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Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy—2025-2035 (2021)

Chapter: Appendix A: Committee Biographical Information

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Committee Biographical Information." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy—2025-2035. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26092.
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A

Committee Biographical Information

GARY MARCHANT, Chair, is a Regent’s Professor of Law and director of the Center for Law, Science, and Innovation at Arizona State University (ASU). Dr. Marchant’s research interests include legal aspects of genomics and personalized medicine, the use of genetic information in environmental regulation, risk and the precautionary principle, and governance of emerging technologies such as nanotechnology, neuroscience, biotechnology, and artificial intelligence. He teaches courses in Law, Science, and Technology; Genetics and the Law; Biotechnology: Science, Law, and Policy; Health Technologies and Innovation; Privacy, Big Data, and Emerging Technologies; and Artificial Intelligence: Law and Ethics. Dr. Marchant was named a Regent’s Professor in 2011 and also is a professor in the ASU School of Life Sciences, a Distinguished Sustainability Scientist in the ASU Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, and a Lincoln Professor of Emerging Technologies Law and Ethics with the Lincoln Center for Applied Ethics at ASU. Prior to joining ASU in 1999, Dr. Marchant was a partner at the Washington, D.C., office of Kirkland and Ellis, where his practice focused on environmental and administrative law. During law school, he was editor-in-chief of the Harvard Journal of Law and Technology and editor of the Harvard Environmental Law Review, and he was awarded the Fay Diploma (awarded to top graduating student at Harvard Law School). Dr. Marchant frequently lectures about the intersection of law and science at national and international conferences. He has authored more than 150 articles and book chapters on various issues relating to emerging technologies. Among other activities, Dr. Marchant has served on five previous National Academies committees (including the Committee on Assessment of Technologies and Approaches for Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Phase 2, February 2013–2019; the Committee on Assessment of Solid-State Lighting, May 2011–February 2013; and the Committee on State Practices in Setting Mobile Source Emission Standards, 2004–2006), has been the principal investigator (PI) on several major grants, and has organized numerous academic conferences on law and science issues. He has a Ph.D. in genetics from the University of British Columbia.

CARLA BAILO is the president and chief executive officer of the Center for Automotive Research (CAR). Ms. Bailo is a leader in engineering and vehicle program management with 35 years of experience in the automotive industry. In addition to her role at CAR, Ms. Bailo is the 2016–2018 vice president of automotive for SAE International, a global association of more than 138,000 engineers and related technical experts in the aerospace, automotive, and commercial-vehicle industries. Prior to joining CAR, Ms. Bailo was the assistant vice president

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Committee Biographical Information." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy—2025-2035. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26092.
×

for mobility research and business development at Ohio State University (OSU). In that capacity, she assisted the university in accelerating sustainable mobility and transportation innovation, while integrating related research and education across OSU’s academic units. She also helped coordinate OSU’s involvement as the primary research partner for Smart Columbus, a $140 million program to transform central Ohio into a premier transportation innovation region. Ms. Bailo has 25 years of experience at Nissan North America, Inc., where in her most recent role at Nissan she served as senior vice president of research and development (R&D). She was responsible for vehicle engineering and development operations in Michigan, Arizona, Mexico, and Brazil, managing a $500 million budget and 2,500 employees. In this role, she improved the efficiency of Nissan’s R&D functions. Ms. Bailo has an M.S. degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Michigan and a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from Kettering University.

RODICA BARANESCU is retired as a professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Illinois, Chicago. Prior to that, Dr. Baranescu was manager of the fuels, lubricants, and engine group of the International Truck and Engine Corporation in Melrose Park, Illinois. She is an internationally sought-after public speaker on technical issues related to mobility technology, environmental control, fuels, and energy. Dr. Baranescu has extensive expertise in diesel engine technology and was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2001 for research leading to effective and environmentally sensitive diesel and alternative-fuel engines and leadership in automotive engineering. She is a fellow of SAE International and was its president in 2000. In 2003, she received the Internal Combustion Engine Award of the American Society of Mechanical Engineering (ASME). Dr. Baranescu received her M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in mechanical engineering in 1961 and 1970, respectively, from the Politehnica University in Bucharest, Romania, where she served as assistant professor (1964–1968), lecturer (1970–1974), and associate professor (1974–1978).

