Appendix C

Study Approach

INFORMATION-GATHERING ACTIVITIES

The committee deliberated to fulfill the study’s charge from March through early June 2021, with three full committee meetings during this time frame. The committee gathered information through a number of means to inform its deliberations: (1) an initial literature search to glean a landscape of the key topics related to the committee’s charge, as described further in the Introduction (Chapter 1) as well as the section below; (2) the public speaker sessions at the full committee meetings, also detailed below; (3) solicitation of response to written follow-up questions from speakers at the committee meeting; and (4) written statements and information received from the public from stakeholders, which are stored in the study’s Public Access File. Two of the full committee meetings involved sessions that were open to the public. The agendas of the open sessions can be found in Appendix B. The first committee meeting in March 2021 involved open sessions each of the 3 days during which eight speakers provided a general landscape of key issues on the topics related to the study Statement of Task and fielded questions from the committee. The second full committee meeting involved two open sessions during which three speakers provided commentary to the committee on specific information-gathering needs—therapeutics research and implementation science, identified in advance by the committee based on the deliberation and stage of development of the study findings, conclusions, and recommendations. The committee formed four workgroups corresponding to the first four tasks in the Statement of Task. Each workgroup also addressed research priorities, the fifth task.

Two to four committee members served as the primary members of each workgroup, based on expertise, with a committee member lead for each workgroup, mentioned in the acknowledgments. Each workgroup met twice in between each full committee meeting and corresponded offline regarding the study progress. The committee also corresponded as needed via e-mail, Zoom, and phone.

LITERATURE REVIEWS

The staff conducted an initial series of literature searches to provide to the committee a landscape of the key topics related to the Statement of Task, focused on finding information via the following databases: Scopus, Embase, Pubmed, Medline, ProQuest, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Google Scholar. The search terms are listed below. The results obtained via these searches were screened primarily for relevance to the study’s Statement of Task. Initial literature search reductions strategies focused on any systematic reviews and highly cited literature. The search terms below do not represent an exhaustive list of the searches and research carried out during the study. As described in Chapter 1, committee working groups and individual members identified priority topics related to the study Statement of Task and particular articles to consider. The resulting searches were careful but not comprehensive. More targeted literature searches were done over the course of the committee’s deliberations as information needs, research gaps, and questions were identified.

Search Parameters

• Date parameters: November 2019–early June 2021
• Include international citations—foreign languages

Publication Types

Systematic reviews, rapid reviews, peer-reviewed literature, grey literature (including but not limited to federal government agencies and health science organizations), news articles, reports, case studies, clinical trials

Non-Vaccine Intervention Effectiveness Terms

covid-19 AND control AND measures AND NOT vaccines; covid-19 AND control AND measures AND social AND distancing; covid-19 AND control AND measures AND quarantine; covid-19 AND containment AND mask; covid-19 AND containment AND ventilation

Intervention Implementation Terms

SDOH - covid-19 AND “social determinants of health” OR SDOH; covid-19 AND socioeconomic; covid-19 AND class; covid-19 AND racism; covid-19 AND “health care access”; covid-19 AND poverty; covid-19 AND (“social norms” OR “social beliefs”); covid-19 AND religion; covid-19 AND custom AND culture; covid-19 AND culture AND “united states”; covid-19 AND culture AND compliance AND communal; covid-19 AND culture AND unity; covid-19 AND individualism; covid-19 AND individualism AND (partisan*)

Communication - covid-19 AND media; covid-19 AND (social media OR mass media); covid-19 AND information AND media; covid-19 AND health literacy AND health education; covid-19 AND compliance AND dissemination information; covid-19 AND implementation science; covid-19 AND science communication

Leadership and Government - covid-19 AND compliance; covid-19 AND policymaker; covid-19 AND communication AND compliance; covid-19 AND “effective communication”; covid-19 AND “trust in leadership”; covid-19 AND leadership; covid-19 AND “government actors”; covid-19 AND compliance AND trust; covid-19 AND behavior change AND education; covid-19 AND implementation AND compliance; covid-19 AND interventions AND implementation

Therapeutics Use Terms

Global AND Pandemic AND Stockpile; COVID-19 AND Therapeutics AND Stockpile; antiviral AND stockpile; COVID-19 AND Stockpile AND Barriers; COVID-19 AND Stockpile AND ventilator; pharmaceutical AND supply chain AND COVID-19; Pharmaceutical Preparations/supply AND distribution AND COVID-19/drug therapy OR COVID-19/epidemiology OR COVID-19/legislation and jurisprudence OR COVID-19/organization and administration OR COVID-19/prevention and control OR COVID-19/therapy AND Antiviral Agents AND supply and distribution; treatment AND reduced transmission AND COVID-19 AND meta analysis; therapeutics AND reduced transmission AND COVID-19 AND meta analysis; therapeutics AND COVID-19 AND transmission; monoclonal antibody therapy AND effectiveness NOT cancer; monoclonal antibodies AND COVID-19; Biomedical Research / organization & administration and COVID-19 / therapy AND Research Design; COVID-19/therapy AND Clinical Trials as Topic AND Cost-Benefit Analysis

Surveillance Terms

covid-19 AND surveillance AND challenge; covid-19 AND surveillance AND success; covid-19 AND surveillance AND innovation; covid-19 AND data AND sharing; covid-19 AND contact AND tracing; covid-19 AND testing

Research Gaps Terms

covid-19 AND research; influenza AND research; covid-19 AND research AND agenda; influenza AND research AND agenda; covid-19 AND research AND gap; influenza AND research AND gap