National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×

THE CRITICAL PUBLIC HEALTH
VALUE OF VACCINES

Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy

PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP

Julie Liao, Charles Minicucci, and Anna Nicholson, Rapporteurs

Forum on Microbial Threats

Board on Global Health

Health and Medicine Division

images

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001

This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the Burroughs Wellcome Fund (10005347), Johnson & Johnson (10004834), National Institutes of Health (10004179), New Venture Fund (10005366), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (10003626, 10004736, 10005329), U.S. Agency for International Development (10004113), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (10004491, 10004738, 10005070), U.S. Department of Homeland Security (10004697), and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (10004767, 10005209). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-46156-6
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-46156-1
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/26134

Additional copies of this publication are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.

Copyright 2021 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Thecriticalpublichealthvalueofvaccines:Tacklingissuesofaccessandhesitancy:Proceedings of a workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26134.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×

Image

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president.

The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president.

The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine.

Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×

Image

Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task.

Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies.

For information about other products and activities of the National Academies, please visit www.nationalacademies.org/about/whatwedo.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×

PLANNING COMMITTEE ON THE CRITICAL PUBLIC HEALTH VALUE OF VACCINES: TACKLING ISSUES OF ACCESS AND HESITANCY1

HEIDI LARSON (Co-Chair), Professor of Anthropology, Risk and Decision Science, London School of Tropical Hygiene & Medicine; Director, Vaccine Confidence Project

MATTHEW ZAHN (Co-Chair), Medical Director, Division of Epidemiology and Assessment, Orange County Health Care Agency

KEVIN ANDERSON, Senior Program Manager, Science and Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security

ALISON BUTTENHEIM, Associate Professor of Family and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing; Associate Professor of Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine

ANDREW CLEMENTS, Deputy Director, Pandemic Influenza and Other Emerging Threats Unit, U.S. Agency for International Development

AMANDA COHN, Executive Secretariat, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and Acting Chief Medical Officer, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

PETER DASZAK, President, EcoHealth Alliance

EVA HARRIS, Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology; Director, Center for Global Public Health, University of California, Berkeley

ELIZABETH D. HERMSEN, Head, Global Antimicrobial Stewardship, Merck & Co., Inc.

NONI MacDONALD, Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University

WALTER ORENSTEIN, Professor, Emory University; Associate Director, Emory Vaccine Center; Director, Emory Vaccine Policy and Development

___________________

1 The planning committee’s role was limited to planning the workshop, and the Proceedings of a Workshop was prepared by the workshop rapporteurs as a factual summary of what occurred at the workshop. Statements, recommendations, and opinions expressed are those of individual presenters and participants and are not necessarily endorsed or verified by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, and they should not be construed as reflecting any group consensus.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×

FORUM ON MICROBIAL THREATS1,2

PETER DASZAK (Chair), President, EcoHealth Alliance

KENT E. KESTER (Vice Chair), Vice President and Head, Translational Science and Biomarkers, Sanofi Pasteur

RIMA F. KHABBAZ (Vice Chair), Director, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

KEVIN ANDERSON, Senior Program Manager, Science and Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security

RICK BRIGHT, Director, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority

TIMOTHY BURGESS, Director, Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

CRISTINA CASSETTI, Deputy Division Director, Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health

ANDREW CLEMENTS, Deputy Director, Pandemic Influenza and Other Emerging Threats Unit, U.S. Agency for International Development

MARCOS A. ESPINAL, Director, Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis, Pan American Health Organization

EVA HARRIS, Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology; Director, Center for Global Public Health, University of California, Berkeley

ELIZABETH D. HERMSEN, Head, Global Antimicrobial Stewardship, Merck & Co., Inc.

CHANDY C. JOHN, Director, Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine

MICHAEL MAIR, Acting Director, Office of Counterterrorism and Emerging Threats, U.S. Food and Drug Administration

JONNA A. K. MAZET, Distinguished Professor of Epidemiology and Disease Ecology; Founding Executive Director, One Health Institute, University of California, Davis

SALLY A. MILLER, Distinguished Professor of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University

___________________

1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s forums and roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.

2 This roster was updated to identify membership as of the time of the workshop.

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×

SUERIE MOON, Director of Research, Global Health Centre; Visiting Lecturer, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva; Adjunct Lecturer, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

DAVID NABARRO, Advisor, Health and Sustainability, 4SD - Skills, Systems & Synergies for Sustainable Development

RAFAEL OBREGON, Chief of Communication for Development, United Nations Children’s Fund

KUMANAN RASANATHAN, Board Member, Health Systems Global

GARY A. ROSELLE, Chief of Medical Service, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs; Director, National Infectious Diseases Service, Veterans Health Administration

PETER A. SANDS, Executive Director, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria

THOMAS W. SCOTT, Distinguished Professor, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis

ALAN TENNENBERG, Chief Medical Officer, Johnson & Johnson Global Public Health

MATTHEW ZAHN, Medical Director, Division of Epidemiology and Assessment, Orange County Health Care Agency

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Staff

GILLIAN BUCKLEY, Senior Program Officer (until June 2020)

EDITH AMPONSAH, Associate Program Officer (until July 2020)

HANNAH GOODTREE, Senior Program Assistant (until August 2020)

JULIE LIAO, Associate Program Officer (from August 2020)

CHARLES MINICUCCI, Research Assistant (from July 2020)

CLAIRE BIFFL, Senior Program Assistant (from March 2021)

JULIE PAVLIN, Director, Forum on Microbial Threats; Senior Director, Board on Global Health

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×

Reviewers

This Proceedings of a Workshop was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.