NADY BOULES is the president of NB Motors, LLC. Dr. Boules began his engineering and management consultancy practice with a focus on electrified, connected, and autonomous vehicles in September 2013 after 45 years of engineering experience (32 years with General Motors [GM] and Delphi), including 14 years as director of R&D and innovation. In his most recent capacity, as director of the GM R&D Electrical and Control Systems Research Lab, Dr. Boules was responsible for the development of advanced electrical systems and components for electrified, connected, and automated vehicles to enhance vehicle safety, comfort, and efficiency. He led all R&D activities in the areas of electronics and control software globally and coordinated research in this area—internally with research laboratories and engineering customers; and externally with collaborators at universities, national laboratories, suppliers, and other automotive original equipment manufacturers (including USCAR). Dr. Boules first joined General Motors Research Laboratories in 1982. He held several positions leading and managing research activities in automotive mechatronic and electric drive systems. In September 1999, he was named director of R&D for Delphi Steering Systems in Saginaw, Michigan. His responsibilities expanded to cover brakes and suspension when he was named director of the dynamics innovation center in 2002. In 2005, Dr. Boules was named director of the dynamics innovation center and materials engineering, and his responsibilities expanded to materials and to the energy and chassis division. From May 2006 until returning to GM, he held the position of director of innovation and technology leadership. Dr. Boules received his doctorate of engineering degree in 1978 from the Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany. He is the author of numerous patents and technical and invited papers, and he has received several awards from GM in recognition of his accomplishments, including the John Campbell Award (for scientific accomplishments), the Charles McCuen Award (recognizing contributions to the business success of GM), the Extraordinary Accomplishment Award, and the President’s Council Honors Award. Dr. Boules has been a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) since 1991 and was named a life fellow in January 2015. He is also the recipient of the 2011 IEEE Nikola Tesla Award. He is a member of the Industry Applications Society and a past member of its executive board. Dr. Boules was also a member of the board of directors of the Intelligent Transportation Society of America and a member of the executive board of several university consortia, and served on the National Academies Committee on Review of the U.S. DRIVE Research Program.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Committee Biographical Information." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy—2025-2035. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26092.
×

DAVID L. GREENE is a senior fellow of the Howard H. Baker Jr. Center for Public Policy and a research professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Tennessee. In 2013, Dr. Greene retired from Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) as a corporate fellow after a 36-year career. He holds a Ph.D. in geography and environmental engineering from Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Greene’s research interests are focused on energy use in transportation and policies to reduce petroleum consumption and greenhouse gas emissions and achieve a transition to sustainable energy sources. He has published extensively on automotive fuel economy and the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards, and he has served on all four National Academies committees that evaluated U.S. fuel economy policy and technologies for cars and light trucks. Dr. Greene was also a member of the Committee on Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels. A current focus of his research and modeling is how technology and policy can accomplish a cost-effective transition to sustainable energy for transportation. Dr. Greene is author of more than 275 professional publications on transportation and energy issues, including 100 articles in peer-reviewed journals and 12 National Academies reports. He is the 2012 recipient of the Transportation Research Board’s (TRB’s) Roy W. Crum Award, and he is an emeritus member of both the Energy and Alternative Fuels Committees of the TRB and a lifetime national associate of the National Academies. Dr. Greene received the Society of Automotive Engineers 2007 Barry D. McNutt Award for Excellence in Automotive Policy Analysis, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) 2007 Hydrogen R&D Award, DOE 2011 Vehicle Technologies R&D Award, and DOE Distinguished Career Service Award. Dr. Greene was recognized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for contributing to the IPCC’s receipt of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize.

DANIEL KAPP is the principal of D.R. Kapp Consulting, providing consulting services in the area of automotive powertrain product technology and strategy, following his retirement from Ford Motor Company in 2012. Mr. Kapp was with Ford since 1977, following his graduation from Michigan Technological University with a B.S.M.E. degree. He has spent his entire 35+ year career in the area of engine and powertrain product development. From the late 1980s through the mid-1990s, Mr. Kapp was involved in the design and development of the “Modular” V8 and V6 engines as Ford revamped its engine line-up to modern overhead cam designs. He was the program manager of the Triton V8 truck engines through their launch and then spent 3 years in the Truck Vehicle Center as the powertrain systems manager for full-size trucks and sport utility vehicles (SUVs). In 2001, Mr. Kapp was appointed to his first executive position as director of core and advanced powertrain engineering, responsible for powertrain controls, catalyst and emission systems, and calibration. One year later, he became executive director for powertrain operations, and for 5 years he led the product development of all engines and transmissions in North America, during which time he also acted as a global powertrain product development lead for the enterprise. In late 2006, Mr. Kapp moved to Ford’s research and advanced activity and remained there until retiring in 2012. During that time, he led the development of advanced powertrain technologies such as EcoBoost. In that role, Mr. Kapp also led the development of Ford’s technology roadmaps for future sustainability and emission reduction strategy. He served as an internal technical consultant in the field of powertrain technologies and did significant external interfacing as a spokesperson for Ford in this area.

