. J. Bendura. 1999. Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Tropical Pacific: PEM-Tropics A, August-September 1996. Journal of Geophysical Research 104(D5):5567-5583. DOI:10.1029/1998JD100074.
Jacob, D. J., J. H. Crawford, M. M. Kleb, V. S. Connors, R. J. Bendura, J. L. Raper, G. W. Sachse, J. C. Gille, L. Emmons, and C. L. Heald. 2003. Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) aircraft mission: Design, execution, and first results. Journal of Geophysical Research 108:9000. D0l:10.1029/2002JD003276.
Jacob, D. J., J. H. Crawford, H. Maring, A. D. Clarke, J. E. Dibb, L. K. Emmons, R. A. Ferrare, C. A. Hostetler, P. B. Russell, H. B. Singh, A. M. Thompson, G. E. Shaw, E. McCauley, J. R. Pederson, and J. A. Fisher. 2010. The Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) mission: Design, execution, and first results. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(11):5191-5212. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-5191-2010.
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). 2020. FIREX-AQ—Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality. https://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/missions/firex-aq/index.html.
Raper, J. L., M. M. Kleb, D. J. Jacob, D. D. Davis, R. E. Newell, H. E. Fuelberg, R. J. Bendura, J. M. Hoell, and R. J. McNeal. 2001. Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Tropical Pacific: PEM-Tropics B, March-April 1999. Journal of Geophysical Research 106(D23):32401-32425. D0l:10.1029/2000JD900833.
Singh, H. B., W. H. Brune, J. H. Crawford, D. J. Jacob, and P. B. Russell. 2006. Overview of the summer 2004 Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-North America (INTEX-A). Journal of Geophysical Research 111:D24S01. DOI:10.1029/2006JD007905.
Singh, H. B., W. H. Brune, j. H. Crawford, F. Flocke, and D. J. Jacob. 2009. Chemistry and transport of pollution over the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific: Spring 2006 INTEX-B campaign overview and first results. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9:2301-2318. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2301-2009.
Toon, O. B., H. Maring, J. Dibb, R. Ferrare, D. J. Jacob, E. J. Jensen, Z. J. Luo, G. G. Mace, L. L. Pan, L. Pfister, K. H. Rosenlof, J. Redemann, J. S. Reid, H. B. Singh, A. M. Thompson, R. Yokelson, P. Minnis, G. Chen, K. W. Jucks, and A. Pszenny. 2016. Planning, implementation, and scientific goals of the Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS) field mission. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 121:4967-5009. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024297.
This page intentionally left blank.