We thank the following individuals for their review of this proceedings:

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the proceedings nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this proceedings was overseen by GERALD T. KEUSCH, Boston University. He was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this proceedings was carried out in accordance with standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the rapporteurs and the National Academies.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×

Acknowledgments

The workshop summarized in this proceedings is the product of many valuable contributions. Special thanks go to the presenters and discussants who gave generously of their time and expertise to make the event possible. A full list of the speakers and moderators and their biographical information may be found in Appendix C.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×

4 ASSESSING GLOBAL AND LOCAL DRIVERS OF VACCINE HESITANCY

Vaccine-Attributable Severe Dengue in the Philippines and the Impact on National Immunization Programs

Measuring Behavioral and Social Drivers of Vaccination

Understanding Drivers of Vaccine Hesitancy

The Increasing Vaccination Model

Discussion

5 A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO INCREASING VACCINE CONFIDENCE AND UPTAKE: OPPORTUNITIES IN RESEARCH, COMMUNICATION, LEGISLATION, AND TECHNOLOGY

Legal Approaches to Promote Parental Compliance with Childhood Vaccines in the United States

Impact of Eliminating Nonmedical Exemptions in California

Harnessing Cultural Insights to Increase Vaccination Uptake

The Role of Physicians in Building Vaccine Confidence and Acceptance

Communicating with Vaccine-Hesitant Parents

Discussion

6 A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO INCREASING VACCINE CONFIDENCE AND UPTAKE: OPPORTUNITIES FOR COMMUNITY-BASED STRATEGIES

Social Mobilization as a Strategy to Increase Vaccine Acceptance and Uptake

Adapting COM-B for the Tailoring Immunization Programmes Approach to Increase Vaccination Acceptance and Uptake

Immunity Community: A Community Engagement Strategy to Boost Vaccine Confidence

Engaging with Faith Communities to Increase Vaccine Acceptance and Uptake in a Charedi Orthodox Jewish Community

Engaging with Immigrant Communities to Increase Vaccine Acceptance and Uptake in a Somali American Community

Discussion

7 REFLECTIONS AND WAYS FORWARD

New Vaccines in the Midst of an Outbreak

Inoculating Against Misinformation and Rebuilding the Public’s Trust in Science

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×

Acronyms and Abbreviations

ACIP Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
AFRO WHO Regional Office for Africa
AMRO WHO Regional Office for the Americas
APhA American Pharmacists Association
BeSD behavioral and social drivers
CDC U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CEPI Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations
COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019
DTP diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine (pediatric)
EPI Expanded Programme on Immunization (WHO)
FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration
GACVS Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety
HPV human papillomavirus
IEP individualized education program
IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
IPC infection prevention and control
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×
LMIC low- or middle-income country
LSHTM London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
MCV measles-containing vaccine
MERS Middle East respiratory syndrome
MMR measles, mumps, and rubella
MOH Ministry of Health
NGO nongovernmental organization
NIH National Institutes of Health
NITAG National Immunization Technical Advisory Group (WHO)
OR odds ratio
PHE Public Health England
PIRI periodic intensification of routine immunization (WHO)
PPE personal protective equipment
RCT randomized controlled trial
SAGE Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (WHO)
SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome
SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
SMS short message service
TIP Tailoring Immunization Programmes
UCI universal child immunization
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
VAERS Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
VSD Vaccine Safety Datalink
WHO World Health Organization
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×
Page R1
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×
Page R2
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×
Page R3
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×
Page R4
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×
Page R5
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×
Page R6
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×
Page R7
Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×
Page R8
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×
Page R9
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×
Page R10
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×
Page R11
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×
Page R12
Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×
Page R13
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×
Page R14
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×
Page R15
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×
Page R16
Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×
Page R17
Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×
Page R18
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×
Page R19
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26134.
×
Page R20
Next: 1 Introduction »
The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $45.00 Buy Ebook | $36.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Immunization against disease is among the most successful global health efforts of the modern era, and substantial gains in vaccination coverage rates have been achieved worldwide. However, that progress has stagnated in recent years, leaving an estimated 20 million children worldwide either undervaccinated or completely unvaccinated. The determinants of vaccination uptake are complex, mutable, and context specific. A primary driver is vaccine hesitancy - defined as a "delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccination services". The majority of vaccine-hesitant people fall somewhere on a spectrum from vaccine acceptance to vaccine denial. Vaccine uptake is also hampered by socioeconomic or structural barriers to access.

On August 17-20, 2020, the Forum on Microbial Threats at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a 4-day virtual workshop titled The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy. The workshop focused on two main areas (vaccine access and vaccine confidence) and gave particular consideration to health systems, research opportunities, communication strategies, and policies that could be considered to address access, perception, attitudes, and behaviors toward vaccination. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!