ULRICH KRANZ currently directs R&D as chief technology officer at Canoo, an electric vehicle start-up company based in Los Angeles. Prior to his current role, Mr. Kranz spent more than 30 years working for BMW AG in the R&D division as an expert in suspension and chassis development. While at BMW, he led the development of highly innovative products and technologies, including the introduction of BMW’s first SUV to the world market, while working as a project leader in South Carolina. Mr. Kranz also led the reinvention of the MINI brand and its successful introduction to the world market. He headed BMWi, the electric car division, and prepared BMW for the future of e-mobility, mobility services, car-sharing, charging, and lightweight materials such as carbon fiber and thermoplastics. Mr. Kranz has served as committee member for innovations for the State of Bavaria and as a member of BMW’s supervisory board, representing BMW’s upper management.

THERESE LANGER is currently a consultant on transportation sector energy efficiency and emissions reduction. Dr. Langer was transportation program director at the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE) from 2001 to 2020. Her current areas of activity include technologies and policies to improve light- and

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Committee Biographical Information." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy—2025-2035. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26092.
×

heavy-duty fuel economy, energy impacts of vehicle automation, applications of information and communications technology to improve freight transportation system efficiency, and transportation electrification at the state and local levels. Prior to joining ACEEE, Dr. Langer was staff scientist for the Rutgers University Environmental Law Clinic, working to make the transportation system in the greater New York metropolitan area more sustainable. Dr. Langer holds a Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of California, Berkeley. She served as a member of the National Academies Committee on Assessment of Technologies for Improving Fuel Economy of Light-Duty Vehicles, Phase 2.

ZHENHONG LIN is a senior R&D staff member at the Buildings and Transportation Science Division of ORNL. As PI and manager of the Transportation Energy Evolution Modeling program, Dr. Lin has authored more than 100 technical articles on technological cost-effectiveness, infrastructure optimization, behavior opportunities, and policy design of transitions to zero-emission transportation. He currently serves on the Alternative Fuels Committee of the TRB, the editorial board of Transportation Research Part D, and the National Academies Committee on Assessment of Technologies for Improving Fuel Economy of Light-Duty Vehicles—Phase 3. Dr. Lin received his Ph.D. in transportation engineering in 2008 and M.S. in transportation technology and policy from the University of California, Davis. Before that, he obtained his B.E./M.S. in automotive engineering from Tsinghua University in Beijing.

JOSHUA LINN is an associate professor at the University of Maryland and a senior fellow at Resources for the Future (RFF). Dr. Linn’s research centers on the effect of environmental regulation and market incentives on technology, with particular focus on the electricity sector and markets for new vehicles. His work on the electricity sector has compared the effectiveness of cap and trade and alternative policy instruments in promoting new technology, including renewable electricity technologies. Studies on new vehicle markets investigate the effect of CAFE standards and fuel prices on new vehicle characteristics, technology, consumer well-being, and manufacturer profits. Dr. Linn has published in leading general-interest and field journals in environmental, energy, and health economics. He joined the University of Maryland in 2018, joined RFF in 2010, and was an assistant professor in the Economics Department at the University of Illinois, Chicago, and a research scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Dr. Linn holds a Ph.D. in economics from MIT and a B.A. in astronomy and physics from Yale University.

NIC LUTSEY is the program director at the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), where he directs its electric vehicle research and leads its U.S. activities. Dr. Lutsey manages the ICCT’s role as the Secretariat for the International Zero-Emission Vehicle Alliance. He has co-authored 19 peer-reviewed journal articles and dozens of reports on technology potential, regulatory design, and policy cost-effectiveness. Dr. Lutsey has received awards from the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT); the University of California, Davis; the TRB; and the California Air Resources Board for his research contributions. In 2015, he received the SAE International Barry D. McNutt Award for Excellence in Automotive Policy Analysis. Previously, with the California Air Resources Board, Dr. Lutsey participated in the regulatory development of the 2004 and 2012 greenhouse gas emission regulations for automobiles. He received a B.S. in agricultural and biological engineering from Cornell University and a Ph.D. in transportation technology and policy from the University of California, Davis.

