Protocols for Network-Level Macrotexture Measurement (2021)

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2021 N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 964 Protocols for Network-Level Macrotexture Measurement Gerardo W. Flintsch Edgar de León Izeppi Vincent Bongioanni Samer W. Katicha Kyle Meager Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Blacksburg, VA Emanuel Fernando Texas Transportation Institute College Station, TX Rohan Perera SME Plymouth, MI a n d Kevin K. McGhee Virginia Transportation Research Council Charlottesville, VA Subscriber Categories Materials • Pavements • Maintenance and Preservation Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration

NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed, and implementable research is the most effective way to solve many problems facing state departments of transportation (DOTs) administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local or regional interest and can best be studied by state DOTs individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transporta- tion results in increasingly complex problems of wide interest to high- way authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. Recognizing this need, the leadership of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1962 ini- tiated an objective national highway research program using modern scientific techniques—the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). NCHRP is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of AASHTO and receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), United States Department of Transportation, under Agree- ment No. 693JJ31950003. The Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was requested by AASHTO to administer the research program because of TRB’s recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. TRB is uniquely suited for this purpose for many reasons: TRB maintains an extensive com- mittee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; TRB possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, univer- sities, and industry; TRB’s relationship to the National Academies is an insurance of objectivity; and TRB maintains a full-time staff of special- ists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs iden- tified by chief administrators and other staff of the highway and transportation departments, by committees of AASHTO, and by the FHWA. Topics of the highest merit are selected by the AASHTO Special Committee on Research and Innovation (R&I), and each year R&I’s recommendations are proposed to the AASHTO Board of Direc- tors and the National Academies. Research projects to address these topics are defined by NCHRP, and qualified research agencies are selected from submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Academies and TRB. The needs for highway research are many, and NCHRP can make significant contributions to solving highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement, rather than to substitute for or duplicate, other highway research programs. Published research reports of the NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet by going to https://www.mytrb.org/MyTRB/Store/default.aspx Printed in the United States of America NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 964 Project 10-98 ISSN 2572-3766 (Print) ISSN 2572-3774 (Online) ISBN 978-0-309-67403-4 Library of Congress Control Number 2021938312 © 2021 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FTA, GHSA, NHTSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The research report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; the FHWA; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names or logos appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report.

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation improvements and innovation through trusted, timely, impartial, and evidence-based information exchange, research, and advice regarding all modes of transportation. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 8,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 964 Christopher J. Hedges, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Lori L. Sundstrom, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Camille Crichton-Sumners, Senior Program Officer Tyler Smith, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Publications Senior Advisor Natalie Barnes, Director of Publications Sharon Lamberton, Editor NCHRP PROJECT 10-98 PANEL Field of Materials and Construction—Area of Specs, Procedures, and Practices Magdy Y. Mikhail, AgileAssets, Inc., Austin, TX (Chair) Daba Shabara Gedafa, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND John W. Henault, Connecticut Department of Transportation, Newington, CT Charles R. Holzschuher, Florida Department of Transportation, Gainesville, FL Shuo Li, Indiana Department of Transportation, Indianapolis, IN Cole F. Mullis, Oregon Department of Transportation, Salem, OR Larry A. Scofield, American Concrete Pavement Association, Mesa, AZ Larry J. Wiser, FHWA Liaison Nelson H. Gibson, TRB Liaison

F O R E W O R D NCHRP Research Report 964: Protocols for Network-Level Macrotexture Measurement provides state transportation pavement engineers and other practitioners with recom- mended protocols for macrotexture test measures, equipment specifications, and data quality assurance practices. It includes a review of the literature and current practices, as well as equipment comparison experiments and analysis. The report should be of imme- diate use to pavement and materials engineers and other practitioners responsible for pave- ment design decisions. Macrotexture, which influences vehicle-roadway skid resistance, refers to the texture of the pavement due to the arrangement of aggregate particles. Pavement surfaces are subjected to seasonal variations, and over time the embedded aggregates become polished due to the onslaught of traffic. Research has shown that wet-weather crashes are influenced by the macrotexture of the pavement surface. Macrotexture data informs pavement management systems to help determine if corrective actions are required and to help decision-makers prioritize the allocation of resources for pavement projects. Methods commonly used for measuring macrotexture are burden- some, time-consuming, provide information on a limited portion of the pavement surface, and expose workers to risk. Under NCHRP Project 10-98, researchers at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univer- sity (working through VTTI) were asked to develop and recommend protocols for test methods, equipment specifications, characterization parameters, and data quality assurance practices for network-level macrotexture measurement. The project included three equipment comparison experiments to evaluate available technologies, data collection, and subsequent analysis, which led to several findings and recommended protocols. The appendix presents three proposed standards: (1) Standard Specifications for Equipment for Measuring Macro- texture of Pavements at Highway Speeds, (2) a Standard Practice for Operating Equipment for Measuring Macro texture at Highway Speeds, and (3) a Standard Practice for Certifica- tion of High-Speed Macrotexture Measurement Equipment. NCHRP Research Report 964 should be helpful to practitioners who are responsible for pavement management systems within state transportation agencies and to other practitioners. By Camille Crichton-Sumners Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

Note: Photographs, figures, and tables in this report may have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions. 1 Summary 3 Chapter 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Project Objective 4 1.2 Literature Review 18 1.3 Survey of State Highway Agencies 24 Chapter 2 Macrotexture Measurement Technologies and Parameters 24 2.1 Available and Emerging Macrotexture Measurement Technologies 28 2.2 Available and Emerging Parameters for Characterizing Macrotexture 38 2.3 Data Filtering and Correction 42 Chapter 3 Data Collection 42 3.1 Initial Equipment Comparison 50 3.2 Verification Experiment 53 3.3 Validation Experiments 61 3.4 Additional Measurements to Evaluate Macrotexture Parameters 64 Chapter 4 Data Analysis 65 4.1 Repeatability and Reproducibility 80 4.2 Validation Results 92 4.3 Accuracy on Engineered Surfaces 104 4.4 Macrotexture Characterization Parameters 115 4.5 Operational Conditions 119 Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations 119 5.1 Conclusions 120 5.2 Recommendations 121 References 125 Appendix Draft AASHTO Protocols 126 Proposed Standard Specification for Equipment for Measuring Macrotexture of Pavements at Highway Speeds 140 Proposed Standard Practice for Operating Equipment for Measuring Macrotexture at Highway Speeds 149 Proposed Standard Practice for Certification of High-Speed Macrotexture Measurement Equipment C O N T E N T S