JOANN MILLIKEN is currently self-employed as a senior energy consultant. Dr. Milliken has 34 years of federal program management experience, more than 20 of those with DOE, where she developed and directed clean-energy R&D portfolios having budgets of up to $200 million per year. She has a strong track record of success in advancing energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies, practices, and policy, working in collaboration with industry, universities, small businesses, and national laboratories. Dr. Milliken is a recognized expert in hydrogen and fuel cell systems, and she is experienced in leading federal programs in energy-efficient buildings and solar, wind, and geothermal energy. Prior to joining DOE in 1994, Dr. Milliken was a research chemist at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory and a program manager at the Office of Naval Research, where she conducted and managed mission-related materials research. She earned a B.A. in chemistry from LaSalle University and a

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Committee Biographical Information." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy—2025-2035. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26092.
×

Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of Pennsylvania, researching electronically conducting polymers under Nobel Laureate Professor Alan MacDiarmid. Dr. Milliken retired from DOE in 2015.

RANDA RADWAN is the director of the Highway Safety Research Center at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Dr. Radwan has more than 27 years of experience in transportation safety and vehicle crashworthiness research, including 17 years as a research program manager at the U.S. DOT National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Dr. Radwan has forged alliances and successfully collaborated with the safety community at large, from government to industry on both national and international levels. She led a multidisciplinary research program from concept to the Notice for Proposed Rulemaking for NHTSA’s 2007 FMVSS 214 upgrade forecast to save more than 300 lives and reduce 400 serious injuries per year. Dr. Radwan received multiple awards while at NHTSA, including the Secretary of Transportation Award and the NHTSA Administrator’s Award, which she received four times. Dr. Radwan then spent 9 years as the director of advanced research and senior research scientist at the George Washington University (GWU) National Crash Analyses Center, where she engaged in and directed innovative analyses and methodologies in vehicle and transportation safety research. Dr. Radwan created strategy and modeling methodology to assess safety performance of new vehicle designs, resulting in the Vehicle Fleet Simulation methodology used for NHTSA’s “Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards (CAFE) and Midterm Evaluation for Light-Duty Vehicles, Model Years 2022–2025” safety studies. She also served as adjunct faculty in the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences at GWU (2009–2013). Dr. Radwan has authored 29 peer-reviewed professional publications on vehicle safety, including two reports to the U.S. Congress. She has a Ph.D. in transportation safety engineering from GWU and a master’s degree and B.S. in electrical engineering from Rice University.

ANNA STEFANOPOULOU is the William Clay Ford Professor of Manufacturing at the University of Michigan. Dr. Stefanopoulou has been on the faculty of the Department of Mechanical Engineering since 2000. She obtained her Diploma (1991, National Technical University of Athens, Greece) in naval architecture and marine engineering and her Ph.D. (1996, University of Michigan) in electrical engineering and computer science. Dr. Stefanopoulou served as the director of the Automotive Research Center, a multi-university U.S. Army Center of Excellence in Modeling and Simulation of Ground Vehicles (2009–2018). She was an assistant professor (1998–2000) at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and a technical specialist (1996–1997) at Ford Motor Company, where she developed and implemented multivariable controllers for advanced engines and powertrains. Dr. Stefanopoulou has been recognized as a fellow of three societies: the ASME (2008), IEEE (2009), and SAE (2018). She is an elected member of the executive committee of the ASME Dynamics Systems and Control Division and the board of governors of the IEEE Control Systems Society. Dr. Stefanopoulou is the founding chair of the ASME Dynamic Systems and Control Division (DSCD) Energy Systems Technical Committee and was a member of the National Academies Committee on Assessment of Technologies for Improving Fuel Economy of Light-Duty Vehicles—Phase 2. She is a recipient of the 2018 Rackham Distinguished Graduate Mentor Award, the 2017 IEEE Control System Technology award, the 2012 College of Engineering Research Award, the 2009 ASME Gustus L. Larson Memorial Award, a 2008 University of Michigan Faculty Recognition award, the 2005 Outstanding Young Investigator by the ASME DSCD, a 2005 Henry Russel award, a 2002 Ralph Teetor SAE educational award, and a 1997 National Science Foundation CAREER award, and she was selected in 2002 as one of the world’s most promising innovators from the MIT Technology Review. Dr. Stefanopoulou has co-authored a book, 20 U.S. patents, and more than 250 publications (5 of which have received awards) on estimation and control of internal combustion engines and electrochemical processes such as fuel cells and batteries.

DEIDRE STRAND is the chief scientific officer at Wildcat Discovery Technologies. Dr. Strand has more than 25 years of experience in materials research, development, and commercialization, primarily in the areas of energy storage (lithium-ion batteries) and electronic applications. Prior to joining Wildcat in 2012, Dr. Strand served as a research fellow at Dow Chemical, where she was the technical lead in Dow Energy Materials, as well as the PI on external research programs with universities and national laboratories on battery materials. Dr. Strand also has extensive experience in patent analysis and technical due diligence of new technologies. Dr. Strand completed her

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Committee Biographical Information." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy—2025-2035. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26092.
×

Ph.D. in analytical chemistry at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, under the supervision of Professor John Schrag. Her Ph.D. research focused on rheology and birefringence of polymeric solutions. Dr. Strand also holds a master of science degree in chemistry from the California Institute of Technology and a bachelor of science degree in chemistry from North Dakota State University.

KATE WHITEFOOT is an assistant professor of mechanical engineering and engineering and public policy at Carnegie Mellon University. Dr. Whitefoot is a thrust leader of Technology Commercialization for the Next Manufacturing Center and a faculty affiliate at the Carnegie Mellon Scott Institute for Energy Innovation. Prior to her current position, she served as a senior program officer and the Robert A. Pritzker Fellow at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, where she directed the National Academies Manufacturing, Design, and Innovation Program. Dr. Whitefoot’s research bridges engineering design theory and analysis with that of economics to study the design and manufacture of energy-efficient and low-carbon products and processes and their adoption in the marketplace. Her areas of expertise include vehicle fuel efficiency, consumer choice, design and adoption of green products, energy-efficient and productive manufacturing, and energy and environmental policies. Dr. Whitefoot has gained recognition nationally and internationally for her research and teaching. She served on the National Academies Committee on the Review of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Engineering Laboratory. Her research is featured in the Washington Post, Popular Mechanics, Bloomberg Business, and Business Insider and is referenced in the 2017–2025 CAFE rulemaking. Dr. Whitefoot has worked with several companies in the automotive, aerospace, and high-tech industries, and has been invited to present briefings at the White House, Capitol Hill, the U.S. Department of Commerce, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Dr. Whitefoot earned three degrees from the University of Michigan: a B.S. and M.S. in mechanical engineering and a Ph.D. in design science—a multidisciplinary program where she concentrated in mechanical engineering and economics, completing course sequences and having an advisory committee across both disciplines.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Committee Biographical Information." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy—2025-2035. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26092.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Committee Biographical Information." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy—2025-2035. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26092.
×
Page 381
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Committee Biographical Information." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy—2025-2035. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26092.
×
Page 382
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Committee Biographical Information." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy—2025-2035. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26092.
×
Page 383
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Committee Biographical Information." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy—2025-2035. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26092.
×
Page 384
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Committee Biographical Information." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy—2025-2035. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26092.
×
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From daily commutes to cross-country road trips, millions of light-duty vehicles are on the road every day. The transportation sector is one of the United States’ largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions, and fuel is an important cost for drivers. The period from 2025-2035 could bring the most fundamental transformation in the 100-plus year history of the automobile. Battery electric vehicle costs are likely to fall and reach parity with internal combustion engine vehicles. New generations of fuel cell vehicles will be produced. Connected and automated vehicle technologies will become more common, including likely deployment of some fully automated vehicles. These new categories of vehicles will for the first time assume a major portion of new vehicle sales, while internal combustion engine vehicles with improved powertrain, design, and aerodynamics will continue to be an important part of new vehicle sales and fuel economy improvement.

This study is a technical evaluation of the potential for internal combustion engine, hybrid, battery electric, fuel cell, nonpowertrain, and connected and automated vehicle technologies to contribute to efficiency in 2025-2035. In addition to making findings and recommendations related to technology cost and capabilities, Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy - 2025-2035 considers the impacts of changes in consumer behavior and regulatory regimes.

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